PULMONARY SYSTEM
PULMONARY VENTILATION
 AMBIENT
AIR MOVES INTO AND
EXCHANGES WITH THE AIR IN THE
LUNGS
PHASES OF RESPIRATION:
BREATHING-INSPIRATION AND
EXPIRATION
 ATHLETES LEAN FORWARD TO FACILIATE
BREATHING:
 A) FACILITATE BLOOD FLOW TO HEART
 B) MINIMIZE ANTAGONISIC EFFECTS OF
GRAVITY ON INSPIRATORY MUSCLES.


EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
 CIRCULATION
 INTERNAL
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATORY SURFACE
 WARM
 MOIST
 IN
 IN
CONTACT WITH O2
CONTACT WITH CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
ZONES

CONDUCTING ZONE: NOSE, MOUTH,
TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TUBES.
RESPIRATORY ZONE-”TRANSITIONAL
ZONE”
 BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI, PULMONARY
VEINS/ARTERIES, AND CAPILLARIES.
 LARGEST PORTION OF TOTAL LUNG
VOLUME


STATIC LUNG VOLUME
ALVEOLAR
VENTILATION
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT
REACHES THE
RESPIRATORY ZONE
VITAL CAPACITY
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
AIR THAT CAN BE
EXHALED.
TIDAL VOLUME
(TV)
AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED AND
EXHALED IN A NORMAL BREATH.
UP TO 1 LITER OF AIR PER
BREATH
INSPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN
BE INHALED AFTER A
NORMAL INHALATION
UP TO 2.5 TO 3 LITERS
EXPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE
FORCEFULLY EXHALED AFTER A
NORMAL EXHALATION
UP TO 1-1.5 LITERS
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
 VOLUME
IN LUNGS AFTER MAXIMUM
INSPIRATION
FORCED VITAL CAPACITY
 MAXIMUM
VOLUME EXPIRED AFTER
MAXIMUM INSPIRATION.
 4-5 LITERS IN MEN
 3-4 LITERS IN WOMEN
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
 MAXIMUM
VOLUME INSPIRED
FOLLOWING TIDAL EXPIRATION.
RESIDUAL LUNG
VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING
IN THE LUNGS AFTER A
FORCEFUL EXHALATION
BETWEEN 1-1.5 LITERS
PARTS OF PULMONARY
SYSTEM
 LUNGS:
 1-
VOLUME IS 4-6 LITERS
 2-WEIGHT- 1KG
 3-SURFACE AREA CAN COVER HALF
OF A TENNIS COURT
 4-ONE SECOND OF MAX EXERCISEAPPROX ONE PINT OF BLOOD FLOWS
THROUGH LUNG TISSUE/BLOOD
VESSELS
 ALVEOLI
 1-
APPROX 300 MILLION
 2- GAS EXCHANGE
 3- LARGEST BLOOD SUPPLY OF ANY
ORGAN IN THE BODY

DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUME
 TWO
FACTORS OF DYNAMIC
PULMONARY VENTILATION:
 1-
VOLUME OF AIR BEING MOVED”STROKR VOLUME OF LUNGS”
 2- SPEED OF AIR MOVEMENTBREATHING RATE
MINUTE VENTILATION
 REST:
BREATHS PER MINUTE: 12
 TIDAL VOLUME: 0.5 LITERS PER
BREATH
 VE= BREATHING RATE x TIDAL
VOLUME
 = 6.0 LITERS/MINUTE
 EXERCISE:
 35-45
BREATHS PER MINUTE
 ELITE-60-70 BREATHS PER MINUTE
 TIDAL VOLUME INCREASES TO 2
LITERS
 MINUTE VENTILATON CAN INCREASE
UP TO 17 TIMES NORMAL
DISRUPTIONS IN BREATHING
PATTERNS
 DYSPNEA-SHORTNESS
OF BREATH
 INCREASE IN ARTERIAL CO2
 MUSCLE FATIGUE
 HYPERVENTILATION:
 INCREASE
IN VENTILATION THAT
EXCEEDS THE OXYGEN NEEDS OF
METABOLISM.
 OVERBREATHING
 EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE
UNLOADING
 VALSALVA
MANEUVER:
 FORCED EXHALATION AGAINST A
CLOSED GLOTTIS
 RESISTANCE EXERCISES
 BLOOD PRESSURE RISES
 INFERIOR VENA CAVA BECOMES
COMPRESSED-REDUCED VENOUS
RETURN TO HEART
COLD WEATHER EXERCISE
 COLD
AIR NORMALLY DOES NOT
POSE A RISK FOR DAMAGING TH
RESPIRATORY PASSAGES.
3 VARIABLES THAT EFFECT
OXYGEN DELIVERY AND
UPTAKE
 1-
oxygen concentration of the blood
 2-
amount of blood flow to working
muscles
 3-
metabolic conditions
 THE
BODY MUST ADJUST TO THESR
THREE VARIABLES TO ENSURE
INCREASE OF OXYGEN DELIVERY TO
WORKING MUSCLES.
GAS EXCHANGE
 PARTIAL
PRESSURE=
 Percent concentration x total
pressure of gas mixture
 Pressure= force exerted by the gas
molecules against the surfaces they
encounter.
 Concentration= amount of gas in a
given volume.
AMBIENT AIR
 AMBIENT
AIR:
 21% OXYGEN
 79% NITROGEN
 .03% CARBON DIOXIDE

PARTIAL PRESSURE
 Measured
in mmHg- due to fact that
the pressure of the air’s gas
molecules rise the column of Hg to
760mm.
 PO2= 152 mm Hg
209.3mL/L
 PN2= 600 mm Hg
790.3mL/L
 PCO2= 0.2 mm Hg
0.4mL/L
TRACHEAL AIR
 PO2=
 Has
149 mm Hg
no effect on carbon dioxide or
nitrogen.
ALVEOLAR AIR
 Oxygen=
14 %
 Nitrogen=
 Carbon
 Water
80%
dioxide= 5.5 %
vapor
PARTIAL PRESSURE
 PO2=
103 mm Hg
145mL/L
 PN2=
571 mm Hg
800mL/L
 PCO2=
 Water
39 mm Hg
55mL/L
vapor= 47 mm Hg
GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
3
REASONS FOR DILUTION OF
OXYGEN IN INSPIRED AIR:
 A) water vapor saturates dry inspired
air.
 B) oxygen continuously leaves
alveolar air.
 C) carbon dioxide continuously
enters alveolar air.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE
BLOOD
 1-
physical solution-plasma
 2-
combined with hemoglobin
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE
BLOOD
 1-
physical solution-plasma
 2-
loose combination with
hemoglobin- carbaminohemoglobin
 HbNHCOOH
 3-
combines with water to form bicarbonate ions. HCO3
PULMONARY VENTILATION
 INCREASES
LINEARLY WITH OXYGEN
UPTAKE DURING LIGHT AND
MODERATE EXERCISE.
MAXIMUM OXYGEN
CONSUMPTION
 Maximum
amount of oxygen that can
be used to produce ATP during
exercise.
=
HR X SV X (a-vo2 difference)
WAYS TO TEST
 Continuous
 Discontinuous
 Varies
from person to person.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MAXIMUM VO2
 EXERCISE
MODE
 HEREDITY
 TRAINING
STATE
 GENDER
 BODY
 AGE
COMPOSITION