CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) Symptoms Incorrect folding of the the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein results in its destruction The cell membranes in epithelial cells of lungs, pancreas, colon and urinogenital tract lack chloride ion pores Chloride and sodium imbalance results Excessively salty sweat Mucus secretion becomes thick and viscous. It cannot easily be cleared Chronic lung congestion Pancreatic obstruction Liver damage and diabetes common amongst patients. Median survival 19 years. © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Tests Foetal proteins tested by amniocentesis Sodium ion concentrations in sweat Carriers tested using DNA probes for mutant allele © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Treatment Physiotherapy helps reduce lung congestion Pancreatic extracts can help digestive problems Gene therapy being developed © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Frequency 1 in 2500 births in N Europe 1 person in 25 is heterozygous (carrier) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Cause A single mutant recessive allele of the CFTR gene 90% Caused by a deletion on the codon of position 508 (amino acid phenylalanine) About 400 mutations of this gene are known The CFTR gene is located on chromosome 7 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Some CFTR mutations Name Nucleotide Change Exon Consequence -816C->T C to T at-816 5' flanking promoter mutation? -471delAGG deletion of AGG from-471 5' flanking promoter mutation? M1V A to G at133 1 no translation initiation M1I G to T at135 1 Met to Ile at codon 1 S4X C to A at143 1 Ser to Stop at codon 4 174delA deletion of A between 172-174 1 frameshift 175insT insertion of T after 175 1 frameshift 185+1G->T G to T at 185+1 intron 1 mRNA splicing defect © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Evolution The high frequency of heterozygotes in N. Europe suggests a selective advantage Some geneticists suggest it can protect against diseases like BUT salt loss in sweat by CF carriers did not give them the advantage in hot climates So CF frequency increased in temperate climates not in the tropics © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS