Bacterial DNA
Recombinant Y
DNA
Human gene for clotting factors
1.
Identify structure Y.
2. Identify process X.
3. Identify structures Z.
4. Identify the process represented in the diagram.
Bacteria that produce clotting
Z factors
Process X
Mitosis

1. What are the genotypes of the individuals from generation 1?
HETEROZYGOUS

2. How many offspring did the first generation have?
FIVE

3. What are the genotypes of the parents in generation 3?
HETEROZYGOUS

4. How many offspring of generation 3 have the trait?
TWO

1. According to this evolutionary tree, which species is the common ancestor?
Protists
2. Which 2 species are most closely related?
a. Flatworms and Sponges b. Mollusks and Annelids c. Annelids and Arthropods d. Rotifers and Cnidarians
3. Which species is more complex?
a. Protists b. Rotifers c. Echinoderms d. Mollusks

(because of a need)

• Acquired characteristics are
NOT passed on to offspring
• Cut off the tails of mice for 22 generations
– Offspring born with tails

Natural Selection
5 main points:
Overproduction
Variation
Survival of the fittest
Competition
Speciation

1. One of the prime motives for all species is to reproduce and survive, passing on the genetic information of the species from generation to generation. When species do this they tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support .
OVERPRODUCTION

2. Darwin noted many differences in the species he observed on his trip to the
Galapagos Islands.
VARIATION

• Ex: Polar bears with thicker fur
• Darwin wasn ’ t able to explain where variations came from

3. The lack of resources to nourish these individuals places pressure on the size of the species population, and the lack of resources means an increased struggle between these organisms, and as a consequence, some organisms will not survive.
COMPETITION

4. The organisms that die as a consequence of this competition were not totally random.
Darwin found that those organisms more suited to their environment ( those with favorable traits or adaptations) were
more likely to survive.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

5. Overtime, the offspring of individuals with helpful adaptations make up more of a population and eventually may become a separate species .
SPECIATION

Darwin observed a 13 species of finches that were all similar except for differences in body size, beak shape and eating habits.

2. Describe the reason why organisms do
• Less suited organisms are
“weeded out” because they lack favorable adaptations.
not survive, according to
Darwin.

3. Identify an example of a favorable adaptation that you have observed in a species.

Leaf-tailed gecko

Ducks are birds that have waterproof
feathers. They live on a pond and on land .

Habitat : Dry inland Australia, including deserts and grasslands
Adaptations :
•They are able to go with out drinking as long as green grass is available and it adapts well to drought.
•They can hop as fast as 40 mph
(64 km). They use this as their first line of defense.
•The tail serves as a balance when the animal leaps and as a prop when it stands.

4. Why does
Darwin believe organisms
“evolve?”
• They evolve to suit their environment (where they have a better chance of survival)

5. State
Darwin’s
Theory of
Natural
Selection.
• Organisms with favorable adaptations will survive , reproduce , and pass on the trait to offspring.
• Organisms with unfavorable adaptations will not survive.

Overproduction
Competition
Survival of the
Fittest
Speciation

Let’s summarize…
1.
Identify the name of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
2. What organism did he observe at the Galapagos islands?
FINCHES
3. According to Darwin, which organisms survive?
Why? THOSE WITH FAVORABLE ADAPTATIONS.
THEY ARE BETTER ABLE TO SURVIVE.
4. Identify that Darwin does not explain.
VARIATION
5. Why do organisms compete?
FOR RESOURCES
6.
What makes an organism “most fit” to survive?
THEY HAVE A FAVORABLE ADAPTATION
7. Which process involves one species evolving into many species overtime?
SPECIATION

1. Identify the finch that lives on an island with fruit as the main source of food . Support your answer.
Vegetarian finch
They have parrotlike beaks.
2. Identify the finch that lives on an island with cacti as the main source of food. Support your answer.
Cactus ground finch
They have probing bills.

3. Describe what occurs on an island inhabiting small ground finches and medium ground finches .
The finches will compete for food.
4. Can vegetarian finch and large ground finches inhabit the same island? Support your answer.
Yes.
They eat different types of food.

6. There are 2 types of worms: worms that EAT AT
NIGHT (nocturnal) and worms that EAT DURING THE
DAY (diurnal). Birds eat during the day and seem to be eating only the diurnal worms while the nocturnal
worms are in their burrows. Each spring when the worms reproduce, that have about 500 babies but only
100 of these ever become old enough become old enough to reproduce.
• Favorable adaptation: Eating at night (not caught by birds)
• Unfavorable adaptation:
Eating during the day
• If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?
Nocturnal worms

7. There are 3 types of polar bears: one with thick
coats, one with thin coats and one with medium
coats. It is fall, soon to be WINTER. The temperature is dropping rapidly and the bears must remain warm
or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have approximately 2 cubs (baby bears) each but due to extreme temperatures, many mothers only have 1 cub left.
• Favorable adaptation:
Thick coats
• Unfavorable adaptation:
Thin coats
• If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?
Polar bears with thick coats

8. There are 2 types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A
DROUGHT occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty
producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.) and remain
green. The rabbits have reproduced all year, but many are eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many rabbits have starved to death.
• Favorable adaptation: Eating grass
• Unfavorable adaptation: Eating berries and flowers
• If speciation were to occur, which adaptation would the species have?
Rabbits that eat grass

The diversity within the wild bird species in the diagram below can best be explained by which process?
(1) natural selection (3) ecological succession
(2) asexual reproduction (4) mitotic cell division

Which concept would be correctly placed in box X?
(1) use and disuse
(2) variation
(3) transmission of acquired traits
(4) changes in nucleic acids

Which statement is not part of the concept of natural selection?
(1) Individuals that possess the most favorable variations will have the best chance of reproducing.
(2) Variation occurs among individuals in a population.
(3) More individuals are produced than will survive.
(4) Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment

According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce?
(1)Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes.
(2)Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are.
(3)Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes.
(4)Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment.

Charles Darwin proposed that organisms produce many more offspring than can possible survive on the limited amount of resources available to them.
According to Darwin, the offspring that are most likely to survive are those that
(1.) are born first and grow fastest
(2.) are largest and most aggressive
(3.) have no natural predators
(4.) are best adapted to the environment

Darwin's studies of finches on the Galapagos
Islands suggest that the finches' differences in beak structure were most directly due to
(1.) acquired characteristics in the parent finches
(2.) the size of the island where the finches live
(3.) mating behaviors of the different finch species
(4.) adaptations of the finches to different environments

1. How many people in this pedigree chart have the recessive trait?
2. How many people in this pedigree chart are carriers?
3. How many offspring are found in generation 2?
4. What is the chance of the individuals in generation 1 having a child with the recessive trait?

1. How many individuals make up generation
2?
2. What are the genotypes of the individuals in generation 1?
3. How many individuals make up generation
3?

Habitat : Tropical forest
Adaptations :
•Opposable thumb enables manipulation of objects; big toe also opposable for grasping.
•Large and powerful arms used to break stalks or uproot vegetation while foraging.
•High intelligence probably an adaptation for finding scarce or isolated fruit plants in the rain forest.

Habitat : Dry deserts
Adaptations :
•The spines serve a number of purposes in addition to protection from hungry and thirsty animals.
•They provide shade, serve as a windbreak to prevent dehydration from dry winds, and help trap warm air close to the plant.
•The root systems of cacti are very close to the surface of the soil, making it possible for them to take advantage of the slightest rain shower.

1. The letter X most likely represents
(1.) bacterial cells that are unable to synthesize insulin
(2.) human cells that are able to synthesize antibodies
(3.) bacterial cells that are able to synthesize insulin
(4.) human cells that are unable to resist antibiotics
2. What is this process an example of?

Which sequence shows the
structure to the
structure?
1.gene – DNA – chromosome
2.DNA – gene – chromosome
3.gene – chromosome – DNA
4.chromosome – gene – DNA

White short-horned cattle and Black
Angus cattle have been crossed to produce offspring with superior beef and rapid growth qualities.
Identify technique used. Support your answer.

1. Beth does not have green hair. Is she a carrier? Explain.
Yes she is a carrier.
All of her offspring have green hair, so she is carrying one recessive allele.

2. Bunny, who has blond hair, is a carrier of the green hair gene. She claims to be the long lost child of Great Grandma and Great Grandpa Berg. Should they include her as a daughter in their will? Explain.
No. Great Grandma and Great Grandpa Berg are homozygous recessive so Bunny should have green hair if she is their daughter .

Y
1. What process is represented in the diagram?
Genetic engineering.
2. Identify structure Y.
Recombinant DNA
3.What does X represent?
Bacteria that produce insulin
4. Identify the cell division occurring in this process.
.
Mitosis