AAE375 Complementarity.pptx

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Complementarity

An Economic/Analytical Primer

Sustainable AG Application

Definitions:

• Complementarity :

– The positive “spillover” (marginal) impacts of one context on another.

• Substitution :

– The negative “spillover” (marginal) impacts of one context on another.

• Synergy:

– Uses complementarity/substitution among parts to add value and/or reduce costs.

– The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts!!!

PRIMAL = “Quantity” Space

• Production and/or Distance Function:

– Functional relationship between inputs and outputs.

• Q

1

= f (Q

2

, Q

3

, x

1

, x

2

, x

3

).

– Substitute versus Complement Relations w.r.t.:

• Inputs

• Outputs

• Netputs!!!

– Inputs versus outputs is arbitrary from a whole farm/systems perspective!!!

DUAL = “Value” Space

• Cost, Revenue, Profit Functions.

– Functional relationship between netputs and values.

• P 3 = f (Q

1

, Q

3

, x

1

, x

2

, x

3

).

– Substitute versus Complement Relations w.r.t. Netputs!!!

– Generally: Value = Price

2

nd

Order Metrics: Netputs

• Marginal Product :

– Amount of netput (or value) for one more unit of another netput.

– 1 st derivative :

• MP x1

= ∂Q

1

/∂x

1

, MP x2

• ∂Q

1

/∂Q

2

, ∂Q

1

/∂Q

3

.

= ∂Q

1

/∂x

2

, MP x3

= ∂Q

1

/∂x

3

.

• Substitute versus Complement :

– 2 nd derivative describe how MP of one netput is affected by second netput ( a spillover effect ).

• ∂MP x1

/∂x

2

= ∂ 2 Q

1

/∂x

1

∂x

2

.

Netput Complements

• How is marginal productivity of one netput affected by a second netput ???

– IF ∂MP x1

/∂x

2

= ∂ 2 Q

1

/∂x

1

∂x

2

> 0

– THEN , the second netput, x

2

, enhances the marginal productivity of the first netput, x

1

.

– This is netput complementarity

• AND , the foundation of “design for”

UpCycle synergy .

Netput Substitutes

• How is marginal productivity of one netput affected by a second netput ???

– IF ∂MP x1

/∂x

2

= ∂ 2 Q

1

/∂x

1

∂x

2

< 0

– THEN , the second netput, x

2

, reduces the marginal productivity of the first netput, x

1

.

– This is netput substitution

• AND , the foundation of “design against”

Green Chemistry synergy .

Sustainable Ag Examples

• Netput “spillovers”:

– UpCycle design to reduce entropy

• Entropy: a negative marginal product due to lower level (energy) use

– Tillage/rotation/cover crops

• Increase (design for): soil structure, infiltration, biotic health/diversity, carbon sequestration and (slow release) nutrient cycling, etc.

• Decrease (design against): soil/water/nutrient/GHG loss.

• Look for Spillover s in Space/Time/Form !!!

– THINK: “whole farm”/ P 3 systems context…..

Sustainable AG Implications

• THINK SYSTEMS/NETPUTS:

– Environment & Societal versus “Economic”

• Hierarchical  emergent properties ….

– Stocks versus Flows

• Longer versus shorter run….

• Duality to “time value of $$$” dilemma???

– Technical versus Biological Nutrients (UpCycle)

• Design to MIN(entropy)/MAX(solar capture/store)

– Weak(er) versus Strong Metrics:

• Still need “measure to manage”….

Sustainable AG Implications

• THINK P 3 (place, people, profit) VALUE

mappings” as Functions….

– Full generality ( advanced analytics/metrics)

• functions = “correspondences”

• benefit (versus profit/etc.) functions

– Traditional: Production/Cost/Revenue/Profit

– Triple Bottom Line Expansions???

• “ enlightened ” (green/spiritual) duality mappings ???

• P 3 Benefit Function mappings….

• Duality  need to invert (stand on head) …..

THINK P

3

(place, people, profit)

VALUE “mappings” as Functions….

• Value Function: P 3 (place, people, profit) = f( )

Sustainable AG Implications

• THINK P 3 (place, people, profit) VALUE

mappings” as Functions….

• Sustainable AG:

– Value Function: P 3 (place, people, profit)

P 3 = f(Community Vitality, Cover Crops,

Conservation Tillage, Nutrient Management,

Crop/Lvstk/Landscape Diversity, On-Farm Energy

(Conserve/Produce), Water/Wetland Mgmt,

Marketing, Whole Farm/Systems Approach, Grazing,

Ecological Pest/Weed Mgmt (IPM))

Sustainable AG Implications

• THINK P 3 Empirical/Discrete Derivatives!!!

– Simulate (cross-shock) P 3 Benefit

Correspondences

• Footprint Metrics: carbon, water, N|P|K|S, land

• Think: 2 nd (applied, discrete) derivatives!!!

– Innovate!!!

• Develop, expand, refine, calibrate, validate “new and improved” P 3 metrics!!!

• Social/interpersonal metrics!!!

– Measure to Manage!!!

• UpCycle design/manage for synergy…

Implications

• Identify potential +/- netput synergies:

– Note substitute/complement dynamics can change with the levels (hierarchy) of the component contexts.

• ALSO: Δ Space/Time/Form

• Via Dialogue With Major Players/Stakeholders

Across Whole System

– Supply Chain  Circle  Spiral (UpCycle)

• Identify potential design/management values/objectives/strategies/tactics/metrics (in this order) to exploit these synergies (bio-

mimicry!!!)

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