Exploration, Enlightenment and Great Thinkers
Getting Ready to Explore
1400s to________________ was a time of great change, ___________________ and discovery for the world. Largely
took place in _______________ Europe. _____________ Road became __________________ and expensive, but many
__________________ still wanted access to ____________________ goods.
New Technology
Many had the desire to ____________________, but it was not safe due to the lack of _____________________ until
the 1400s. Used an _________________ and compass to determine latitude and ____________________. Began using
__________________ sails which allowed better ______________________ in the wind. Built ships that were
___________________ so they could go ________________ and were ___________________ to sail.
Strong Nations
Although the new _____________________ was available, it was still ____________________ and _________________.
Governments were ______________ due to rise of towns and _________________. Taxes from ______________ were
used to create ___________________.
Strong Kingdoms
By the end of the ____________________ there were __________ strong kingdoms: Portugal _____________________,
France, and _______________________. All had ________________ harbors and wanted to find a ______________
route to ________________.
Portugal
Portugal was able to explore _____________ because other _______________ were fighting in ________________.
“Henry the _______________________” began exploring ____________________ and mapping its coast.
____________ cane was discovered and became very ______________________.
Vasco da Gama
While exploring along the coast of ____________________, rounded the tip of Africa and ___________________ across
the ________________ Ocean landing in India. Discovered a new route to ______________________.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian _______________________, who thought he would get to ________________ by crossing the _____________
Ocean. Spain ___________________ Columbus’s voyages. Sailed _______________ ships and eventually landed in the
__________________ and claimed the land for Spain. Sailed three more times to the _______________, but never
knew he wasn’t in _________________. Other Europeans realized he found two large continents.
Ferdinand Magellan
Wanted to find a route to ____________________, but passing through the _____________________. Found a way
around ______________ America- Straight of ______________________. Named the _________________ Ocean
because it was so clam. Reached the _______________________, but was killed by local people.
Riches from Discovery
Spain and ___________________ successful discovery of routes to _______________ made them _________________.
This made other countries (_____________________ and France) want wealth and success too. How did Spain and
Portugal become so rich?
Mercantilism
_________________________- the idea that a country gains _________________ by building up its supply of _________
and ________________. Best way to do this is through ____________________ and ____________________. The
more you ______________ the more ___________________ you make.
Colonialism
Increase _________________ lead to more ________________. Set up colonies. ___________________- a settlement
of _________________ living in a new _____________________ controlled by their _______________ country.
Colonists should produce ____________________ that the country does not have at ____________________.
European Trade
Mercantilism encouraged _________________ posts in _______________ and North America. ____________________buying and ________________ of goods in large amounts over long _____________________. Start of how
________________________ is done _______________________.
A Global Exchange
After the Age of ________________________, the economies of the world became _________________________.
Lead to the _______________________ of goods, technology ___________________ and even disease. Increase of
_________________________ of people to new ___________________.
The Scientific Revolution
Science began as a way to ____________ everyday ______________. Math ,___________________, Medicine. With
the discovery of new _________________ and a more __________________ world, people became more interested in
_______________________ and the exchange of __________________. Believed that __________________ could only
come from _________________ and _______________________.
Theory
_____________________- an explanation of _____________ or ______________ something happens. Based on what is
_________________. May not be __________________, but makes _____________________. Many early __________
Discoveries were based on _____________________.
Copernicus
Wrote a book called On the _____________________ of the Heavenly ______________________. Disagreed with the
idea that the __________________ was the center of the ______________________. Believed that the ____________,
not the Earth, was the _______________ of the universe, and the ________________ moved around the ___________.
Galileo
Made great advances in _____________________. Created a _____________________ to help support Copernicus’s
______________. Other _______________ have ________________. Developed a __________________ to measure
_____________________ changes. Was criticized by the Catholic ___________________ for his _________________,
and retracted them although they _____________ through most of __________________.
Isaac Newton
Wrote a book, _____________________, which stated his _______________ on the universe and _______________.
Supported __________________ and Galileo’s ideas. Most known for his _____________________ Law of
____________________________. Force of ____________ holds the entire ________________ system together.
Enlightenment
European _________________ were impressed by the ideas of the __________________ Revolution. Many thought
that _____________ and scientific _______________ could be applied to _______________ and govern ___________.
Believed that ______________ was better than _____________ and tradition to guide _______________ life.
Natural Law
Great _________________ of the time believed in Natural Law. ________________________- law that applied to
____________________ and could be understood by ___________________. This law was _______________ to
understanding ___________________ and people.
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote about ______________ government and _________________. Wrote the book ________________. Believed
the best for of _______________________ was a ___________________- government ruled by a ___________ or
Queen who inherits __________________ by _______________.
Hobbes Beliefs
Humans were naturally ___________________ and ___________________, and could not be ________________ to
make their own ____________________. Believed that a _____________ had ultimate ______________ and could
control the ___________________.
John Locke
Felt that ______________ law affirmed peoples’ ______________ to make the __________________ answer to them.
People had natural ________________. The right to _____________, liberty and to own ______________________.
Locke’s Beliefs
Citizens should be guaranteed __________________ rights, and it is the ____________________ job to _____________
them. All governments were based on a _____________________- agreement between ______________ and people. If
the _____________________ broke the social contract, the people could _________________- attempt to
__________________ the government.
Montesquieu
French thinker who believed _________________ had the best government. _____________________________- the
government’s power should be equally ___________________ among _______________ branches.
Montesquieu’s Government
Government should have _______ branches. ____________________- to make laws. ___________________- to
enforce laws. __________________________- to interpret laws and ________________ if they were broken. Prevents
the _________________ from getting too __________________ and threatening people’s _________________.
Voltaire
Felt the _______________ Church and __________________ worked together to keep _________________ from
people. Opposed the ________________________ supporting one ______________________.
Voltaire’s Beliefs
People should be _________________ to choose their own ___________________. Government should not choose one
________________ for its citizens to ______________________.
Rousseau
Around 1700, some started to criticize the ____________________. Rousseau believed that _________________ of the
Enlightenment relied too much on __________________.
Rousseau’s Contract
People should pay more attention to their ____________________. Humans were naturally ______________, but
civilized life __________________ them. To improve oneself, people should live a _______________ life close to
_______________________.
Women and the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment changed how many viewed __________________ roles. Previously felt women needed to be
______________________ and ___________________. Argued that all ___________________ have reason, and
therefore should have __________________.
Government Power
During the _______________________ great thinkers believed ____________________ power should be ___________.
However, powerful __________ and _____________ ruled most of ________________ and did not like these ideas.
_____________________- monarchs held ___________________, or total _______________ by divine
______________. Rules answered to _________________, not the ______________________.
What Does this all Mean?
At this time, _________________ started to demand ________________ and control over their _________________.
The discovery of ____________ land, scientific ___________________, and change in __________________ of the role
of the ______________________ allows for people to take more ________________ in their daily lives.