History 102: A Nation Reborn
Historical Concepts
The Past vs. History
Facts, Themes, and Historiography
Why is history Important?
Aftermath: The Civil War and Reconstruction
End of Civil War: April 9, 1865 -- Appamatox Court House, Virginia
Civil War’s Aftermath and Reconstruction
“Presidential” Reconstruction:
Lincoln Plan announced December 8, 1863 -- 10% Plan, based on Constitutional Power
of President to Pardon (Article II, Section 2), though Lincoln less worried about Constitutional
abstraction as for how to practically put the union back together again.
By 1864, TN, AR, LA “Reconstructed,” but Congress refuses to seat Representatives
Election of 1864 (in Wartime) Republicans & War Democrats nominate Lincoln
Tide of War, Call of Pacificism, and rejection of the Wade-Davis Act causes “Radical”
Republicans to defect: Democrats nominate General George McClellan
Jefferson Davis’ Belligerency & The Capture of Atlanta turn the tide back in favor of Lincoln
First attempts at “Congressional” Reconstruction:
Congress Assumed states left Union and forfeited all rights
Senator Benjamin Wade (OH) and Representative Henry Davis (MD)
Wade-Davis Act -- July 8, 1864
• Repudiation of Confederate Debt
• Greater Exclusion of Voters & Officeholders (Ironclad Oath)
• Majority, not 10% of electorate needed
POCKET VETOED by Lincoln
April 14, 1865 -- LINCOLN ASSASSINATED
Andrew Johnson’s Presidency
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan similar to Lincoln’s, except South had to also agree to Revoke all
orders of secession and agree to the 13th Amendment
South quickly re-elected old Confederate leaders, passed “black codes”
Northern / Radical Republican Backlash
Congress again refuses to seat the South
• Johnson, strict Constitutionalist -- did not believe South COULD leave the Union, same
conclusions as Lincoln but different approach.
Alienates both parties
Johnson in Feb of 1866 vetoes two bills: expansion of the Freedman’s bureau and Civil rights
Act. Both Bills passed over his veto.
• Congressional Election of 1866
• Johnson’s Midwest “swing round the circle”
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Attempted Impeachment of Johnson: Based on Tenure of Office Act and dismissal of Secretary of
War Edwin Stanton (Radical Republican sympathizer)
11 CHARGES DRAWN FOR “HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS” -- acquitted by 1
Senatorial vote, including 7 crossover Republicans
Radical Reconstruction: Scalywags, Carpetbaggers, the Myth of Black Rule
1868 -- Election of US Grant (serves two terms, through 1876)
Corruption under Reconstruction governments? -- Part of general corruption of era, leading into
the Guilded Age, Thomas Nast
REFORMER governments: 1869-1875, white Southerners begin to take back control
AFTERMATH OF RECONSTRUCTION:
1. 14th and 15th Amendments
2. Destruction of Planter Aristocracy and rise of Northern business leaders as new aristocrats
3. The benighted, destroyed, devastated South
4. Sharecropping, crop lien system
5. Beginnings of the “new South Myth” (Henry Grady)
myths of the Lost Cause and “Moonlight and Magnolia”
6. Founding of KKK in 1866
7. Leads to Plessy versus Fergusun in 1896, creation and justification of Jim Crow segregation of
the South (TN, 1870)
Industrialism, Capitalism, Technology and The “Guilded Age”
Early “Industrialism”; Britain’s lead.
Rise of American Technologies
1790 - Samuel Slater opens the first factory, a cotton-spinning mill
United States Patent Office Opens (John Stevens)
1793 - Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin perfected
1800 - Eli Whitney perfects the “Rifle with Interchangeable parts -- beginning in United States of
Assembly-line manufactures
1807 - Robert Fulton & Robert R. Livingston improve the steamboat, sail the Claremont up the
Hudson River
1817 - The first steamboat to travel UP the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Cincinnati
1851 – William Kelly’s Steel Process
1855 – Bessemer Steel (English)
1860 – 36,000 Patents issued
Isaac Singer improves Elias Howe’s Sewing machine
1866 – Cyrus Field, Transatlantic Telegraph
1867 – Christopher Shoales, the Typewriter
1870 – Charles Brush, Arc Lamp
1876 – Alexander Grahm Bell & the Telephone
1879 – James Ritty, the cash register
1880 – Edison: Incandescent lamp, the “talking machine,” (later with George Eastman the
motion picture), electric steetcars
James Bonsack, Cigarette-making machine
1891 – William Burroughs, calculator
Economic Theories, Consolidation and Scandal
Economic Theories:
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Historical: 1776, Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations
Change from Mercantilism to law of Supply and Demand
Laissez-Faire & The “Invisible Hand” of the Free Market, Competition
Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism
Frank Ward, Dynamic Sociology (1883)
Horiatio Alger “American Success Story”
Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1901)
The rise of stock companies (roots in joint-stock); limited liability
New management techniques: Middle Manager
Henry Ford, moving Assembly Line
The Giants: I.M. Singer and Co. (1851); Western Union (1856); Standard Oil (1870); U.S. Steel
(1901); Ford Motor
Railroad Tycoons: Cornelius Vanderbuilt, James Hill, Collis Huntington
Andrew Carnegie: the Steel industry
James Duke: Tobacco
J. Pierpoint Morgan: Banker, (U. S. Steel)
John Rockefeller: Standard Oil
Methods of Control:
Horizontal and Vertical expansion
“Pools” (Cartels)
Trusts (pre-merger; 1889, New Jersey)
Monopolies
Use of force (Pinkerton Gangs to break strikes)
Bribery, Political Manipulation
1890: The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1895: U. S. v. E. C. Knight and Company (sugar Industry)
Rise of Conspicuous Consumption
Workers and the Labour Movement
Industrial Workforce:
First Wave: Rural to Urban movement (U. S. Citizens)
Second Wave: Immigrant Labour
25 million immigrants arrived from 1865-1915.
Inducements to immigrate :
1. Labor Contract Law (repealed in 1885)
2. Advertisements about the West
3. Pardones (Greek/Italian labor Brokers)
First wave of immigration: England, Ireland, Northern Europe
Second Wave: Italians, Poles, Russians, Greeks, Slavs, Chinese
“Clustering” of occupations:
Textiles; French, Poles, Greeks
Mining: Italians, Slavs, Poles
Railways: Chinese (Especially in California)
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Conditions / Concerns of Workers:
Long Hours (10 –12 hour days, 6 day weeks)
Safety Concerns
Child Labour (20% of boys, 10% girls age 10-15); the paradox of Women’s Labour
Low Wages
Job Security
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Problems of Organizing
Fears of the Molly Maguires (western Pennsylvania); “anarchists” and “radicals”
1877 Railroad Strike
Cut in Wages (10%)
Use of force on both sides
President Hayes’ reaction
Failures and Bare Successes of Early Labour Movements
The Rise and Fall of the Knights of Labor (Uriah Stephens, 1869)
Long-term vs Short-term goals; move from secrecy to public life (1870s)
“One Union” and “Cooperative System”
700,000 members in 1886; by 1890s Gone
The Growth of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Samuel Gompers
Short-term Goals, acceptance of Capitalism, affiliation of craft unions
May 1, 1886: The General Strike of 1886 and the Haymarket Square Bombing
July 1892: The Homestead Strike (Amalgamated Federation of Iron and Steel Workers)
Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, Governor of Pennsylvania
1894: Pullman Strike
George Pullman, model town of Pullman, IL
Eugene Debs, American Railway Union
Gov. Peter Altgeld vs. President Grover Cleveland: 2,000 troops
Two Sources of US Growth: the West and the Rise of Cities
Secretary of State William Seward (under Johnson)
1. Buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (“Seward’s Folly”)
2. Midway Islands west of Hawaii annexed 1867
States of the 1860s: Nevada, Nebraska, Kansas
1876: Colorado
1889: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington
1890: Wyoming, Idaho 1986: Utah*
Homestead Act of 1862
1. 160 Acres; 5 year guarantee
2. 1873: Revision to 1,280 acres
Three Stages of Settlement of the West
1. Mining and Nationalism Boom (from 1849, then 1860-1890)
Pike’s Peak, 1858
Nevada Comstock Lode (1860-80) $306 million
Dakota’s Black Hill 1874
Copper mines (anaconda mine in Colorado)
Life in Mining Towns
2. The Cattle Ranching Industry
Originally Mexican (first cowboys)
Texas: The Mustang and Bronco
The Cattle Drive starting in 1866, 260,000 Texas to Missouri
Abilene, Kansas: the Chisholm Trail
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Range Wars and women’s opportunities
3. Farming and Homesteading: The romance of the West
Transcontinental Railroad
Rainfall of the 1870s
1870: Glidden & Ellwood, Barbed Wire
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Frontier Thesis” 1893, AHA
Changing to Commercial farming in 1880s-1900s
“Agricultural Malaise” and the move to the Populist movement
The American Indian
Indian Territory: Consolidation of Cherokee, Creek, Winnebago, others
Trail of Tears, Seminole War, sac and Fox Wars of Illinois 1830s
New Focus: Plains Indians
Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Apache, Commanche, Crow
Killing of the Buffalo: 1865 15 million; 1875, less than 1,000.
“One Big Reservation” to “Concentration”
1851: Separate Reservations, “Treaty Chiefs”
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Frontier Wars of 1850s-60s
Little Crow, Sioux in Minnesota
Sand Creek Massacre (black Kettle and Cheyennes) 1864 Fort Lyon, Col. Chivington
(First appearance of Col. George Custer against Black Kettle)
Montana: Sioux: Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull Little Bighorn 1876
1877: Nez Percé Chief Joseph (Rolling Thunder); Idaho, Washington State, Canada
1870s & 80s: Apaches: Cochise, Geronimo AZ and Mexico
Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee (SD) 1890
Dawes Severalty Act 1887: Assimilation
Cities and the Immigrant Experience
The move from a mostly rural life to urban life: 1860-1920
American Cities vs. European Cities
The Immigrant Experience
1. Different places of Immigration
2. New Types of Immigrants
3. Types of Jobs
4. Housing: Tenements
5. Communities: Ethnic Enclaves & the Ghetto
Success of some (Jewish, German)
Less Success of others (Irish)
The "values" thesis (education vs. solidarity, family ties, and order)
6. The question of Assimilation vs. Exclusion and the Generations
Anzia Yezierska, The Bread Winners
Reform Judiasm
7. The Political "Machine" and the "Boss"
William Tweed, New York's Tammany Hall (1860s&70s)
Urban Life Dangers
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Disease
Fire: The Great Fires of 1871 (Chicago, Boston)
San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
Poverty
Crime (Rise of Professional Police Force)
Urban Life Changes
Rise of Mass Consumption
Inventions: Tin Cans (1880); Refrigerated Railway Cars, Artificial Icemaking
Rise of Life expectancy
Chain Stores: Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company 1870
F. W. Woolworth
Sears and Roebuck
"Mass Consumption" and women
Rise of Leisure Time
Sport: Baseball (Abner Doubleday, 1839, West Point, NY) & Football
Theaters and Vaudeville: The Ziegfield Follies (Florenz Ziegfield)
Jazz, Ragtime, Black entertainers, "Minstrel Singers"
D.w. Griffith: The Birth of a Nation(1915), Intolerance (1916)
The Rise of American Literature:
Southwestern Humourists (Samuel Clemens)
Stephen Crane Maggie: Girl of the Steets; The Red badge of Courage
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham
Edgar Allen Poe
Lousia May Alcott, Little Women
Detective stories, Romance Novels, Westerns, "Tom Swift"
"Moral Uplift" (Alger)
Mass Communications: William Randolf Hearst New York Journal
Joeseph Pulitzer New York World
Thomas Nast, Editorial Cartoonist
1889: Edward Bok, Ladies Home Journal
Intellectual Life: Darwinism and Evolution
(backlash: Protestant Fundamentalism of 20s and 80s)
William Grahm Sumner's Social Darwinism
William James, Pragmatism
Lessons and Themes of Late 19th Century Culture, Politics, Economics:
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The Rise of Industrial America & Invention
Concentration of Power in Business over Government
Governmental Corruption
Rise of Cities
Creation of Society of Consumption
Failure of Labour Movements
Far Western Expansion, The Frontier Experience, & Indian Removal
Growth of Women's Power
Disenfranchisement of Blacks
Growth of Immigration & Communities
Relating Themes to the 20th Century
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Laying the Foundations for Dissent: Muckrakers, Reformers, Populists, Progressives
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