History 101 Section I Outline
Demographics -- resources, environment & settlement patterns
I. Amerindians
25,000-40,000 years ago -- 1st settlers from Asia; hunter/gatherers
500BC-500AD Amerindian Renassaince in Central and South America
Central America:
Mayans: near Guatemala, Yucatán apex around 1100 A.D.
(Southern Myan culture dies out)
Toltecs: Warrior Clan takes control over Mayans 1200 A.D.
Toltects, not Aztecs, FIRST believers in Quetzalcoatl
Aztecs: War tribe takes most of central Mexico over by conquest.
1325 - Tenochtitlán
South America:
Incan Empire (Peru, Andean Mountains)
North America:
Pueblo Indians
“Mound-Builders” - Andna-Hopewell (800 BC - 600 AD)
Plains Indians
Algonquin (Blackfoot (Plains), Deleware and Powhatan (Central states, VA), Abnaki (Maine),
Saux, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomi in Mid-west
Five Nations of the Iroquois
(Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca, Onondaga)
Hiawatha’s League
Cherokee & Sequoya
Muskhogean (Apache, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek, Natchez & Seminole)
ADVANTAGES OF EUROPEANS:
1. DISEASE
2. Iron & Gunpowder
3. Horses
4. Wheeled Vehicles
5. Taking Advantage of Religious Belief
6. Political Disunity Among Amerindian Tribes
II. The first non-native Discoverers: Norse
Eric the Red / Greenland
985/6 A.D. -- Biarni Heriulfson (Bjarni Herjolfsson)
1001 A.D. -- Lief Ericsson / Newfoundland
1010-1015 -- Thorfinn Karlsefni, “Vinland the Good”
The Vinland Sagas, Skrellings
III. Development of Europe / Foundations for Exploration
1095-1291 (Period of Eight Crusades)
1095 Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade at Council of Claremont.
1271-1295 Marco Polo journeys to China
1298 Polo’s Book of Various Experiences to become influential.
1453 -- Sultan Mohammed II, Fall of Constantinople
Desire Created to reach wealth of the Indies.
1517 -- Martin Luther / Protestant Reformation
Indulgences - 95 Theses
1534 -- Henry the VIII / Church of England
1536 -- John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion
IV. Background to Rivalry: Spainish Consolidation
1469 -- m. of Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castille
1492 -- destruction of Moors in Grenada
1494 -- TREATY OF TORDESILLAS*
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1580 -- Union of Spanish and Portugese crowns*
V. PORTUGAL
Prince Henry (1394-1460) “the Navigator”
Prester John
African rivals -- Ashinti; Timbuktu and Niani
(1487-8) Bartholomew Diaz
(1497-99) 1498 Vasco da Gama
April 22, 1500: Pedro Alvares Cabral
VI. SPAIN
1492 -- Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo)
San Salvador / Guanahani; Hispaniola
1499 - Amerigo Vespucci Mundus Novus -- New World
1505 - Juan Bermudez discovers Bermuda
1507 -- Martin Waldseemuller, 1507 ed. of COSMOGRAPHY by Ptolemy.
1513 - Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Juan Ponce De Leon
1519 -- Ferdinand Magellan
Hernando Cortés & Aztecs (Montezuma)
1531 -- Francisco Pizarro (Incas)
1565 -- Saint Augustine founded
LESSONS OF THE SPANISH AND PORTUGESE MODEL
Exploration Lessons / Questions:
1. Demographics: Amerindians of North America? Central / South America? Vikings? Portugese?
French? Spanish? English?
2. What was the differences in the “extractive” colonization of Spain and of England’s settlements? How
was the Spanish Christian Mission (don’t forget the huacas!) different than the Christian mission of, say, the
Puritans?
The French & The Dutch
France
Jacques Cartier 1534-1541
1608 Quebec Founded
Robert, Sieur La Salle -- “Louisiana”
Holland
1609 -- Henry Hudson / The Half Moon
1624 -- New Netherland / New Amsterdam
Rise of England / English Colonization
The First Wave of Colonization: Spanish Model
1497-8 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) 1508-9 Sebastian Cabot (under Henry VII)
1578 Martin Frobisher, Sir Humphrey Gilbert (d. 1583)
1584 Sir Walter Raliegh names Virginia - search for El Dorado
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1585 ROANOKE (try #1) rescue by Sir Francis Drake
1587 -- John White -- Virginia Dare -- CROATOAN
The Second Wave: FOUR REASONS FOR EXPLORATION
Economics • Land (Re-create Feudalism)
Religion • Labour (Population Movement)
I> ECONOMICS
MERCANTILISM: Scarcity, Balance of Trade, Hard Currency
A> PRIVATEERS / Sea Dogs -- Sir Francis Drake, The Golden Hind
1588 -- Destruction of Spanish Armada
B> Joint-Stock Companies: Colonial Charters
Bristol Company (Massachusetts Bay Company)
London Company (Virginia Company)
1607 -- JAMESTOWN
1608 -- Captain John Smith
1613 -- John Rolfe -- tobacco
C> Promoters, Propaganda: Convincing Royalty and Investors
Richard Hakluyt (the Elder, the Junior) & Theodor de Bry
1. Jobs
2. New Markets:
Raw Materials EXTRACTED to Mother Country
Closed market for IMPORT of finished goods to colonies
3. Taxation
4. Military Bases
II> LAND (Feudal Domains & Catholicism)
Lord Baltimore (Senior and Junior) of the Calvert family
1643 -- MARYLAND
1649 -- “Act Concerning Religion”
III> RELIGION
Death of Elisabeth I (1603)
Stewart King Ascension: James I & Charles I (1625)
1640s: The English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell, Roundheads (1641-1653)
Puritans: Pilgrim and Puritan Religion
PILGRIMS: Separatists -- Holland (1608) Sir Edwyn Sands.
1620 -- Plymouth Colony / Cpt. John Smith / “Mayflower Compact”
PURITANS: Congregationalists
“City on a Hill.” Visible Saints. Halfway Covenant.
Massachusetts Bay Company: (1629) John Winthrop 1630 -- Boston.
Historiography: PERRY MILLER, The New England Mind and
Errand into the Wilderness
Discord Among Puritans: Connecticut and Rhode Island
Connecticut
1636-- Rev. Thomas Hooker -- Hartford
1639 -- Theophilus Eaton, Rev. John Davenport -- New Haven
Rhode Island
1638 -- Anne Hutchinson -- Portsmouth -- 1639 -- New Port
1644 Rev. Roger Williams -- Providence
TWO HERESIES: ANTINOMIAN / ARMENIAN
Pennsylvania: The Special Case of the Quakers
1681 -- William Penn / Quaker / Plurality
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IV> LABOUR (POPULATION MOVEMENT)
Historiography: Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West and The Peopling of British North America
Tradition in England:
Rural ==> Rural
Rural ==> Urban (LONDON)
London ==> NEW WORLD
Adapt old Master / Apprentice contracts to Indentured Servants
1733 -- James Oglethorpe / Georgia
Patterns of Colonial Settlement and Development
Historiography: JACK GREENE, Pursuits of Happiness
(Declension v Developmental)
Southern: Secular/Anglican, Indentured Servants, “Development” Model
First Slaves to Yoeman Farmers; Rise with Rice & Tobacco of large plantations
*Bacon’s Rebellion, Rice Demographics -- Rise of Plantation Slavery
Tie to Bailyn’s Population Movements, Small town studies of Grevin, Lockridge
Northern: Religion, Families, “Declension” Model
Historiography: Grevin / Kenneth Lockridge
Trade: Merchants, Diversification: Fur, Lumber, Fishing, Farming, Mining
Success leads to SECULARIZATION
Early on: The tradition of the Puritan JEREMIAD
1662 - Half-Way Covenant
1684 - Uniting of Puritan Colonies and New York under Gov. Edmund Andrews
1688 - Glorious Revolution, Overthrow of Andrews
1692 - The Salem Witch Trials, last gasp at Jeremiads / City on the Hill
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