THE FEDERALIST ERA
1789-1816
PRESIDENTS WASHINGTON,
ADAMS, JEFFERSON, and
MADISON
WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY
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FIRST JOB: PUT THE NEW GOVERNMENT IN TO ACTION:
– HIS CABINET– CONGRESS PROPOSED AND THE STATES APPROVED A “BILL OF RIGHTS”.—protected
natural rights and created legal rights.
5 MAJOR ISSUES OF WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY:
– DEBT: HAMILTON’S 5 PART PLAN
– 5% Tariff on all imports
– Assumption of state debts
» (Compromise on location of new capital city)
– Pay off bonds or exchange for new interest-bearing bonds at face value
– Raise excise taxes gradually -- 25% whiskey tax
» 1794 Whiskey Rebellion
– Bank of the US
– Article 1, section 8, cl. 18
– Led to political parties.
– INDIAN PROBLEMS ON THE FRONTIER
• Treaty of Greenville
– FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789
• Citizen Genet
WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND 1793
Neutrality Proclamation
England issued the 1st Orders of Council.
• Jay’s Treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty
TRANSISTION: WASHINGTON TO ADAMS
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WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
WASHINGTON’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
– 3 treaties, ended Indian hostilities, paid the debt, avoided war,
added 3 new states, demonstrated power of national
government.
ELECTION OF 1796– Candidates , vote, results
PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS(1797-1801)
THE “NEAR WAR” WITH FRANCE_ “xyz” Affair
WILLIAM MARBURY
– Alien and Sedition Acts
J..MARSHALL
KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS
CHARLES TALLEYRAND
CONVENTION OF 1800
ELECTION OF 1800 (NOV 1800)
– CANDIDATES, VOTE, RESULTS
– 12TH AMENDMENT (1803)
MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS- (while Adams is a “lame-duck”)
Judiciary Act of 1801--Federal Judges
– John Marshall Chief Justice
NAPOLEON
– Marbury v. Madison , 1803
– Marbury sued for a Writ of Mandamus– based on the JudiciaryBONAPARTE
Act
of 1789
– Judicial review—declared section 13 of Jud. Act 1789 unconstl.
– US is a govt. of laws not men. Art III does not give SCt. original
jurisdiction for a writ of mandamus.
JEFFERSON’S ADMINISTRATION
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AMERICA IN THE LATE 18TH, EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:
WASHINGTON, DC.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS:
– HIS PRESIDENCY:
1. WHISKEY TAX
2. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
3. MILITARY BUILD-UP
4. JUDICIAL DISPUTES
– JUDGE PICKERING, SAMUEL CHASE
5. WAR ON THE HIGH SEAS(FRANCE AND ENGLAND)
6. WAR WITH BARBARY PIRATES
7. BURR-HAMILTON DUEL (ESSEX JUNTA)
8. BURR’S TREASON TRIAL 1807
9. SLAVE REVOLT IN SANTO DOMINGO (Haiti)
– TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE (BLACK NAPOLEON)
10. LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1803
– ACCESS TO RIVERS,
– ELIMINATE A FOREIGN THREAT,
– MORE LAND FOR MORE FARMERS
11. FALL OF FEDERALIST PARTY
– PURCHASE OF LOUISIANA (MANIFEST DESTINY)
– FAILURE OF ESSEX JUNTA
– DEATH OF HAMILTON
THE GREAT ADVENTURE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION:
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark—Corps of Discovery
May 1804- Sept. 1806
York, Sacajawea, Ft. Clatsop
THREAT OF WAR, AGAIN!!
• NAPOLEONIC WARS: (1803-1814)
– AMERICA WANTED NEUTRALITY
– EXPORTS OF FOOD GREW FROM
$66.5 MILLION- $102.2 (1803-07)
-OTHER EXPORTS GREW (cotton and manufactured items)
$13.5-58.4
-IN THE WAR: Eng. was winning at sea, and France on land.
Eng. reinstituted the Essex Decision (Rule of 1756)
Eng..—Orders of Council 1807
France—Berlin Decree 1807
FR.—Milan Decree 1807
Result:
----- Impressment of sailors at an all time high
----- Seizing of ships and cargo
JEFFERSON’S RESPONSE
• 1807— USS Chesapeake attacked:
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– ORDERED ALL GOVERNORS TO CALL UP MILITIA. (100,000)
– AVOID WAR AT ALL COSTS…because it would:
• INCREASE TAXES
• INCREASE THE DEBT
• INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE BUREAUCRACY (Govt.
employees)
– EMBARGO ACT 1807
• “PEACEABLE COERCION”
• CLOSED ALL AMERICAN PORTS AND NO EXPORTS
• INCREASED SMUGGLING
• HURT ECONOMY $108 MILL-$22 MILL.
– RECESSION IN NEW ENGLAND
ELECTION OF 1808
– PRESIDENTIAL: MADISON V. C. PINCKNEY
– CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS: FEDERALISTS GAINED
– STATE ELECTIONS : FEDERALISTS SMALL GAINS
“MR. MADISON’S WAR”
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CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812
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1. FAILURE OF DIPLOMACY WITH ENGLAND
– US PROPOSAL TO BR. AMB.ERSKINE
– BR. MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS CHANNING REFUSED IT.
2. NON-INTERCOURSE ACT (repealed the Embargo Act)
3. MACON’S BILL #2
4. TERRITORIAL EXPANSION-Presidential Proclamation
– WEST FLORIDA, BATON ROUGE
5. REPEAL OF MILAN DECREE 1810
6. INDIAN PROBLEMS—RED STICK CONFEDERACY 1811
--TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET
7. PARLIAMENT DISCUSSES REPEALING THE “ORDERS OF COUNCIL” spring
1812.
8. DEATH OF LORD PERCIVAL
9. “WAR HAWKS”
– LEADERS
– BELIEFS
10. DECLARATION OF WAR—JUNE 9, 1812
– REASONS
– LORD CASTLEREAGH—JUNE 16, 1812 REPEALED THE ORDERS OF
COUNCIL
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WAR OF 1812
• INITIAL BATTLES
– WAR AT SEA
– US FLEET – 7 SMALL BATTLESHIPS (FRIGATES) AND 100S OF
PRIVATEERS
– USS CONSTITUTION, USS UNITED STATES, USS
CONSTELLATION
– TECHNIQUES USED: CROSSING THE “T”, DRAG ANCHOR
– USS CONST. V. HMS GUIERRE—”OLD IRONSIDES”
– FIGHT FOR CANADA
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AUG. 1812—GEN. WILLIAM HULL
JAN. 1813– GEN. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
SEPT. 1813—ADM. OLIVER HAZZARD PERRY “PUT-IN-BAY”
OCT. 1813—BATTLE OF THE THAMES
» TECUMSEH IS KILLED.
– NOV. 1813 US ATTACKS AND BURNS THE CITY OF YORK—
PROVINCIAL CAPITAL OF CANADA (TORONTO)
1813-1814
• OCT. 1813—Napoleon defeated at Leipzig
• MAR 1814—TREATY OF CHAUMONT—
– April 1814 Napoleon abdicates the throne
– Napoleon exiled to Elba
• SPRING 1814 COL. ANDREW JACKSON AND THE TENNESSEE
VOLUNTEERS DEFEAT THE CREEK INDIANS AT THE BATTLE
OF HORSESHOE BEND—ENDS RED STICK CONFEDERACY.
• EARLY AUGUST 1814 BR. LAND TROOPS IN MARYLAND
• AUG. 24, 1814—WASHINGTON, DC BURNED
• SEPT. 1814, BATTLE OF FT. McHENRY
– FRANCIS SCOTT KEY WRITES THE “STAR SPANGLED BANNER”
SEPT. 1814—BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN (Plattsburg, NY)
DEC. 1814-- HARTFORD CONVENTION
DEC, 1814--PEACE CONFERENCE OF GHENT
DEC. 24, 1814 TREATY OF GHENT
DEC. 24—BATTLE OF CHALMETTE
JAN. 8—BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
• RESULTS OF THE WAR OF 1812
– 1. DEATH OF FEDERALIST PARTY
– 2. PEACE AND RESPECT FROM ENGLAND
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1815 TRADE AGREEMENT
1815 JOINT NAVAL FORCE ENDED BARBARY PIRATES
1817 RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT
1818 FISHERIES CONVENTION
1818 CONVENTION OF 1818
3. BROKE INDIAN RESISTANCE EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER
4. NEW WAVE OF NATIONALISM
5. MONROE ELECTED PRESIDENT “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”
6. 2ND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES CHARTERED
7. NATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS
8. ECONOMIC RECESSION
9. NEW TARIFF
10. JACKSON INVADES FLORIDA.
11. TRANSCONTINENTAL TREATY (ADAMS-ONIS TREATY)
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
• AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ART
EICHHOLTZ
– Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, James Fennimore
Cooper, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
• AMERICAN SYSTEM: Compromise—politics, internal improvements,
economic issues
– Henry Clay—Missouri Compromise
• SECTIONALISM
• Beliefs of each region and their leaders:
– NORTHEAST
– SOUTH
– WEST
PEALE
JARVIS
MORSE
CATLIN
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824
PANIC OF 1819.
• LATIN AMERICAN POLICY
– REVOLUTIONS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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MIGUEL HIDALGO
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
BERNARDO O’HIGGINS
SIMON BOLIVAR
– CHANNING DOCTRINE
• PROPOSED TERMS
– MONROE DOCTRINE
• TERMS