Atoms and
Bonding
Composition of the Sun
Composition of the Sun
• Abundance of Light
Elements
• Rarity of Lithium,
Beryllium, Boron
• Preference for Even
Numbers
• Abundance peak at
Iron, trailing off after
How Elements Form in Stars
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Sun: 4 H  He
He + particle  Mass 5 – Unstable
He + He  Mass 8 – Unstable
He + He + He  C
Add more He to make heavier elements
End of the line is iron for energy production
Atoms beyond Iron made in massive stars
What are Planets Made of?
• Same material as Sun
• Minus the elements that remain mostly in
gases
• We find this pattern in a certain class of
meteorites (Carbonaceous Chondrites)
Chondrites
The Earth’s Crust looks Very
Different
Composition of the Crust
Minerals are the Chemicals that
make up the Earth
• Naturally-occurring
• Inorganic
• Chemical Compounds
• About 3000 Known
• 200 Common
• 20 Rock-forming
Atomic Bonding
1. Ions
Atomic Bonding
2. Electrical Neutrality
• (+) and (-) Cancel Out
3. Bonding (Satisfy 1 & 2)
• Ionic (NaCl)
• Covalent (O2)
• Metallic (Cu, Al, Fe)
• Hydrogen (in water)
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
Summary of Bonding
• Ionic bonding holds rocks and minerals
together
• Covalent bonding holds people and other
organisms together
• Metallic bonding holds civilization together
• Hydrogen bonding gives water its heatretaining and solvent properties
4. Lattices
• Atoms in crystals form a repeating pattern
called a Lattice
5. Complex Anions
• Many minerals contain groups of atoms
that behave as single units
What Do Atoms “Really” Look Like?
Standing Waves
Standing Waves
• The wave is everywhere in the tank, all the time
• The negative portions are just as real as the positive
portions
• Other waves could be present in the same space at the
same time
s-orbitals (Lithium and Beryllium)
p-orbitals
Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen
1s2s2p3s Sodium, Calcium
Carbon and Silicon
1s2s2p3s3p Phosphorus through Argon
Hybrid Orbitals: Carbon