“Hobbit”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
“Homo floresiensis”
The Homo floresiensis type specimen (LB1)
Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=198867&page=1
Tsunami Quake
Epicentre
20 Dec 2004
Earthquake
Epicentre
28 Mar 2005
“Hobbit”
“Java Man”
Homo erectus
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/south_east_asia/indonesia/indonesia.htm
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
The skull of
Homo floresiensis
can only hold a brain
that's about 380 cc. in
size.
The modern human
skull, at left, holds a
brain that measures
between 1,400 and
1,500 cc.
(Peter Brown)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,17497640%255E2702,00.html
http://www.slate.com/Default.aspx?id=2108823&
"The ‘hobbit’ as envisaged by National Geographic. "
(Image: National Geographic) -- BBC
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/28/1098667862380.html?oneclick=true
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1230899.htm
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
Homo erectus
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
tugenensis
ramidus
anamensis
afarensis
africanus
garhi
aethiopicus
boisei
robustus
rudolfensis ( “early” )
habilis ( “early” )
erectus
sapiens
Homo
Genus
Species
Homo
• rudolfensis ( “early” )
• habilis ( “early” )
• erectus
– Java
(Trinil)
• Pithecanthropus erectus
– China
(Beijing)
• Homo erectus pekinensis
– Africa . . .
– Europe . . .
• sapiens
From Franz Weidenreich, “Morphology of Solo Man” 1951
Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 264
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html
http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041025/full/041025-4.html
Lucy
and the
First Family
“Hobbit”
Important Concepts
• range of variation
• statistical averages
• “fossil”
• “osteodontokeratic”
• the “Three Great Ages
of Prehistoric Times”
Range of Variation.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 99
Phineas T. Barnum
1810 - 1891
George Washington Morrison
("Commodore") Nutt
29” tall
1844 - 1881
Efe
Eastern Congo
(formerly Zaire)
Average Height
male
4’ 8”
female 4’ 5”
Pygmies 1904
Source: Boaz and Almquist Biological Anthropology, 2nd ed.
(Prentice Hall, 2002), p. 426
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53034
The Guiness Book of Records
”The Most Dissimilar
Couple in the World”
wife:
2’ 11½”
husband:
6’ 2”
They met on the internet
-- The Maury Show, 27 April 1999
“Homo floresiensis”
The
Homo
floresiensis
specimen
(LB1)
Eight
have
beentype
found
so far
Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm
A Walk Through Hominid Evolution
Time 23 July 2001
Began (m.y.a.)
Holocene
 (Villafranchian)
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
0.01
1.6
1.8
5
23
Plio - Pleistocene hominid
= Australopithecus
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 183
Time 23 July 2001
Time 23 July 2001
Early Hominids
Genus
Species
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• Paranthropus
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=0008EB7D-BC26-1138-BC2683414B7F0000
Week 07
Video: Search for the First Human -A Secrets of the Dead Special
http://exn.ca/hominids/wherethebonesare.cfm
http://exn.ca/hominids/wherethebonesare.cfm
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
Search for the First Human – A Secrets of the Dead Special
Time 23 July 2001
Early Hominids
Genus
Species
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• Paranthropus
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
“Taung Child”
“Lucy”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 mya
23 July 2001
Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 mya
Time, 23 July 2001
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
Time 23 July 2001
Time 23 July 2001
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234
Australopithecines
Australopithecus ramidus
=
Ardipithecus ramidus
Early Hominids
Genus
Species
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• Paranthropus
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
Time 23 July 2001
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
Early Hominids
Genus
Species
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• Paranthropus
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
Time 23 July 2001
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
1975 - 1976
"Lucy" and "The First
Family"
• Hadar, Ethiopia
(Site 333 on the Awash River)
• Australopithecus afarensis
• 4 - 3 mya
p. 232
Hadar,
Ethiopia
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
1976
Footprints
• Laetoli, Tanzania
• 3.7 mya
Laetoli,
Tanzania
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
Mary
Leakey
p. 232
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234
Early Hominids
Genus
Species
• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• Paranthropus
Time 23 July 2001
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
Transvaal
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
1924
“Taung Child”
• Taung, South Africa
• Australopithecus africanus
• Raymond Dart
• 3.0 - 2.0 mya
Taung
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 240
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
1924
“Taung Child” problems
• was found by miners
• was a child
( 3 - 4 yrs. old? Or 6? )
• what did the adults look like ?
• was a “one of a kind” find
• what was it representative of ?
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
1924
“Taung Child” problems
• was found by miners
• was a child
( 3 - 4 yrs. old? Or 6? )
• what did the adults look like ?
• was a “one of a kind” find
• what was it representative of ?
Methods
We can learn a lot
from the
Hensel Twins
and others
http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/health/4260178.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/conjoined_twins.shtml
• a few hundred pairs of conjoined
twins are born each year
• conjoined twins survive in about
1 / 50,000 – 60,000 births
• they appear about once in every 100,000 births,
but more than half of them are stillborn
• and one in three live for only a few days
Jani Farrell Roberts
author of
"Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel
The Seven Days of My Creation: Tales of Magic, Sex and Gender
http://www.isna.org/faq/frequency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersexual
Methods
and Balaji,
the “Reincarnation of Hindu
God”
Baby with tail believed to be the “reincarnation of Hindu god”
11 January 2000
“The 11-month-old boy has been named Balaji or
Bajrangbali, another name for monkey-faced Lord
Hanuman.
He is reported to have a 4 in. ‘tail’
caused by genetic mutations during the development
of the foetus. . . .
There have been other cases of babies born with
tails. A report appeared in The New England Journal
of Medicine in 1982 by Dr Fred Ledley. His paper
entitled ‘Evolution and the Human Tail’ concerned a
baby born with a 2 in growth on its back.”
11 January 2002
Methods
and Balaji,
the “Reincarnation of Hindu
God”
Time 23 July 2001
Time 23 July 2001
Time 23 July 2001