Chapter 7
The Master Budget
7-1
Objective 1
Explain the major features
and advantages of a
master budget.
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Advantages of Budgets
Budgets
Goals and
Objectives
7-3
Advantages of Budgets
Compels managers
to think ahead
Aids managers in coordinating
their efforts
Provides definite expectations that are the
best framework to evaluate performance
7-4
Types of Budgets
Strategic Plan
Long-Range Plan
Capital Budget
Master Budget
Continuous Budget
7-5
Strategic Plan

The most forward-looking budget is the
strategic plan, which sets the overall goals
and objectives of the organization.
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Long-Range Plan

The strategic plan leads to long-range
planning, which produces forecasted
financial statements for five- to ten-year
periods.
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Capital Budget
Long-range plans…
are coordinated with capital budgets,
which detail the planned expenditures
for facilities, equipment, new products,
and other long-term investments.
7-8
Master Budget…
Sales
summarizes the
planned activities
of all subunits of
an organization.
Production
Distribution
Finance
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Master Budget
Operating Budget
Financial Budget
7 - 10
Objective 2
Follow the principal steps in
preparing a master budget.
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Master Budget
Sales Budget
Master Budget
Purchases
Schedules
Costs
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Components of Master Budget
Inventory
Budget
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Sales
Budget
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Purchases
Budget
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Cost of
Goods Sold
Budget
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Operating
Expenses
Budget
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Budgeted
Income
Statement
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Operating Budget
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Components of Master Budget
Cash
Budget
Capital
Budget
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Budgeted
Balance
Sheet
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Financial
Budget
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Objective 3
Prepare the operating budget
and the supporting schedules.
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Operating Budget
Sales Budget
Cash collections
from customers
Purchases Budget
Disbursements
for purchases
Operating Expenses Budget
Disbursements
for operating
expenses
7 - 16
Cash Collections
It is easiest to prepare budgeted cash
collections at the same time as the sales
budget.
 Cash collections include the current month’s
cash sales plus the previous month’s credit
sales.

7 - 17
Purchases Budget
Budgeted purchases = Desired ending inventory
+ Cost of goods sold – Beginning inventory
7 - 18
Disbursements for Purchases
For example, 50% of the current month’s
purchases and 50% of the previous month’s
purchases may be included.
 The total disbursements are then used in
preparing the cash budget.

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Operating Expense Budget
The budgeting of operating expenses
depends on several factors.
 Month-to-month changes in sales volume
and other cost-driver activities directly
influence many operating expenses.

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Operating Expense Budget

Expenses driven by sales volume include
sales commissions and many delivery
expenses.
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Operating Expense Budget

Other expenses are not influenced by sales
or other cost-driver activity and are
regarded as fixed, within appropriate
relevant ranges.
Rent
Depreciation
Insurance
Salaries
7 - 22
Operating Expense
Disbursements

Disbursements for
operating expenses
are based on the
operating expense
budget.
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Operating Expense
Disbursements
For example, 50% of last month’s and this
month’s wages and commissions plus
miscellaneous and rent expenses may be
included.
 The total of these disbursements is then
used in preparing the cash budget.

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Budgeted Income Statement
The income statement will be complete
after addition of the interest expense,
which is computed after the cash budget
has been prepared.
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Budgeted Income Statement
Budgeted income from operations
is often a benchmark for judging
management performance.
7 - 26
Objective 4
Prepare the financial budget.
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Cash Budget
The cash budget has the following major sections:
– total cash available before financing
– cash disbursements
– minimum cash balance desired
– financing requirements
– ending cash balance
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Cash Budget
Total cash available before financing =
Begining cash balance + Cash receipts
Cash receipts depend on collections from
customers’ accounts receivable and cash sales
and on other operating income sources.
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Cash Budget
Cash disbursements for purchases depend on
the credit terms extended by suppliers and the
bill-paying habits of the buyer.
Payroll depends on wages, salaries,
commission terms, and payroll dates.
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Cash Budget
Disbursements for some costs and expenses
depend on contractual terms for installment
payments, mortgage payments, rents, leases,
and miscellaneous items.
Other disbursements include outlays for
fixed assets, long-term investments,
dividends, and the like.
7 - 31
Cash Budget
Management determines the minimum
cash balance desired depending on the
nature of the business and credit arrangements.
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Cash Budget
Financing requirements depend on how
the total cash available compares with
the total cash needed.
Needs include the disbursements plus
the desired ending cash balance.
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Cash Budget
Ending cash balance
= Total cash available before financing
– Total disbursements + Cash from financing
The cash from financing can be either
positive (borrowing) or negative (repayment).
7 - 34
Budgeted Balance Sheet
The final step in preparing the master budget
is to construct the budgeted balance sheet
that projects each balance sheet item in
accordance with the business plan as
expressed in the previous schedules.
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Objective 5
Understand the difficulties
of sales forecasting.
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Sales Forecast

A sales forecast is a prediction of sales
under a given set of conditions.
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Factors to Consider When
Forecasting Sales
1
2
3
4
Past patterns of sales
Estimates made by the sales force
General economic conditions
Competitors’ actions
7 - 38
Factors to Consider When
Forecasting Sales
5
6
7
8
Changes in the firm’s prices
Changes in product mix
Market research studies
Advertising and sales promotion plans
7 - 39
Objective 6
Anticipate possible human
relations problems caused
by budgets.
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Acceptance of the Budget
To fully benefit from budgets, an
organization needs the support of all the
firm’s employees.
 To avoid negative attitudes toward budgets,
accountants and top management must
demonstrate how budgets can help each
manager and employee achieve better
results.

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Acceptance of the Budget
Another problem that can negate the benefits
of budgeting arises if budgets stress one set
of performance goals, but employees and
managers are rewarded for different
performance measures.
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Participative Budgeting
Budgets created with the active
participation of all affected employees are
generally more effective than budgets
imposed on subordinates.
 This involvement is usually called
participative budgeting.

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Objective 7
Use a spreadsheet to develop
a budget.
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Software
Spreadsheet software for personal computers
is a powerful and flexible tool for budgeting.
Sensitivity analysis is the systematic varying
of budget data input to determine the effects
of each change on the budget.
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Objective 8
Understand the importance
of budgeting to managers.
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Importance of Budgets
to Managers
The budgetary process compels managers to
think and to prepare for changing conditions.
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Importance of Budgets
to Managers
Budgets are aids in planning, communicating, setting
standards of performance, motivating personnel
toward goals, measuring results, and directing
attention to problem areas that need investigation.
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End of Chapter 7
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