Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts
the Reformation
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.
• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.
• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.
• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.
AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429
• DISCUSSION of Section 3, packet p. 22
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.
• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!
Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Answer question #1. on handout now !
1. LIST FOUR PROBLEMS that existed in the Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther that he
and others criticized and wished to reform: (see packet, p. 26)
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Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Answer questions #2. – 5. on handout !
2. Even before Luther, there were other people who called for reforms in the Church. Name three of
these precursors to the Protestant Reformation. (see text, p. 428)
Wycliff, Hus, and Savonarola
3. What problem did Luther have with a monk named Tetzel? (see text, p. 429)
He was selling indulgences.
4. What are indulgences? (see text, p. 429)
These were pardons from sin that one could buy from the Church
in order to not have to perform any other penalty.
5. Define “Reformation”: (see text, p. 429)
A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective
changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.
What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)
A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.
See chart on back of handout.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts
the Reformation
Answer questions #5. – 7. on handout !
5. Define “Reformation”: (see text, p. 429)
A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective
changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.
What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)
A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.
6. Define “Protestant”: (see text, p. 430)
Originally the term for Luther’s supporters who “protested”
against Catholic loyalists in Germany.
Today, a general term for any Christian who attends a non-Catholic church.
Following Luther’s break with the Pope, name three of Christianity’s Protestant branches?
(see back of handout)
Lutheran, Baptist, Anglican (Church of England),
Methodist, Presbyterian….
7. What pivotal event sparked this Protestant Reformation? (see text, p. 429)
Luther nailing his “95 Theses” on his church doors in Wittenberg Germany.
Examining a Primary Source: “Ninety-five Theses” of Martin Luther, packet p. 25
Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22
CAUSES
Luther attacks a monk
named Tetzel for selling
indulgences.
EVENT or SITUATION
1. In 1517, Luther posts
his 95 Theses on the
church doors at
Wittenberg.
EFFECTS
Luther’s words are printed
and spread all over Germany
and attract many followers.
Above: The church doors
At Luther’s church in
Wittenberg. Other pics,
Wittenberg, 2002.
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Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22
CAUSES
The Pope realizes Luther is
a threat to papal authority.
The H.R.E., is a devout
Catholic, and also feels
threatened by the uproar.
Charles V
Holy Roman
Emperor
EVENT or SITUATION
2. In 1520, Luther
refuses to recant at
Worms and is
excommunicated.
In 1521, he is declared
an outlaw and heretic.
SAXONY
EFFECTS
Luther is sheltered by the
prince of Saxony where he
translates Bible into German.
When he returns to
Wittenberg, his followers
have become a separate
religious group – the
Lutherans.
Frederick,
Prince of Saxony
offered
protection to
Luther
Martin Luther
Pope Leo X
Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22
CAUSES
Excited by Luther’s talk
about “religious freedom,”
peasants revolt hoping for
social / economic freedom
(an end to serfdom).
EVENT or SITUATION
3. The German
peasants revolt
in 1524.
EFFECTS
When the armies of German
princes (at Luther’s request)
brutally crush this revolt
(killing thousands), previous
supporters now turn against
Luther.
Religious Wars begin
between
Catholics and Protestants.
Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22
CAUSES
EVENT or SITUATION
Charles V fought a 20 year
4.
war against the German
Protestant princes and
defeated them in 1547.
But he could not force them
to remain in the Catholic
Church.
Charles V
Holy Roman
Emperor
The Peace of
Augsburg is signed
in 1555.
EFFECTS
The peace settlement ended
the war and allowed the ruler
of each German state to
decide his own state’s
religious preference.
Martin Luther
continued his
writings and
lectures until his
death in 1546.
In 1525 Luther had
married a former
nun named
Katharine von
Bora. She bore
him eight children
and outlived him
by six years.
Even today, unlike Catholic priests
who take a vow of celibacy,
ministers in Protestant churches
can get married.
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England becomes Protestant
Henry’s
Six
Wives :
Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23
Catherine of Aragon
1509-1533
(divorced)
Anne Boleyn
1533-1536
(beheaded)
King Henry VIII of England
[1491-1547]
He broke England’s ties to the
Roman Catholic Church for
political and personal reasons, not
religious ones like Luther.
Henry needed a male heir and his
Catholic Spanish Queen
Catherine of Aragon
was not able to produce one.
Daughter will be
“Bloody” Mary I
1553-1558
(Catholic).
Daughter Elizabeth I
1558-1603
(Protestant).
Son Edward VI
1547-1553
(sickly)
Jane Seymour
1536-1537
(died)
Anne of Cleves
1540
(divorced)
Kathryn Howard
1540-1542
(beheaded)
Kathrine Parr
1543-1548
(survived)
England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23
CAUSES
Henry VIII needed to
annul his marriage to
Catherine so he could
remarry in order to get a
male heir.
The Pope would not allow.
So Henry calls Parliament
into session and passes the
Act of Supremacy.
EVENT or SITUATION
5.
EFFECTS
Henry closes all English
English Parliament
monasteries; seizes their
approves the Act of
Supremacy in 1534. lands and other Catholic
holdings in England;
thereby increasing his royal
power, as well as his own
personal wealth.
The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head
of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.
Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –
Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head
of the Anglican Church.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
England becomes Protestant
Henry’s
Six
Wives :
Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23
Catherine of Aragon
1509-1533
(divorced)
Anne Boleyn
1533-1536
(beheaded)
King Henry VIII of England
[1491-1547]
He broke England’s ties to the
Roman Catholic Church for
political and personal reasons, not
religious ones like Luther.
Henry needed a male heir and his
Catholic Spanish Queen
Catherine of Aragon
was not able to produce one.
Daughter will be
“Bloody” Mary I
1553-1558
(Catholic).
Daughter Elizabeth I
1558-1603
(Protestant).
Son Edward VI
1547-1553
(sickly)
Jane Seymour
1536-1537
(died)
Anne of Cleves
1540
(divorced)
Kathryn Howard
1540-1542
(beheaded)
Kathrine Parr
1543-1548
(survived)
England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23
CAUSES
EVENT or SITUATION
Henry’s daughter Mary had
6.
tried to restore Catholicism
in England after her father’s
break with the Pope.
Elizabeth I restores
Protestantism and asks
Parliament to create a
national Church of England.
Parliament
establishes the
Anglican Church
in 1559.
EFFECTS
The Anglican church
becomes the only legal
church in England and
people were required to
attend. Elizabeth tried to
create a church that both
moderate Catholics and
Protestants could accept.
After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir –
even executing her own mother – it is ironic then that his daughter
Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled
and well-remembered monarchs in England’s history.
She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers
and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom
in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.
Elizabeth I
The “Virgin” Queen
Ruled England for 45 years!
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England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23
CAUSES
Philip II of
Spain had been
married to
Mary I of
England. A
loyal Catholic,
he did not think Elizabeth
was a legitimate heir to
the English throne.
He also believes Elizabeth
is condoning her English
navy’s piracy of his
Spanish galleys.
When England sides with
the Dutch against Philip’s
rule in the Netherlands
and Elizabeth has her
cousin Mary (Queen of
Scots) executed for
treason, Philip decides to
invade England.
EVENT or SITUATION
The Spanish Armada
tries to invade England.
The
“Protestant”
Wind ?
EFFECTS
Elizabeth I
gives a
rallying speech
to British
troops instilling
confidence in her ability
to rule as a woman.
Bad weather and
English “fire ships”
destroy the
Spanish Armada.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts
the Reformation
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.
• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.
• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.
• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.
AGENDA:
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429
• DISCUSSION of Section 3, packet p. 22
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.
• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!
Ch. 17 Section 4:
The Reformation
Continues
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and
western Europe.
• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.
• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.
AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433
• DISCUSSION of Section 4, packet p. 27
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!
• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.
You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!
The Spread of Protestant Reformation Groups - Textbook MAP, p. 434; Packet p. 21
According to the
maps, by 1560 or
so, which European
countries became
mostly Protestant?
Which ones
remained mostly
Roman Catholic?
Judging from the
way religious beliefs
were distributed in
Christian Europe,
where would you
predict religious
conflicts were
certain to take
place?
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Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church - Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27
John Calvin
1509-1564
John Calvin was born in France and was only 12 years old when Martin
Luther was standing trial and refusing to recant at the Council of Worms.
But Calvin heard about the controversy and, even at 12, was intrigued by
the excommunicated monk Luther’s bold defense of himself and his belief
in the Scriptures.
To stand in a courtroom and defend oneself against the powerful Church
was an enticing scenario to young Calvin who decides to study law at the
University of Paris.
Taking up what Luther had begun, Calvin would bring order (an
organized system of thought, or theology) to the new Protestant faith.
B. Perceiving Relationships
predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has
“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be
saved and / or damned even before we are born.
[Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are
known as the “elect.”]
Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based
on Calvin’s teachings.
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Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church - Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27
1. Calvinism
John Calvin
1509-1564
People are sinful in their nature; only the “elect”
will be saved;
the doctrine of predestination says that God has
known who the elect will be since the beginning of
time.
Also believes the government should be in the
hands of religious leaders (a theocracy) and
society should be governed by strict laws of
morality.
B. Perceiving Relationships
predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has
“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be
saved and / or damned even before we are born.
[Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are
known as the “elect.”]
Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based
on Calvin’s teachings.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church - Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27
In England, the Puritans
would adopt the ideas of
Calvin and would
oppose both the
Catholic as well as the
Protestant Anglican
Church in England.
Calvinist followers In France
will be called Hugenots.
French Hugenots suffered a
long period of persecution in
this largely Catholic country.
Read about the
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre in your text, p. 434.
John Calvin was
asked to create his
vision of the ideal
society by the
citizens of Geneva
Switzerland – a
strict theocracy
where religious
leaders rule and
rigid moral conduct
was demanded.
Punishments for
rule breakers could
be severe – such as
excommunication
and banishment.
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Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27
2. Presbyterianism
John Knox
1505-1572
John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland.
This Protestant group takes it name from
the elders who were chosen to govern each
religious community – they were called
presbyters.
Protestant nobles of Scotland were led by Knox (a former Catholic priest) in making
Calvinism Scotland’s official religion. They even overthrew the Catholic queen Mary,
Queen of Scots and her young son James VI was placed on the throne.
Now we can read the Bible…if only we could agree on what it says?
DIFFERENCES IN INTERPRETATION
CAUSE EVEN MORE DIVISIONS
FAITH ALONE?
Infant?
Or, is there need for
GOOD WORKS?
Adult?
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Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27
3. Anabaptists
Believed only adults are mature enough to make a
decision to be baptized; believed in clear
separation of Church and State; were pacifists
(refused to fight in wars).
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
Anabaptists were the forerunners of the Mennonites and Amish. They also influenced
the Quakers and Baptists who both split from the Anglican Church.
All four of these groups exist in the U.S. and, except for the Baptist, continue to
practice pacifism and staunchly defend the ideas of Free Thinking and Conscience.
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Women of the Reformation- Textbook, p. 434 - 5; Packet p. 27
NOTABLE WOMEN
Marguerite of Navarre was the sister of the King of France, Francis I.
She was an important protector of John Calvin and other early
reformers of the church, she expressed her intensely felt religious
views in poetry and plays.
There were other women too who played active, outspoken roles in
the call for Church Reformation. But as time passed the Protestant
religions became more formally organized, male leaders narrowly
limited the roles or activities women could perform.
FAVORITE QUOTES from Marguerite
“God always helps madmen, lovers, and drunkards.”
“When one has one good day in the year, one is not wholly unfortunate.”
“Blessed is he who has it in his power to do evil, yet does it not.”
“People pretend not to like grapes when they are too high for them to reach.”
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435; Packet p. 27
B. Perceiving Relationships
As Protestantism spread and numerous other sects appeared, the Catholic church
undertook measures to reform itself in order to help Catholics remain loyal.
This movement to reform the Catholic church from within is known
as the Catholic Reformation.
Ignatius of Loyola left his father’s castle in Loyola, Spain to go
fight in Spain’s war with France in 1521. A cannon ball struck his
legs and he was severely wounded. During his recuperation he
gave serious examination to his spiritual life and began writing a
book, Spiritual Exercises. This daily meditation guide attracted
many followers over the next 18 years.
Eventually Pope Paul III made the group founded by Ignatius of Loyola
into a religious order named the Society of Jesus, or “Jesuits,” – the
group focused on the education of Catholics in the 1500s in order to be
better informed about the Scriptures and able to defend themselves against
the preaching of the Protestants.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435; Packet p. 27
4. What were the three major activities of the Jesuits?
They founded and staffed schools meant to educate
Catholics in Europe; they sent out missionaries all over
the world to convert non-Christians; and sought to stop
the spread of Protestantism – even conducting trials of
the Inquisition where Protestants were tried for heresy.
Arriving in the New World
with the Spanish conquerors,
the Jesuits worked to convert
native Americans, establishing
missions and schools.
Famous Jesuit Schools in the U. S.
Boston College
Loyola Marymount Univ. in Los Angeles
Loyola University in Chicago
University of San Francisco
5. Why were the effects of the work of the Jesuits so long lasting?
They sent out missionaries to all the continents, founding
schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world –
many of which are still around today.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27
6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the
Catholic Church?
Pope Paul III
• had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.
• gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.
• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics
• convened the Council of Trent
Pope Paul IV
• drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”
• collected and burned these!
• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent
B. Perceiving Relationships
Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563]
held in order to reach agreements on the church’s
official teachings (doctrine).
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Michelangelo's
Last Judgment of Christ
was unveiled in the Sistine Chapel in
1541. Christ is shown as a muscular
young man and the scene is dominated
by nude figures. Many criticized the work
as an example of the licentiousness that
had pervaded the Catholic church.
Four years later, the Council of Trent
gathered for it’s first session in 1545.
The Council convened to discuss and consider Luther's Theses,
the threat of Protestantism, and to verbalize a defense against the
charges being made by critics of the Catholic Church. In
response to those who criticized the Church’s emphasis on art,
the Council stated that art is an integral part of the process of
helping the layperson to understand the Scriptures.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27
6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the
Catholic Church?
Pope Paul III
• had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.
• gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.
• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics
• convened the Council of Trent
Pope Paul IV
• drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”
• collected and burned these!
• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent
B. Perceiving Relationships
Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563]
held in order to reach agreements on the church’s
official teachings (doctrine).
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27
The INDEX of PROHIBITED BOOKS was drawn up by Pope Paul IV
INDEX
AVCTORVM
ET LIBRORVM,
QVI AB OFFICIO
S. Rom. & vniuerfalis inquifitionis caueri ab omnibus & fingulis in vniuerfa Chriftiana Re
publica mandantur, fub cenfuris contra legentes, vel tenentes libros prohibitos in bulla,
quæ lecta eft in cœna Domini, expresfis & fub
alijs pœnis in de
creto eiufdem
facri officij
contentis.
R O M AE.
EX OFFICINA
Saluiana. XV.
Menf. Feb.
1 5 5 9.
and bishops and cardinals were ordered to hunt down,
collect, and burn these books considered dangerous
to the Catholic faith. – this included all Protestant
Bibles written in the vernacular languages.
The writings of Wycliff, Hus, Luther, Henry VIII, Calvin, and
other reformers were proclaimed heretical and ordered found
and destroyed in all Catholic regions.
Later big names found on the list included Machiavelli,
Erasmus, Galileo, French philosophers Voltaire (18th c.) and
Satre (20th c.), Victor Hugo, Daniel Defoe, and even the first
published Encyclopedia.
The list was relaxed by the Catholic Church in 1966.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27
6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the
Catholic Church?
Pope Paul III
• had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.
• gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.
• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics
• convened the Council of Trent
Pope Paul IV
• drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”
• collected and burned these!
• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent
B. Perceiving Relationships
Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563]
held in order to reach agreements on the church’s
official teachings (doctrine).
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
The Legacy of the Reformation - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27
7. What were some effects of the
Reformation?
• Religion no longer unites Europe.
• Church power declines; while the
power of kings increased –
paving the way for unified
nation-states.
• More people questioned the
teachings of the Church they had
always simply been indoctrinated
into and began to pursue instead
their own independent thinking,
scientific study and other
intellectual interests.
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STUDY!
Packet,
p. 26
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Ch. 17 Section 4:
The Reformation
Continues
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and
western Europe.
• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.
• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.
AGENDA:
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433
• DISCUSSION of Section 4, packet p. 27
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!
• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.
You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!