PATIENT CARE
CHAPTER 1 – FIRST AID
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First Aid is care given to an injured person to
stabilize and keep him / her safe until he / she
can receive professional medical attention.
Who needs First Aid?
 Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest
 Electric Shock
 Wounds
 Bleeding
 Burns
 Fractures and Traumatic Injuries
 Poisoning
 Drowning
 Snake bites
 Accidents
Fundamentals of First Aid
List the Two Major Concerns When Giving First Aid
a.
The first rule of first aid and the primary concern is:
b.
The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life-
Safety
threatening situation, he or she should:
Moved
Not Be
Giving First Aid
Responsiveness
 Is the victim conscious?
 Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright.
 Ask if they need help.
 If they say no, then proceed no further
 If yes, or no response, then proceed to
A – ACTIVATION ( CALL 996)
How to Use the 996 System
What are the four things you need to remember when
making a 996 call
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Your name
The emergency
The location of the emergency
Condition of the victim
Stay on the line with the operator until help
arrives
When To Move An Injured Person
 Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further
danger in their present location.
 And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and
additional care requires moving them.
Four Steps of Victim Assessment
 Use the mnemonic “ABCH”
1. A is for airway
2. B is for breathing
3. C is for circulation
4. H is for Hemorrhaging
A is for airway
 check to see if the airway is blocked
Use your finger to sweep the mouth to
remove any seen object. If this fails, then
perform the Heimlich maneuver or abdominal
thrusts.
2.B is for breathing
 Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and
placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of
the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim
is not breathing, they may need their head
repositioned.
 If they are still not breathing they need rescue
breathing, do not give unless you are trained,
instead, find an adult.
3.C is for circulation
If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR.
The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of
the neck along the windpipe.
If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is TRAINED.
4.H is for Hemorrhaging
If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care.
If not, then begin a secondary assessment.
First Aid Kit
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Container – To keep all first aid items in one
common container.
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Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent
infection.
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Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains
and cover wounds.
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Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and
prevent infection .

Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and
prevent infection.

Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to
wounds.
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Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent
infection on small cuts.
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Calamine Lotion – To prevent skin irritation
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Soap
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Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer
from infection and blood pathogens.
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Bandage Scissors
Tweezers -To pull splinters.
Moleskin (Strong cotton fabric) -To protect blisters
and prevent infection.
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 sharp scissors
 safety pins
 alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol
 thermometer
 tooth preservation kit
 flashlight and extra batteries
 a blanket
 mouthpiece for administering CPR
 your list of emergency phone numbers
Bleeding and wounds – First Aid
Types of Bleeding
There are three types:
 Arterial
Spurting: Arteries transport blood under high pressure. Bleeding
from an artery is bright red blood that spurts with every heartbeat.
 Venous
Steady flow: Veins carry blood under low pressure. Bleeding
from a vein is a steady flow of darker blood.
 Capillary
Oozing: Capillaries also carry blood under low pressure. Bleeding
from capillaries oozes.
Types of Bleeding
Art
ery
Veins
Spurting
Steady flow
•Capillary
Oozing
Types of Wounds
Control of Bleeding
Direct Pressure
Elevation
Pressure bandage
Cold Applications
Pressure Points
Where the artery
passes over a bone
close to the skin
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
Sub-clavian
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal
Treating Minor to
Moderate Wounds
 Stop the bleeding
 Remove clothing from
wound (If Necessary)
 DO NOT remove
penetrating objects from
wound
 Place absorbent pad over
wound
 Wrap the elastic wrap around
the limb and anchor the
Velcro strip
 Feed elastic wrap through
the tension hook.
 Pull elastic through tension
hook and reverse the
direction of the wrap to
secure the bandage in place
 Continue wrapping the
elastic bandage around
the wound.
 Once you have reached
the end of the elastic
wrap, rotate it to secure
the Velcro strip to the
wrap.
Treating Moderate to
Severe Wounds
 Cut clothing from area
 Locating the pressure point,
apply pressure to slow or
stop the bleeding from the
wound
 Pack wound with the
gauze roll
 Place absorbent pad of
the pressure dressing
over gauze and wound
 If bleeding continues,
apply direct pressure to
pressure dressing and
pressure points for 5-10
minutes.
 Apply tourniquet 2 to 4
inches above wound, so that
tourniquet is between
wound and heart
 Wrap tourniquet once
around
Epistaxis or Nose bleeding
 Tilt head down to prevent bleeding to the throat.
 Close the victim's nostrils with the tips of 2 fingers.
 Ask victim to breath through mouth
 We may apply a gauze packing to the bleeding nose.
 If bleeding didn't stop after 20 minutes we ask Medical Care
Provider.
FRACTURES
TYPES
 1.Closed -No Wounds
 2.Open -With Wounds
FIRST AID
 Never try to put bone in place.
 Stop bleeding
 Cover open wound
 Prevent shock.
 Immobilize the fractured bone by splinting cotton, gauze
and bandage)(apply cotton, gauze and bandage)
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE TRANSFERRING
THE VICTIM
 In case of a fractured cervical vertebral bones keep victim on his back.
 In case of fractured of thoracic and lumber keep victim on his abdomen.
 Avoid excessive or unnecessary movements.
 In case of fracture pelvis fix pelvis, thighs, legs and feet.
 Fracture of fore arms make two splints and hang the forearm to the
neck.
concussion
First Aid for head injury
For a moderate to severe head injury, take the following
steps:
 1. Call 996.
 2. Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If
necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
 3. If the person's breathing and heart rate are normal but the
person is unconscious, stabilize the head and neck in line with the
spine and preventing movement. Wait for medical help.
 4. Stop any bleeding by firmly pressing a clean cloth on the
wound and be careful not to move the person's head.
 5. If you suspect a skull fracture, do NOT apply direct
pressure to the bleeding site, and do NOT remove any debris
from the wound. Cover the wound with sterile gauze
dressing.
 6. Apply ice packs to swollen areas.