Dialectology
Language Varieties
• Language variety refers to the various forms of
language triggered by social factors such as:• Social situation
• Occupation
• Age
• Geography
• Education
• Gender
• Social status
• Ethnicity
• For example:
Language Varieties
Cover
•
•
•
•
•
•
Standard language
Style
Dialects
Registers
Pidgins
Creoles
• For social political reasons, a variety of
language may be officially elevated as the
national language, such a language variety is
called standard language.
It is associated to
• Prestige
• Education
• Public life
• Prestige:
Prestigious speaker such as Imran khan
Education:
Academic writing and learning
Public life:
• Science , Political , Religion
• Used by educated speaker
• A variety of a language used recognizably in a
specific region or by a specific social class is
called a dialect.
• The study of dialect is called dialectology.
Dialects are categorized into 4 types :
• Regional
• Temporal dialects
• Sociolects
• Idiolects
• Regional / geographical dialects includes
varieties of a language spoken in a
geographical area.
Sindhi is one of the regional dialect of Pakistan
• Varieties of a language used at particular
stages in its historical development.
For example:
• We identify Shakespeare's English as being
different from our English.
• Sociolects includes varieties of a language
used by people belonging to particular social
classes.
For example:
• Christian , Muslims and Jewish in Baghdad
speak different variety of Arabic
• American English and British English:
Varieties of a language used by
individual speakers, with peculiarities
of pronunciation, grammar and
vocabulary.
For Example:
• Tusī kivēṁ hō?
• Ki haal ae tada?
• TuhaaDey kiaa haal hin?
• Key haal ne ?
• Registers are varieties of language used in different
situations, which are identified by the degrees of
formality.
Formal register
Informal register
STYLE
• Language style is defined as the choice of
words used by a specific group of people
when they speak.
• An example of language style is the words,
jargon and abbreviations which are used by
the doctor.
• There are four main language styles
Voice
Word choice
Tone
Example:-
Pidgin:
A mixed language with a small vocabulary and
a simple grammar used by speakers of two
languages to communicate. So it is also called
contact language.
Two features of pidgin languages:
1. A pidgin has no native speakers.
2. It is a simplified language with reduced
vocabulary and grammar.
Example:
English
Tok-Pisin
Please
Plis
•
• When a pidgin begins to acquire native
speakers who use it as their primary
language, the pidgin turns to be a Creole.
• The process by which a pidgin develops is
called Pidginization; the process by which a
pidgin becomes a Creole is called Creolization.
Example
• English of Blacks in the US.
• The speaker may feel that they speak
something less than normal.