Introduction to SPSS
Allen Risley
Academic Technology Services, CSUSM
arisley@csusm.edu
750-4169
http://courses.csusm.edu/resources/spss/
SPSS Workshop Agenda
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Layout of the Program
Adding Data to SPSS
Preparing Data for Analysis
Creating New Variables
Descriptive Data Analysis
Working with SPSS Output
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Layout of the SPSS Program
• SPSS Program Windows
• Menus and Toolbars
• SPSS Options
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SPSS Program Windows
• SPSS Program Windows
– Data Editor
• Data View
• Variable View
– Output Viewer
– Syntax Editor
• File Types
– Data: filename.sav
– Output: filename.spo
– Commands: filename.sps
• Menus and Toolbars
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SPSS Options
• Users can set options to make
program easier to use
• Edit menu
– Choose Options
– On General Tab:
• Display Names & File
• h Record Syntax… & Temp. Dir.
– H:\
– On Viewer Tab:
• h Display Commands in the Log
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More SPSS Options
– Output Labels Tab
• For Pivot Table Labeling:
– Variables in labels shown as
Names and Labels
– Variable values in labels shown
as Values and Labels
– Pivot tables Tab
• For Tablelook:
– Choose Academic (narrow).tlo
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Adding Data to SPSS
• Use Syntax to Read an Existing Data File
• In-line Data in a Syntax File
• The SPSS Text Import Wizard
• Data Entry in the SPSS Data Editor
• Import from Excel
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Loading Data Using Text Wizard
• The SPSS Text Import
Wizard:
– File Menu:
• Read Text Data
– In Open Data box, enter:
C:\SPSS\grades.txt
– Step 1: choose No, Next
– Step 2: choose Fixed
Width, No, Next
– Step 3: use defaults: Next
– Step 4: use defaults: Next
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Loading Data Using Text Wizard
• The SPSS Text Import
Wizard:
– Step 5: Use these names
and formats:
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V1: ID, Numeric
V2: Gender, String
V3: Test1, Numeric
V4: Test2, Numeric
V5: Test3, Numeric
Click on Next
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Loading Data Using Text Wizard
• The SPSS Text Import
Wizard:
– Step 6: choose No, Yes
• The Yes will open a syntax
window with the text of a
GET DATA command
– Click on Finish
– In the Syntax window
choose the Run Menu
• Choose All
– This creates an SPSS data
file with the contents of
grades.txt
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Loading Data Using Syntax
• You can re-use a syntax
file by opening it and
running it
– File menu
• Open
– Syntax…
• You can open a blank
syntax window to type in
your own commands
– File menu
• New
– Syntax…
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Other Ways to Load Data
• Data Entry in the SPSS
Data Editor
• Import from Excel
– File Menu:
• Open
– Data
– In Open Data box, enter:
C:\SPSS\grades.xls
– Click OK for defaults
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Preparing Data for Analysis
• Variable Formats
• Variable Labels
• Value Labels
• Missing Values
• Copying Data Properties
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Formatting Your Variables
• Variable Formats
– Click on the Variable View
tab of the Data Editor to
edit or display formats
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Name • Type • Width
Decimals • Label • Values
Missing • Columns • Align
Measure
• Variable Labels –
– Type in descriptive text
that explains what the
variable measures
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Formatting Your Variables (cont.)
• Value Labels – Text that
explains what numeric
values stand for
– Click in the cell of the Value
column for your variable,
enter a Value and Label, click
Add
• Missing Values – Defines
values that should not be
included in calculations
– Click in the cell of the Missing
column for the variable,
choose either Discrete… or
Range… and enter the values
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Creating New Variables
• Collapsing Variables Using Recode
• Computing Variables
• Counting Values in Other Variables
• Ranking Cases
• Date and Time Variables
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Recoding Variables
• Recoding renumbers or
collapses the values of a
variable
– Transform menu
• Recode into different
variables
– Highlight variable(s) and
move over with arrow
– Fill in a Name and Label
for the new variable
– Click Old and New Values
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Recoding Variables
– Specify the Old Value
• e.g., 90 through 100, 80
through 89, etc.
– Specify a New Value
• e.g., 4 (for an A), 3(for a B),
etc.
– Click on the Add button
– Repeat until all old and new
values are specified
– Old values can be defined as
single values, ranges or
missing values
– Add value and variable labels,
etc.
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Computing New Variables
• Create new variables
using equations or
functions
– Transform menu
• Compute Variable
– Enter a Target Variable
Name – e.g. TestAvg
– Build a Numeric
Expression
• E.g. – (Test1 + Test2 +
Test3)/3
– Click OK
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Other Ways to Create Variables
• Counting Values in
Other Variables
• Ranking Cases
• Date and Time Variables
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Descriptive Data Analysis
• FREQUENCIES
• DESCRIPTIVES
• CROSSTABS
• MEANS
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The FREQUENCIES Procedure
• FREQUENCIES creates tables
with counts of cases for each
value of the variable
• Analyze Menu:
– Descriptive Statistics…
• Frequencies
• Highlight variables to create
tables, click the arrow to add
to variable list, then click OK
• Statistics, Chart and Format
options are available
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FREQUENCIES Output
1. Command syntax
2. Summary statistics
3. Variable values and
corresponding labels
4. Frequency counts for
each value
5. Percentages
1. Raw percent
2. Valid percents
3. Cumulative percents
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The DESCRIPTIVES Procedure
• DESCRIPTIVES creates
tables with summaries of
values for variables
• Analyze Menu:
– Descriptive Statistics…
• Descriptives
• Highlight variables to
create tables, click the
arrow to add to variable list,
then click OK
• Options are available to
choose different statistics
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DESCRIPTIVES Output
1. Command syntax
2. Variable name and
label
3. Number of cases
4. Statistics:
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Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Standard Deviation
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The CROSSTABS Procedure
• CROSSTABS displays the
intersection of values of two
or more variables
• Analyze Menu:
– Descriptive Statistics…
• Crosstabs
• Highlight variables to create
tables, click the arrow to add
to Row, Column or Layer
variable lists, then click OK
• Statistics, Cells and Format
options are available
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Crosstabs Output
1. Table title
2. Column variables
3. Row variables
4. Cell counts (# of cases)
5. Column percents (% of
cases in column)
6. Statistics
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The MEANS Procedure
• MEANS calculates overall
means and group means
(defined by independent
variables)
• Analyze Menu:
– Descriptive Statistics…
• Means
• Highlight variables to create
tables, click the arrow to add
to Dependent or Independent
variable lists, then click OK
• Optional Statistics are
available
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MEANS Output
1. Command syntax
2. Numbers of cases
included and excluded
3. Dependent variable
4. Independent (group)
variable
5. Means
6. Number of cases
7. Standard Deviations
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Working with SPSS Output
• Editing/Manipulating Tables
• Exporting Output to a File
• Copying and Pasting Output
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Editing SPSS Tables
• SPSS Table objects can
be opened for editing
before you use them
elsewhere
– Right-click on the table
– SPSS Pivot Table Object
– Either Edit or Open
• Text can be formatted,
rows or columns
removed, footnotes
added, etc.
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Exporting SPSS Output to a File
• SPSS output can be
exported to other
programs
• Either entire output file,
or selected tables
• Export to Word, HTML,
Excel, Text, PDF, or
PowerPoint
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Copying and Pasting SPSS Output
• To copy and paste SPSS
tables from SPSS to
Word:
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Right-click on the table
Choose Copy
Switch to Word
Click location in the
document
– Choose Paste Special
– Choose Picture
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On-line SPSS Resources at CSUSM
• Academic Technology Services is developing on-line resources
for help with SPSS. Visit our SPSS page at:
– http://courses.csusm.edu/resources/spss/
• E-mail Allen Risley at: arisley@csusm.edu
http://courses.csusm.edu/resources/spss/