(1)
A gastrectomy is a medical procedure that involves surgically
removing the stomach
There are many types of gastrectomy including:
• Partial gastrectomy, where part of the stomach is removed
• Total gastrectomy, where the whole stomach is removed
• Sleeve gastrectomy, where the left side of the stomach is removed
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stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer.
stomach ulcers (open sores develop inside lining of the stomach)
non-cancerous tumours
life-threatening obesity
Possible complications of a gastrectomy include:
• Wound infection
• Leaking from where the stomach has been closed or
reattached to the small intestine
• Structure, where stomach acid leaks up into your
oesophagus and over time causes scarring, leading to the
oesophagus becoming narrow and constricted
• Chest infection
• Internal bleeding
• Blockage of the small intestine (small bowel)
(2)
Nephrectomy (nephro = kidney, ectomy = removal) is the
surgical removal of a kidney.
There are two types of nephrectomy for a diseased kidney:
Partial nephrectomy: only the diseased or injured portion of the kidney is
removed.
Radical nephrectomy : involves removing the entire kidney, along with a
section of the tube leading to the bladder (ureter), the gland that sits atop
the kidney (adrenal gland), and the fatty tissue surrounding the kidney.
Bilateral nephrectomy : When both kidneys are removed at the same time,
kidney cancer as well as other kidney diseases and injuries. Nephrectomy
is also done to remove a healthy kidney from a donor for transplantation.
All surgery has certain risks and complications. Possible complications of
nephrectomy surgery include:
• Infection
• Bleeding (hemorrhage) requiring blood transfusion
• Post-operative pneumonia
• Rare allergic reactions to anesthesia
• Death
• There is also the small risk of kidney failure in a patient with lowered
function or disease in the remaining kidney.
(3)
• A colostomy is formed during surgery to divert a section of the large
intestine (colon) through an opening in the abdomen (tummy).
• The opening is known as a stoma.
• A pouch is placed over the stoma to collect waste products that
would usually pass through the colon and out of the body through
the rectum and anus.
• A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.
There are two main ways a colostomy can be formed.
• a loop colostomy – where a loop of colon is pulled out through a hole in
your abdomen, before being opened up and stitched to the skin
• an end colostomy – where one end of the colon is pulled out through a
hole in your abdomen and stitched to the skin
A colostomy usually needs to be formed when there is a problem with an
area of the colon.
• bowel cancer
• Crohn's disease – a condition that causes inflammation of the digestive
system
• diverticulitis – a condition that causes small pouches to develop in the
wall of the colon, called diverticula, which become infected and inflamed
1. Rectal discharge
People who have a colostomy but have an intact rectum and anus often experience
a discharge of mucus from their rectum. Mucus is a liquid produced by the lining of
the bowel that acts as a lubricant, helping the passage of stools.
The lining of the bowel continues to produce mucus even though it no longer serves
any purpose. The longer the length of the remaining section of your bowel, the
more likely you are to experience rectal discharge
2. Parastomal hernia
A hernia occurs when an internal part of the body, such as an organ, pushes
through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall.
In cases of parastomal hernia, the intestines push through the muscles
around the stoma resulting in a noticeable bulge under the skin. People
with colostomies have an increased risk of developing parastomal hernias
because the muscles in their abdomen have been weakened during surgery.
3. Stoma blockage
Some people develop a blockage in their stoma due to a build-up of food.
Signs of a blockage can include:
• reduced stool production, or passing watery stools
• bloating and swelling in the abdomen (tummy)
• tummy cramps
• a swollen stoma
• nausea and/or vomiting
• skin problems –the skin around the stoma becomes irritated and sore
• stomal fistula –a small channel develops in the skin alongside the stoma
• stoma retraction – where the stoma sinks below the level of the skin after
the initial swelling goes down,
• stoma prolapse –the stoma comes out too far above the level of the skin
• stomal structure (stenosis) –the stoma becomes scarred and narrowed
• leakage – where digestive waste leaks from the colon onto the surrounding
skin or within the abdomen
• stomal ischaemia –the blood supply to the stoma is reduced after surgery
(4)
A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus).
Patient become no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation
• total hysterectomy – the womb and cervix (neck of the womb) are
removed; this is the most commonly performed operation
• subtotal hysterectomy – the main body of the womb is removed, leaving
the cervix in place
• total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy – the womb,
cervix, fallopian tubes (salpingectomy) and the ovaries (oophorectomy)
are removed
• radical hysterectomy – the womb and surrounding tissues are removed,
including the fallopian tubes, part of the vagina, ovaries, lymph glands
and fatty tissue
Hysterectomies are carried out to treat conditions that affect the female
reproductive system, including:
• heavy periods (menorrhagia)
• long-term pelvic pain
• non-cancerous tumours (fibroids)
• ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer or cancer of the fallopian
tubes
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Bleeding
Ureter damage
Bladder or bowel damage
Infection
Thrombosis
Vaginal problems
Ovary failure
Early menopause
(5)
• This refers to the opening of the abdominal cavity for
direct examination of its contents
• To locate a source of bleeding or trauma.
• It may or may not be followed by repair or removal of the
primary problem
A common reason for a laparotomy is to investigate
abdominal pain, but the procedure may be required for a
broad range of indications. The abdominal organs include
the digestive tract (such as the stomach, liver and
intestines) and the organs of excretion (such as the kidneys
and bladder
LAPAROTOMY INCISION
LAPAROTOMY PROCEDURE
 A laparotomy is performed under general anesthesia.
 The surgeon makes a single cut through the skin and muscle of the
abdomen, so that the underlying organs can be clearly viewed.
 The exposed organs are then carefully examined.
 Once diagnosed, the problem may be fixed on the spot (for example, a
perforated bowel may be repaired).
 In other cases, a second operation may be needed. Once the laparotomy
is complete, the muscle of the abdominal wall and the overlying skin are
sutured (sewn) closed.
LAPROTOMY PROCEDURE
COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING
LAPAROTOMY
Haemorrhage
Infection
Damage to internal organs
Formation of internal scar tissue (adhesions)
Bowel blockages or abdominal pain, which may
be caused by adhesions