‫‪ALKANES AND ELKIN‬‬
‫إعداد ‪ :‬نوره سالم المطيري‬
ALKANES:

Alkanes in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon chain
consisting of an open ring, which is where the molecule by the
maximum of the hydrogen atoms and therefore do not have the
double bonds.
Alkanes also known as paraffins, or collectively, the "chain
paraffins" and these terms can also be used to alkenes, which
are carbon atoms with a series of single, non-branching, and
when there is a forest in a series of alkanes is called
"Oazoberavit" and belong alkanes vehicle aliphatic.
General equation for the installation of alkanes CnH2n +2, and
the simplest alkane on this, methane, CH4, followed by ethane,
C2H6, and so on. And all the carbon atoms in alkanes with
hybridization sp3.
NAMING ALKANES:

Naming alkanes: called by two organic compounds,
commonly called, which may vary from place to place, and
the designation of specific international system according
to IUPAC, which rely on the name of alkanes. And alkanes
may be branched or branched groups contain any side

1. Determine the longest unbroken chain of carbon atoms.
2. Start numbering the atoms of one of the parties to the
other party, that party will be the beginning was the closest
to the branching groups in the case of their existence.
3. Determine the groups related to the string in the order
and the start of typing the name of alkanes as follows:

1. Number of carbon atoms related to the sub-groups, and
in the case of a branch is more than writing numbers
branching order of numbering in the main chain (3.2 - not
2.3 -. 4.1 - not 1.4 -. And so on)
2. In the case of a connection to the same group more than
once Bslsh alkanes, we use the following prefixes according
to the number of iterations: "binary", "three", "four", and so
on.
3. Name of the group or groups related to the chain, with
the same numbering arrangement applied to the series.
4. Ends with name type the name of the longest straight
chain.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
-Alkanes do not dissolve in water.
-Alkanes density less than water.
-Increase the melting point and boiling points of alkanes
generally increase the molecular weight and also increase
the length of the main carbon chain.
-In standard conditions, the alkanes from C4H10 to CH4 are
in the gaseous state, and C5H12 to C17H36 are in the
liquid state, and after C18H38 be in the solid state.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

Alkanes Nchatitha low because the links between unilateral
CC, and CH sigma type and that are relatively stable, and
difficult cracking and non-polar. Alkanes do not react with
acids, Alalekalat, metals, oxidizing agents. Ironically, the oil
(octane) does not react with concentrated sulfuric acid,
sodium metal, potassium, manganese. This inactivity is the
origin of the word "paraffins" (originally the Latin "Barra" +
"Lavigne", here means there is no attraction).
Chemical properties
ALKENE:

Alkene in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon
containing at least one association between two carbon
atoms. Be simple alkenes, which contain one double and
the Association of homogeneous series, the alkenes with
general formula CnH2n.
The simplest alkene is known as the "ethylene", while his
official name according to the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is called Athen.
THE FORM OF ALKENES:

As Mnouka according to engineering the molecule it occurs
repulsion between a pair of electrons (see "covalent
bonds"), and thus the angle between the two atoms of
carbon in the double bond will be 120 °, has become the
angle largest according to the stress effect of interactions
non-relational, which occur from groups linked to seed
carbon. For example, the angle between the CCC in propene
(propylene) of 123.9123.9 °.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Almost like alkanes.
Physical state depends on molecular mass.

Chemical properties:

Alkenes are generally stable compounds, but more active than
alkanes.
MANUFACTURE OF ALKENES:

1. More common industrial methods for the manufacture of
alkenes is the cracking of petroleum.
2. Can manufacture alkene reactions of alcohols other than
removal, which is the removal of the water molecule the
molecule:
H3C-CH2-OH + H2SO4 → H3C-CH2-O-SO3H + H2O → H2C =
CH2 + H2SO4.
3. Catalytic processing of large alkenes of the type α-alkene,
which can be obtained from the reaction of ethylene with tri
ethyl aluminum organometallic compound in the presence of
nickel, or cobalt, or platinum
ADDITION REACTIONS:

Catalytic addition of catalytic Hedroginagrjh of alkenes
produces the corresponding alkanes. Interaction is under
pressure in the presence of a catalytic metal. It is common
industrial catalysts use platinum, nickel, palladium, for use
in laboratories. And is often used Raney nickel, an alloy of
aluminum and Alnica. The next equation describes the
hydrogenation of ethylene for ethane:
CH2 = CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3.

Add passionate electrons
Most addition reactions to alkenes follow the mechanism
similar passion for electrophilic addition.
Halogenated: Add bromine or chlorine in their racism and
alkenes to produce binary Fasenall bromo-, and dichloro
alkene, respectively. And the process of stripping chlorine
from a solution of bromine in water is the analytical method
to test the presence of alkene:
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → BrCH2-CH2Br