‫السالم عليكم ورحمة هللا وبركاته‬
Objectives
To know basic concepts of Nutrition.
To understand that diet has an impact on
health.
To understand the concept of malnutrition,
i.e. under nutrition and over nutrition.
To know a variety of dietary related diseases
and their associated risk factors, e.g. coronary
heart disease, obesity, osteoporosis, iron
deficiency and anaemia.
INTRODUCTION
Nutrients are the constituents of food necessary
to sustain normal functions of the body.
 Macronutrients:
 -proteins
 -fats
 -carbohydrates
 Micronutrients:
 -vitamins
 -minerals
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Carbohydrates
Simple
Complex
Fiber
Protein
(Animals and plants)
Lipids/Fats
Saturated Fat
Essential fatty
acids: linoleic &
linolenic acids
Unsaturated Fat
Vitamins
Minerals/Elements
ROLE OF DIFFERENT FOODS
Adults should consume 45 to 65% of their
total calories from carbohydrates
20 to 35% calories from fats
10 to 35 % calories from proteins.
Carbohydrates provide energy and fiber
Fats provide energy and essential fatty acids
Proteins provide essential amino acids for
protein synthesis.
ROLE OF DIFFERENT FOODS
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be
synthesized by humans and, therefore must be
supplied by the diet.
Vitamins have specific biological functions and
deficiency of vitamins causes diseases.
Minerals are needed for the normal growth and
maintenance of the body.
MACROMINERALS – minerals that are needed in
amounts greater than 100 mg/day by the human body.
MICROMINERALS OR TRACE ELEMENTS –
minerals that are needed in amounts less than 100
mg/day by the human body.
Macrominerals
1.Calcium[Ca]
2.Phosphorous[P] 3.Sodium[Na]
4.Potassium[K] 5.Chloride[Cl]
6.Magnesium[Mg]
Microminerals or Trace elements:
1.Iron[Fe]
2.Iodine[I]
3.Copper[Cu]
4.Manganese[Mn] 5.Zinc[Zn]
6.Cobalt[Co]
7.Molybdenum[M] 8.Selenium[Se] 9.Fluoride[F]
10.Chromium[Cr] 11.Silicon[Si].
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ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN HUMANS
Sedentary adults (less activity) require
30 kcal/kg/day.
Moderately active adults require
35 kcal/kg/day
Very active adults require 40 kcal/kg/day
HOW ENERGY IS USED IN THE BODY?
The energy is used in the body for three
energy requiring processes that occur in
the body
1. resting metabolic rate.
2. thermic effect of food (formerly
termed specific dynamic action).
3. physical activity.
.
DISEASES DUE TO NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Over nutrition
• Obesity is caused by consuming too many calories
compared to the amount of exercise the body is
performing, causing a distorted energy balance. It can
lead to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and
diabetes.
KWASHIORKOR
Kwashiorkor: lack of protein in diet, leading to
failure of neural development.
“the sickness the older child gets when the next
baby is born”
Characterized by bloated belly
Marasmus
Marasmus: progressive emaciation due to lack
of protein & calories preventing growth.
Cause of 49% of the 10.4 million deaths
occurring in children younger than 5 years in
developing countries.
Noma, Cancrum oris
•
Cause: under/malnutrition
•
Problem:
secondary infection; mucous
membranes become inflamed and develop
ulcers, often in the mouth
Anemia
Cause: iron deficiency, decrease in the number of
RBCs
Problem: fatigue, irritability, shortness of breath,
constant headache
Beriberi
Cause: lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Problem: heart and nervous system damage,
muscle wasting, brain damage
Goiter
Causes: lack of iodine
Problem: deafness, fatigue, weight gain, enlarged
thyroid
Pellagra
Cause: lack of niacin
Problem: dermatitis, weakness, intestinal
distress, neurologic manifestations, organ
failure
Osteoporosis
Cause: lack of calcium and/or
(prevents absorption of calcium)
vitamin
D
Problem: weak bones, fractures, decrease bone
density
Rickets
Cause: lack of vitamin D
Problem: softening and weakening of bones from
release of calcium from bones
Scurvy
Cause: lack of vitamin C
Problem: irritability, swelling and hemorrhage
especially over long bones, death from
hemorrhage and cardiac failure
Xerophthalmia
Cause: vitamin A deficiency
Problem: blindness
Zinc deficiency
Cause: diet deficient in zinc
Problem:
poor
wound
healing,
bone
deformities, dwarfism, hyperpigmentation, fetal
abnormalities, immune system failure