Acid-Base Interactive Tutorial
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Acid-Base Pretest:
 What is the normal
range for arterial
blood pH?
7.38 – 7.46
7.40 – 7.52
7.35 – 7.45
Correct!
 This is the correct parameters for arterial
blood pH with the extracellular fluid in
the middle at 7.40… well done!
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Acid-Base Pretest:
 What 2 extracellular substances work together
to regulate pH?
Sodium bicarbonate
& carbonic acid
Carbonic acid
& bicarbonate
Acetic acid & carbonic acid
Correct!
 Right on! Carbonic acid and bicarbonate
are the two primary extracellular
regulators of pH. pH is also further
regulated by electrolyte composition
within the intra & extracellular
compartments.
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Acid-Base Pretest:
 Characterize an acid & a base based on the
choices below.
Acids release hydrogen (H+) ions
& bases accept H+ ions.
Acids accept H+ ions & bases
release H+ ions
Both acids & bases can release
& accept H+ ions
Correct!
 Acids are molecules that have the ability
to release H+ ions & bases are
molecules that have the ability to accept
or bind with H+ ions.
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Acid-Base Pretest:
 Buffering is a normal body mechanism
that occurs rapidly in response to acidbase disturbances in order to prevent
changes in what?
HCO3-
H2CO3
H+
Correct!
 Excellent! H+ ion concentration is most
important to regulate in order to prevent
acid-base balance disturbances.
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Acid-Base Pretest:
 What are the two systems in the body that
work to regulate pH in acid-base balance &
which one works fastest?
The Respiratory & Renal systems
Renal
The Respiratory & Renal systems
Respiratory
The Renal & GI systems
Renal
Correct!
 Great work! Both the respiratory & renal
systems work to regulate pH in acidbase imbalance; the respiratory system
works in a matter of minutes & is
maximal within 12-24 hours while the
renal (kidneys) system continues to
function for days to restore pH within
normal limits (WNL).
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End Pretest
Acids and Bases can be
strong or weak:
 A strong acid or base is one that
dissociates completely in a solution
- HCl, NaOH, and H2SO4
 A weak acid or base is one that
dissociates partially in a solution
-H2CO3, C3H6O3, and CH2O
Protein Buffer Systems:
 Largest buffer system in the body
 Amphoteric: can function as acids or
bases
 Contain several ionizable groups able to
bind or release H+
 Largely located in cells; H+ & CO2 diffuse
across cell membranes for buffering by
Albumin & plasma globulins
Previous Slide
Bicarbonate Buffer System:
 Uses NaHCO3 as its weak base & H2CO3 as its
weak acid
 The HCO3-/CO2 buffer system can readily add
or remove components from the body
 An ample supply of CO2 provided via
metabolism, replaces H2CO3 lost when excess
base is added
 In turn, the kidneys conserve or form new
HCO3- in the presence of excess acid & excrete
HCO3- in the presence of excess base
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Quick Review: Click the Boxes
A donator of H+ ions
An Acid is:
w/ pH <7.0
An acceptor of H+
A Base is:
ions w/ pH >7.0
Regulated by EC
pH is: H2CO3 & HCO3
Controlled by EC
pH is:
& IC buffer systems
Eliminates CO2
Conserves HCO3Renal System:
Eliminates H+ ions
Respiratory System:
The Ammonia Buffer System:
 This buffer system is the more complex of the
two
 The generation of HCO3- & excretion of H+ by
this system occurs in 3 steps:
1) synthesis of NH4+ from glutamine, an amino
acid in the proximal tubule, thick ascending loop
of Henle & distal tubules
2) recycling & reabsorption of NH3 in the
kidney’s medulla, &
3) buffering of H+ ions by NH3 in the collecting
tubules.
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Acid-Base Balance Review test:
 The kidneys regulate pH by excreting
HCO3- and retaining or regenerating H+
TRUE
FALSE
Incorrect
 Actually the kidneys work to regulate pH
through the regeneration or reabsorption
of HCO3- & excretion of H+
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Correct!
 You’re absolutely right! The kidneys
actually do the opposite in order to
regulate pH. Nicely done.
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Acid-Base Review test:
 H2CO3 splits into HCO3- & H+ & it is the
H+ that stimulates either an increase or
decrease in the rate & depth of
respirations.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct!
 You got it! This is because H+, along
with CO2 in the blood stream, act directly
on respiratory centers in the brain.
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Incorrect
 The correct answer is TRUE. Please
review the Respiratory Control
Mechanisms slide as needed.
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Acid-Base Review test:
 Plasma concentration of HCO3- is
controlled by the kidneys through
reabsorption/regeneration of HCO3-, or
elimination of buffered H+ via the tubular
systems.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct!
 Yes! Reabsorption of filtered HCO3- or
generation of new HCO3- & or H+ ion
elimination via phosphate & ammonia
buffer systems help the kidneys regulate
plasma concentrations of HCO3-.
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Incorrect
 Please review Mechanisms of Acid-Base
balance if needed.
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Acid-Base Review test:
 The ratio of H+ to HCO3- determines
pH.
TRUE
FALSE
Incorrect
 The answer is false. It’s the ratio of
HCO3- to volatile H2CO3 that determines
pH.
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Correct!
 You’re right, the answer is false.
REMEMBER: concentrations of volatile
H2CO3 are regulated by changing the
rate & depth of respirations.
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Acid-Base Review test:
 Secreted H+ couples with filtered HCO3-
& CO2 & H2O result.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct!
 Well done! If you look back at the H+
Elimination & HCO3- Conservation slide,
this is part of the Na+/H+ transport
system.
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End Post test
Incorrect
 Sorry, but the correct answer is true.
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End Post test