ENLARGEMENT DG
EU ENLARGEMENT
From Six to Fifteen and Beyond:
an Historical Perspective
Abridged by Joe Naumann
UMSL
DG Enlargement
Information Unit
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Treaty of Rome
25 March, 1957
His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Federal
Republic of Germany, the President of the French Republic, the
President of the Italian Republic, Her Royal Highness the Grand
Duchess of Luxembourg, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands,
resolved by pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace
and liberty and calling upon the other peoples of Europe who share
their ideal to join in their efforts,
have decided to create a European Community.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1957
3
ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1973
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1981
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1986
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1995
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six to Fifteen… and Beyond
2002
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Tomorrow's Europe
13 December 2002
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Treaty of the European Union (TEU)
Article 49 of the TEU: Any European State which
respects the principles set out in Article 6(1) may apply to
become a member of the Union.
Article 6 of the TEU: The Union is founded on the
principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law,
principles which are common to the Member States.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Europe & Association Agreements
Country
Europe
Agreement signed
Europe
Agreement came
into force
Official
application for
EU Membership
Bulgaria
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
March 1993
October 1993
June 1995
December 1991
June 1995
June 1995
December 1991
February 1993
October 1993
June 1996
February 1995
February 1995
February 1998
February 1994
February 1998
February 1998
February 1994
February 1995
February 1995
February 1999
December 1995
January 1996
November 1995
March 1994
October 1995
December 1995
April 1994
June 1995
June 1995
June 1996
Country
Association
Agreement signed
Association
Agreement came
into force
Official
application for
EU Membership
Turkey
Malta
Cyprus
September 1963
December 1970
December 1972
December 1964
April 1971
June 1973
14 April 1987
16 July 1990
3 July 1990
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Copenhagen Criteria
• Political criteria
The applicant country must have achieved stability of its
institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human
rights and respect for and protection of minorities.
• Economic criteria
It must have a functioning market economy, as well as the
capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces
within the EU.
• Criteria of the adoption of the acquis
It must have the ability to take on the obligations related to of
membership, including adherence to the aims of political,
economic and monetary union.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Recommendations of the Commission
15 July 1997
Based on the following conclusions:
• None of the candidates fully satisfy all the criteria at the present time;
• Nine countries satisfy the political conditions;
• Certain countries have made sufficient progress towards satisfying
the economic conditions;
• The Commission considers that Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the
Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus could be in a position to
satisfy all the conditions of membership in the medium-term.
The Commission recommends the Council to open negotiations
with these countries.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Architecture
The European Union
EFTA
Countries
4 liberties:
Free
movement of
persons
goods
Single Market
Trade
Single Currency
Environment
Political Union
Culture
Economic &
Social Cohesion
Political
consultation
services
captial
EEA
Treaty
Candidate
Countries
Future
membership
Europe and Association
Agreements
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Integration
EU
EFTA
EU Applicants
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Security
Member of EU
and NATO
Member of EU
but not NATO
Future EU Member
also in NATO
Future EU Member
& partner of NATO
NATO Members
not in the EU
NATO partners
not in the EU
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Schengen
EU Member States
in the Schengen area
EU Member States
not in the
Schengen area
Candidate Countries
Countries in the
Schengen area,
not EU Member
States and not
Candidate Countries
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Berlin European Council
24-25 March 1999
The Presidency Conclusions declared that:
In light of the outcome on Agenda 2000, the European
Council wishes to send a message of reassurance to the
countries negotiating for accession. Enlargement remains
an historic priority for the European Union. The accession
negotiations will continue each in accordance with its own
rhythm and as rapidly as possible. It calls upon the Council
and the Commission to ensure that the pace of the
negotiations is maintained accordingly.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession Partnerships
An Accession Partnership has been drawn up for each candidate
country. This:
• Provides an assessment of the priority areas in which the candidate
country needs to make progress in order to prepare for accession;
• Outlines the ways in which the Phare Programme will support
such accession preparations;
• Mobilises all forms of EU support within a single framework for
each country;
• Contains precise commitments on the part of the candidate
countries relating in particular to democracy, macroeconomic
stabilisation, industrial restructuring, nuclear safety and the
adoption of the acquis.
• Is complemented by National Programmes for the Adoption of the
Acquis (NPAA).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Helsinki European Council
10-11 December 1999
Impact on accession
The European Council, meeting in Helsinki, decided in particular to:
1.
Launch official negotiations in February 2000 with Bulgaria,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia;
2.
Consider each applicant on its own merits during the
negotiations. This principle will apply both to the opening and
the conduct of negotiations;
3.
Allow applicant countries that have just started the negotiating
process to catch up with the countries already in negotiations
within a reasonable time, provided they have made sufficient
progress with their preparations;
4.
Ensure that progress in negotiations goes hand in hand with
progress in incorporating the acquis into legislation and
implementing it in practice.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Gothenburg European Council
15-16 June 2001
The European Council, meeting in Gothenburg, reached the following
conclusion, confirming the breakthroughs in the negotiations on
enlargement:
•
The enlargement process is irreversible;
•
The roadmap is the framework for the successful completion
of the enlargement negotiations;
•
Completing negotiations by the end of 2002 for those candidate
countries that are ready should be possible. The objective is
that they should participate in the European Parliament
elections of 2004 as members;
•
Good progress has been made in implementing the preaccession strategy for Turkey, including an enhanced political
dialogue. However, in a number of areas such as human rights,
further progress is needed.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Brussels European Council
24-25 October 2002
“The historic process launched in Copenhagen in
1993 to overcome the divisions throughout our
continent is about to bear fruit ….
… the biggest ever enlargement of the Union is
now within reach”.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Copenhagen European Council
12-13 December 2002
“For the first time in history Europe will become
one because unification is the free will of its
people.
… The deal that we have reached here in
Copenhagen represents EU at its best: leadership,
solidarity and determination”.
R. Prodi
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Chapters
1. Free movement of goods
2. Freedom of movement for persons
3. Freedom to provide services
4. Free movement of capital
5. Company law
6. Competition policy
7. Agriculture
8. Fisheries
9. Transport policy
10. Taxation
11. Economic and monetary union
12. Statistics
13. Social policy and employment
14. Energy
15. Industrial policy
16. Small and medium-sized
enterprises
17. Science and research
18. Education and training
19. Telecommunications and IT
20. Culture and audiovisual policy
21. Regional policy and structural instruments
22. Environment
23. Consumers and health protection
24. Justice and home affairs
25. Customs union
26. External relations
27. Common foreign and security policy
28. Financial control
29. Financial and budgetary provisions
30. Institutions
31. Other
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Procedure
• Submission of negotiating positions by candidate country, chapter
by chapter, following screening.
• The Commission (DG Enlargement in consultation with relevant
"sectoral" DGs) prepares a draft common position (for each
chapter), and submits it to the Council (meeting as an
intergovernmental conference).
• The Council unanimously adopts a common position and
unanimously decides to open the negotiations on the chapter.
• Common positions may be altered in the course of negotiations if
the applicants submit fresh information or agree to withdraw a
request for a transitional period.
• Chapter provisionally closed following unanimous decision by the
intergovernmental conference. Chapters definitively closed only
when all negotiations with the candidate country are concluded.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Roadmap
• First half of 2001: opening of first chapters: internal market related
matters, social matters and environment.
• Second half of 2001: provisional closure for chapters needing a
longer preparation period in the second semester: competition,
transport, energy, taxation, customs union, agriculture, justice and
home affairs, financial control, Schengen.
• First half of 2002: provisional closure of remaining chapters and
agreement on transitional measures: agriculture (remaining
questions), regional policy and structural instruments, financial and
budgetary provisions, institutions, other matters.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Towards an Enlarged Europe
9 October 2002 - Regular Reports:
• The Commission recommends conclusion of negotiations
with ten candidate countries: Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
• These countries will be ready for membership at the
beginning of 2004.
• 2007: indicative date for accession chosen by Bulgaria and
Romania.
• Strengthening support for Turkey’s pre-accession
preparations.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Future Member States
Next steps for the candidate countries:
• Preparations for membership will continue and be
monitored by the Commission.
• Special effort required in the following sectors: customs,
agriculture, regional policy, financial control.
• A monitoring report will be issued by the Commission 6
months before envisaged date of accession.
• Spring 2003: signing of the Accession Treaty.
• A specific safeguard clause shoud be introduced in the
Accession Treaty to allow the Commission to take measures
in case of problems.
• 380 million euros Institution Building Facility to support
judicial reform and administrative improvements in the new
Member States.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey
Next steps for Bulgaria and Romania:
• 2007: target date to conclude negotiations.
• Detailed roadmaps to complete preparations.
• Judicial and administrative reform.
Next steps for Turkey:
• to fully meet the political criterion.
• Enhanced support from the EU
• Increased financial assistance from 2004.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Financial issues (1)
12-13 December 2002
Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
The Overall Financial Agreement:
• €41 billion in commitments agreed for 2004-2006;
• New Member States will benefit from the EU funds for the whole
of 2004;
• Reduction by one-third of new Member States' contributions to
EC budget in 2004.
Structural actions:
• €22 billion agreed for 2004-2006, of which one third for the
Cohesion Fund and two thirds for structural Funds.
Agriculture:
• Progressive introduction of direct payment to new Member States
farmers;
• €5 billion for rural development in 2004-2006.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Financial issues (2)
12-13 December 2002
Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
Internal policies:
• €2.6 billion extra funds available to new Member States to
participate in the EC internal policies programmes;
• Creation of a new Schengen facility (€850 million);
• €380 million for a transitional facility to support institution
building in new Member States;
• €105 million to support nuclear safety in Lithuania and Slovakia.
Lump-sum payment to new Member States:
• €2.4 billion as cash-flow lump sum, to prevent cash-flow
difficulties in the first years of accession;
• Budgetary compensation payments available to ensure no new
Member States would be worse off on accession compared to
2003 (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession: Financial Framework
Financial framework for Enlargement 2004-2006:
Maximum enlargement-related appropriations
for commitments (Million €) for 10 new
Member States
2004
2005
2006
Agriculture
1 897
3 747
4 147
Structural actions after capping
6 095
6 940
8 812
Internal policies and additional transitional
expenditure
1 421
1 376
1 351
503
558
612
Total maximum commitment appropriations
9 952
12 657
14 958
Total commitment appropriation (Berlin 1999
scenario)
11 610
14 200
16 780
Payment appropriations (Enlargement)
5 696
10 493
11 840
Payment appropriations (Berlin 1999
scenario)
8 890
11 440
14 220
Administration
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
Priorities for Action
• Institution building
The candidate countries will be helped to strengthen their
democratic institutions and their public administration in order to
facilitate their introduction of the acquis and to ensure that they have
the administrative and judicial structures to apply the acquis
effectively (30% of the budget).
• Financing of investment
Phare co-finances investment in (i) the regulatory infrastructure
needed to ensure compliance with the acquis and (ii) in economic
and social cohesion through measures similar to those supported in
Member States through EU structural funds (70% of the budget).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
European Union: the biggest trading
partner with candidate countries in 2001
EU 15 Trade with candidate countries in 2001 (million €)
40000
35444
35000
30000
26468
27335
24958
25000
23635
24117
20032
20098
Export
20000
Import
Balance
15000
12215
10249
9282
8976
10000
8117
7852
6918
5297
3005
5000
3023
2376
925
2612
1155
2959
1670
967
-67
3390
3770
-264
2459
1304
380
19
1954
2420
3384
773
466
0
Poland
Turkey
Czech. Rep.
Hungary
-481
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Malta
Lithuania
Latvia
-5000
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ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Exports towards candidate
countries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries
(Share by Country) in 2001
Cyprus
2%
Bulgaria
3%
Estonia
2%
Slovakia
5%
Malta
2%
Lithuania
2%
Latvia
2%
Poland
23%
Slovenia
6%
Turkey
13%
Romania
7%
Hungary
16%
Czech Republic
17%
35
EU 15 Exports towards candidate
countries in 2001 (per sector)
ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries
(Share by Sector) in 2001
Other sectors
11%
Optical, musical inst.,
clocks
3%
Machinery & electrical
32%
Mineral products
2%
Paper, pulp
3%
Agriculture, incl.
Processed
4%
Plastic products
6%
Base metals & articles
8%
Transport equipment
13%
Textile
8%
Chemical products
10%
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ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Imports from candidate
countries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries
(Share by Country) in 2001
Bulgaria
2,6%
Lituania
2,0%
Latvia
1,5%
Cyprus
0,7%
Estonia
2,3%
Slovenia
4,9%
Malta
0,9%
Poland
20,0%
Slovakia
6,1%
Romania
7,0%
Hungary
18,2%
Turkey
15,2%
Czech Republic
18,8%
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ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Imports from candidate
countries in 2001 (per sector)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries
(Share by Sector) in 2001
Other sectors
9%
Chemical
products
3%
Wood
3%
Machinery &
electrical
28%
Mineral products
4%
Plastic products
4%
Miscellaneous
manufactures
5%
Agriculture incl.
Processed
5%
Base metals &
articles
10%
Textile
16%
Transport
equipement
13%
38
Candidate countries GDP
in 1999 & 2000
ENLARGEMENT DG
GDP at PPP
GDP in €
(bn) 1999
GDP/Pers in
PPS € 1999
GDP/Pers
2000
% EU
% EU
Average 1999
Average 2000
Bulgaria
40.6
44.3
4 900
5 400
24
24
Cyprus
11.6
12.4
17 500
18 500
82
82
127.2
135.1
12 400
13 200
58
58
Estonia
11.0
12.1
7 700
8 400
36
37
Hungary
108.0
117.0
10 700
11 700
51
52
Latvia
14.2
15.6
5 900
6 600
28
29
Lithuania
22.8
24.3
6 200
6 600
29
29
4.3
4.6
11 100
11 900
52
53
Poland
317.4
340.2
8 200
8 800
39
39
Romania
129.4
135.4
5 800
6 000
27
27
Slovak Rep
55.4
58.3
10 300
10 800
48
48
Slovenia
29.7
32.1
15 000
16 100
71
72
Turkey
392.6
433.3
6 100
6 400
29
29
CC-13
1 284.3
1 364.6
7 400
7 900
35
35
EU-15
8 003.8
8 510.2
21 200
22 500
100
100
15.8%
16%
35%
35%
Czech Rep
Malta
Source:
Eurostat
PPP: Purchase Power Parity
GDP in €
(bn) 2000
In % EU
EU average
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Communication Strategy
for Enlargement: Objectives
ENLARGEMENT DG
Adopted by the Commission in May 2000, the objectives of the
Communication Strategy are:
• In Member States
• Communicating the reasons for enlargement;
• Promoting dialogue and debate in society;
• Information about candidate countries.
• In Candidate Countries
• Improving of public knowledge and understanding;
• Explaining of implications of accession;
• Explaining of preparation for membership.
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Communication Strategy
for Enlargement: Budget
ENLARGEMENT DG
Budget per country and for the Central Services (in € million)
Country
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total
CEECs:
Turkey:
Malta:
Cyprus:
Sub-total:
4.5
0.5
5.0
8.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
9.50
8.9
0.7
0.2
0.2
10.0
9.8
1
0.3
0.4
11.50
9.3
1
0.3
0.4
11.0
5.3
1
0.3
0.4
7.0
3.75
1
0.2
0.2
5.15
50.05
5.8
1.5
1.8
59.15
MS*:
0.5
5.4
9.75
13.0
13.5
9.75
6.0
57.9
CS**:
2.5
3.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
29.7
TOTAL
8
18.6
24.45
29.20
29.20
21.45
15.85
146.75
*: Member States
**: Central services
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Expanded EU, 2004
42
ENLARGEMENT DG
New EU Constitution -2005
• Soundly defeated in France
• Soundly defeated in the Netherlands
• Significance:
– A major setback in further unification
– Not an insurmountable obstacle – it will
probably take longer to achieve than had
originally hoped and planned for.
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