MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
UNIT TWO
Organization of the Body
Organization of the Body
• Introduction:
• Cells.
• Tissues.
• Organs.
• systems
Body Systems:
1. Cardiovascular system:
 Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
2. Digestive system
3. Endocrine system:
 Glands, hormones,
4. Female reproductive system.
5. Lymphatic system:
 Lymph vessels, lymph, and nodes.
 Play an important role in the immunity.
Body Systems:
Male reproductive system.
7. Musculoskeletal system:
6.
 Muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues.
 Supports the body and allows it to move.
8. Nervous system.
9. Respiratory system.
10.Skin and sense organ system.
11.Urinary system
Body Cavities:
o A body cavity is a space that contains organs.
1. Cranial cavity:
 Located in the head and is surrounded by the skull (crani/o means skull).
 Contains the brain, pituitary gland, ….
Thoracic cavity:
2.





The chest cavity (thorac/o means chest).
Contains the lungs, heart, trachea, bronchial tubes, ….
The lung is surrounded by a double membrane known as the pleura.
The space between the pleura that surrounding each lung is the pleural cavity.
The large space between the lungs is the mediastinum. The heart, esophagus, trachea,
and bronchial tubes are organs within the mediastinum.
Body Cavities:
Abdominal cavity:
3.




The space below the thoracic cavity.
The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.
The organs in the abdomen are covered by a membrane called the peritoneum.
Body Cavities:
4.
Pelvic cavity:
• Below the abdominal cavity.
• Surrounded by the pelvis (bones of the hip).
• Contains urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, rectum and anus, and the uterus.
5.
Spinal cavity:
• The space surrounded by the spinal column.
• The spinal cord is the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
• Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry messages to and from all
parts of the body.
Divisions of the Back:
o The spinal column is a long row of bones from the neck to the
tailbone.
o Each bone in the spinal column is called vertebra.
o A piece of flexible connective tissue, called disk (or disc), lies
between each backbone.
Divisions of the Back:
The spinal column is divided into the following
divisions:
Division
Abbreviation
• Cervical (neck) region
• Thoracic (chest) region
• Lumbar (loin or waist)
– L5
• Sacral (sacrum or low back)
• Coccygeal (coccyx or tailbone)
Bones
7 vertebrae
12 vertebrae
5 bones
5 vertebrae
4 bones
C1 – C7
T1 – T12
L1
S1 – S5
The spinal column is divided into the
following divisions:
Division
Bones
Abbreviation
• Cervical (neck) region
• Thoracic (chest) region
7 vertebrae
12 vertebrae
• Lumbar (loin or waist)
5 bones
• Sacral (sacrum or low back)
5 vertebrae
S1 – S5
• Coccygeal (coccyx or tailbone)
4 bones
Planes of The Body:
• A plane is an imaginary flat surface.
• The followings are three planes of the body:
1.
Frontal (coronal) plane:
• An up-and-down plane that divides the body or an organ into front
(anterior, or A) and back (posterior, or P) portions. For example, routine
chest x-ray (A/P or P/A).
2.
Sagittal (lateral) plane:
• A plane that divide the body or an organ into a right and left side.
3.
Transverse (axial) plane:
• A plane that divide the body or an organ into upper and lower portions,
as in a cross section.
• A plane
is an imaginary flat
surface.
• The followings are three planes of
the body:
1.
Frontal (coronal) plane
2.
Sagittal (lateral) plane
3.
Transverse (axial) plane
Terminology:
Combining
Meaning
Form
Abdomen/o abdomen
Medical Term
Meaning
Abdominal
Pertaining to abdomen
Anterior
-ior
means Located in the front
pertaining to
Visual examination of the bronchial
Bronchoscopy
tubes.
Anter/o
front
Bronch/o
Bronchial tubes
Cervic/o
Neck (of the
body or neck of
Cervical
the
uterus
(cervix)
Pertaining to the neck (of the body or
uterus)
Chondr/o
cartilage
Hypochondriac
Pertaining to lateral regions of the upper
abdomen beneath the lower ribs.
Coccyx, tailbone
Coccygeal
-eal
means Pertaining to the coccyx.
pertaining to
Coccyg/o
Terminology:
Combining
Meaning
Form
Crani/o
skull
Epitheli/o
Esophagi/o
Hepat/o
Lapar/o
Skin,
tissue
surface
Later/o
esophagus
liver
abdomen
Larynx (voice
box)
Side
Lumb/o
Loin (waist)
Laryng/o
Medical Term
Meaning
Craniotomy
Esophageal
Hepatitis
Labaroscopy
Incision or opening of the skull.
Pertaining to cells lining the inner part of
internal organs and covering the outside
of the body.
Pertaining to the esophagus.
Inflammation of the liver.
Visual examination of the abdomen.
Laryngeal
Pertaining to the larynx.
Epithelial
Lateral
Pertaining to the side.
Lumbar
Pertaining to the loins, part of the back
-ar
means
and sides between the chest and hip.
pertaining to
Lumbar puncture
Terminology:
Combining
Form
Meaning
Lymph
(clear
fluid in tissue
Lymph/o
spaces
and
lymph vessels)
Mediastinum
Mediastin/o (space between
the lungs)
Pelvis (bones of
Pelv/o
the hip)
Peritomeum
(membrane
Peritone/o
surrounding the
abdomen)
Pharyng/o
Pharynx (throat)
Medical Term
Meaning
Lymphocyte
WBC that is found within lymph and
lymph nodes.
Mediastinal
Pertaining to the mediastinum
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis.
Peritoneal
Pertaining to the peritoneum.
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx.
Terminology:
Combining
Form
Meaning
Medical Term
Meaning
Pleur/o
Pleura
Pleuritis
Inflammation of the pleura.
Poster/o
Back, behind
Posterior
Located in the back portion of a …
Sacr/o
Sacrum
Sacral
Pertaining to the sacrum.
Spin/o
Spine
(backbone)
Spinal
Pertaining to the spine.
Thoracotomy
Incision or opening of the chest.
Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest.
Thorac/o
Chest
Trace/o
trachea
Tracheotomy
Incision of the trachea.
Vertebr/o
vertebra
Vertebral
Pertaining to vertebra.