DRAFT: 2/18/2008 South African Foundation for Economic and Financial Education (SAFEFE) Background The political and social transformation in South Africa led to a demand for a curriculum transformation. As stated in the overview document of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS), the South African constitution inspired and required a change in the school curriculum to support the development of learners and students who can participate as holistic, developed citizens contributing to an improved society and economy. Thanks to economic growth and democratic transformation, ordinary people are now more engaged in diverse economic activities. Their roles as consumers, producers, workers, investors, and productive citizens require a heightened level of economic literacy to enable them to better comprehend the world and make good decisions for the future. As voters, individuals need to understand the economic issues surrounding local, state, national, and international policymaking. A better understanding of economic issues can enable citizens to recognize the forces that affect them every day, helping them identify and evaluate the consequences of private decision-making, the role of businesses, and public policies. “It is only when citizens are articulate and well informed that the institutions of a democratic market economy will function effectively.” (U.S. National Council on Economic Education [NCEE], 2003). Economic Literacy can be defined as the ability to: identify economic problems, alternatives, costs, and benefits; analyze the incentives at work in economic situations; examine the consequences of changes in economic conditions and public policies; collect and organize economic evidence; and weigh costs against benefits The ability to apply economic literacy skills is critical to the people of South Africa. Basic economic skills form a significant part of the school curriculum in the National Curriculum Statement for Economic and Management Sciences (EMS). Economics is compulsory within EMS from Grades R to 9, and an elective from Grades 10 to 12. Unfortunately, teachers are not sufficiently trained to impart economic literacy skills to their learners. An intervention strategy to improve the level of economic literacy is desperately needed. SAFEFE has successfully partnered with the NCEE, the Provincial Departments of Education, (PDoE) and businesses to conduct a series of economic education programs. (See Appendix 5: SAFEFE Partners.) Vision For South Africa to have citizens who can make good choices in order to effectively function within a market economy in a globalized world. For South Africa to have citizens who are empowered to successfully participate in the transforming society and thus insure the future well-being of the country. Mission To develop the economic literacy of today’s learners by providing comprehensive, continuing professional development opportunities for teachers. Many South African teachers feel unprepared to help their students achieve the nationally mandated EMS and Economic standards. SAFEFE is prepared to support educators through the provision of professional development opportunities and the development of appropriate classroom materials. These training opportunities and support materials will be employed by teachers in grades R through 12 to help learners successfully meet the required assessment standards in the curriculum and to acquire the economic skills needed in a developing, transforming country. Goals/ Strategic Objectives To raise awareness of the current EMS standards at the GET level and Economics Standards at the FET level. To improve teacher competencies in economics through professional development. To provide support for teachers through the development and dissemination of appropriate learning and teaching materials. To support teachers in preparing their learners to achieve national compulsory learning outcomes and assessment standards: EMS for GET and Economics for FET Core Values Living and operating in a market system requires individuals to understand how market systems operate. Learning and applying economic principles (economic way of thinking) will provide individuals, families, and communities the opportunities to attain a higher standard of living. SAFEFE’s vision and mission can best be achieved through broad-based support and partnerships with educators, businesses, agricultural organizations, government, unions, and communities. SAFEFE will best serve teachers and learners by maintaining the highest standards of academic excellence in programs, materials, and research. Main Initiatives The mission of SAFEFE will be accomplished through the following initiatives and programs: 1. Provision of comprehensive professional development programs to prepare teachers to help their students meet the National Standards in EMS and Economics; 2. Development of materials to help teachers prepare students to meet the National Standards; 3. Advocacy and promotion of economic and financial literacy; 4. Research on economic education and effectiveness of SAFEFE programs; and, 5. Networking and communication among the different levels of economic education. Initiative 1: Provision of Comprehensive Professional Development Programs SAFEFE will continue to collaborate with NCEE to offer the following international programs and opportunities: Training of Trainers: To help develop a strong core of teacher trainers, programs are conducted for participants from universities, provincial departments of education, and schools. During four one-week seminars, participants are immersed in the study of economics content and pedagogy. Graduates of this program are expected to train classroom teachers in their country. Training of Teachers NCEE offers introductory workshops for teachers with a limited background in economics. These workshops emphasize an active learning approach and introduce basic economic concepts to teachers. These workshops demonstrate NCEE materials and methods, and generate interest in further training. These workshops are offered in response to interest expressed by Provincial Departments of Education. Training of Writers Many NCEE materials have been translated, adapted, and used by teachers in partner countries. However, there is a pressing need for new instructional materials developed in-country by educators who can address the specific needs that are outside the experience of U.S. experts. To help develop such a pool of writers, NCEE conducts workshops on writing. Through intensive writing exercises, guidance from writing experts, feedback from peers and follow-up work via e-mail, writers improve their skills in producing instructional materials. Study Tours Selected graduates of the Training of Trainers program travel to university-based centers for economic education in the U.S. where they learn about economic education delivery. Through visits to resource centers, observations of classrooms and workshops, field trips, cultural activities, and meetings with council and center staff and community leaders, the South African visitors gain knowledge and experience that help them as they develop delivery systems in their own country. In return, U.S. teachers of economics are selected to visit schools, institutions of higher learning, SAFEFE, and provincial departments of education to better understand the democratic transformation taking place in South Africa. Alumni Projects NCEE provides matching funds to graduates of the Training of Trainers program to support development and improvement of economic education in South Africa. Partner organizations can conduct workshops, translate or adapt NCEE materials, develop websites, publish brochures and newsletters for teachers, conduct briefings for educational leaders and mass media, and carry out other activities to further economic education. SAFEFE is proposing to develop the following comprehensive professional development programs for South African teachers: Courses with South African Council of Education (SACE) endorsement for Continuing Professional Teacher Development (CPTD) Training of Writers Program Advanced Certificate of Education (ACE) for EMS teachers Courses with SACE endorsement for CPTD activities Overview SAFEFE will develop lessons and modules into comprehensive professional development courses for teachers. The courses will prepare teachers to help students achieve the EMS and FET assessment standards in economics. The courses will be designed to improve teacher’s own understanding of economics. Courses will be developed for endorsement at each of the GET phases: Foundation (grades R-3); Intermediate (grades 4-6); and Senior (grades 7-9) and the FET level. SAFEFE will work with the Departments of Education to (1) align basic economic concepts with each of the GET levels and (2) align each of the assessment standards to the basic economic concepts. (See Appendix 1: Basic Economic Concepts.) Delivery Courses will be divided into sequential training modules for educators at each of the levels. Modules will be offered at various locations and various times throughout the calendar year, typically coinciding with school holidays. Educators will need a “certificate of completion” for each module before progressing to the next module. Beginning in 2009 educators will need to accumulate 150 continuing professional teacher development points per three year cycle to retain their teaching licenses. The courses will be designed so that teachers will earn points toward fulfilling these new professional development requirements. Courses designed to meet the accumulation of professional development points need to be preapproved SACE. Endorsed activities will come into effect 2009. SACE Endorsement Criteria for SACE endorsement are: Likelihood of the activity contributing to improved competence in professional practice in the field of education Activity will be accessible to participants in under-served geographical and learning areas Activity is aligned with system needs as indicated by DoE and SACE Activity is likely to promote the improvement of schooling and the responsibilities of the teaching profession in a transforming society Opportunity for participants to demonstrate what they have learned from the activity Notional learning hours for the activity (capture differentiating features of activity rather measure duration of activity) These criteria match the proposed courses to be offered by SAFEFE for GET teachers in all phases. With SACE approval, the courses developed by SAFEFE can be used to meet 80 of the 150 points required for continuing professional teacher development. Professional development activities are grouped into three categories: (1) School based activities: Activities within a school such as a school improvement project that aims to improve learner achievements. (2) Self-directed activities: Activities undertaken by the teacher that are related to his or her own professional development. This category can include an individual research project focused on the improvement of teaching. (3) Provider driven activities: Professional development activities offered by universities, departments of education, teacher unions, NGOs, and for-profit providers. These activities are more formal with structured modes of assessment. Teams of master trainers will be identified to teach these endorsed courses. These teams may consist of learning facilitators, curriculum specialists, content advisors, teachers, South African higher education faculty, and U.S. faculty who have completed the NCEE “Train the Trainers” program. Trainers of these courses will receive 80 credits toward the 150 points needed for professional development in recognizing their contribution to their own and others’ professional development. This course development and module packaging process has already been initiated by the Free State GET Learning Facilitators who have participated in NCEE’s Train the Trainers program. The team is aligning economic concepts with each of the GET levels. A similar process may be undertaken for FET (grades 10-12). Training of Writers Program SAFEFE will also offer an endorsed professional development course, based on the “Training of Writers” program offered by the NCEE. The program brings together educators with strong writing and instructional skills to collaboratively develop lessons that are engaging for the learners and appropriate for their educational level and country context. SAFEFE’s initial program will be led by U.S. faculty with the goal of moving to an annual program co-taught by U.S. and South African faculty members, and evolving into a program led by South African faculty. The SAFEFE Writers Program will focus on developing materials to be used by South African teachers. The lessons and learning activities will be developed by South African writers using culturally appropriate terminology and examples, and the materials will be available in indigenous languages. These materials will be designed for implementation at the GET, FET, and University levels. While this program is designed to create new materials, SAFEFE will also work with trained writers to contextualize and adapt other materials for South Africa, called versioning lessons for South African learners. Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) for EMS SAFEFE will work to develop a consortium of higher education institutions that will develop an ACE for GET level teachers. Members of the consortium will offer the ACE that is developed under the guidance of SAFEFE. An ACE for FET is currently being developed in the Eastern Cape by NCEE alumni. (Note: ACEs may be phased out.) Initiative 2: Development of Materials SAFEFE will contextualize and adapt NCEE learning activities to South Africa. Other lessons and learning activities will be developed and versioned. This is especially true for materials developed for the SAFEFE courses for the Foundation phase teachers. The lessons that are developed for learners will be linked to the basic economic concepts and the national assessment standards. Learning Facilitators in the Free State have already begun to translate basic concepts at the Foundation level in the following languages: Afrikaans, English, Xhosa, Zulu, Sotho, and Tswana. Artists have been contracted to draw pictures for the foundation level concepts. These Learning Facilitators have been trained by Elzmarie Oosthuizen, Free State Department of Education, during a training program for Foundation level educators. Initiative 3: Advocacy and Promotion of Economic Literacy The following is a list of completed, upcoming, and potential advocacy initiatives: Completed Initiatives: GET Olympiads, Intermediate and Senior Phase Successfully developed and implemented in Free State in 2007 at 1,300 GET schools, August 2007. Professional Development Workshops o GET Foundation Phase: 40 Teachers in Free State, April 2007 o FET Economics: 77 teachers in the Free State, May and June 2007 (two groups) o GET Learning Area Managers and Provincial Coordinators: 45 participants in Northern Cape, May 2007 (Faculty: K. Oosthuizen, M.. van Wyk) o FET Economics Teachers and Subject Advisors: 76 participants in Northern Cape, May 2007 (Faculty: K. Oosthuizen, M. van Wyk) o GET Foundation Phase: 20 Teachers in KZN, October 2007 (Faculty: E. Oosthuizen, P. DeVilliers) o GET Intermediate Phase: 18 Teachers in KZN, October 2007 (Faculty: L. Danso) o GET Intermediate and Senior Phase: 164 teachers in the Free State (two groups), November 2007. (Faculty: FS GET LFS who are NCEE Alumni) Upcoming Initiatives: GET Olympiads Intermediate and senior level, Free State and Northern Cape, 2008 FET Olympiad Funded program, Eastern Cape, 2008 Potential pilot, Bloemfontein, 2008 Economic Education workshop, September 2008 Program to be held at the Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA) annual meetings in Namibia Economic Education Conference, March 2009 Concurrent sessions including lesson demonstrations, presentations of research on effective teaching techniques, SAFEFE programs, round table discussions, and plenary speakers. Development of an association for economic educators (see Appendix 2) GET Foundation Phase workshop in Eastern Cape (April or May 2008) Potential Initiatives: Teaching Awards for innovation and leadership in economics Community Mentorship program Program for staff members of non-profits, government agencies, and community organizations who are interested in providing personal finance education to low income families Entrepreneurial development programs for adults and youth programs. Financial Literacy for teacher young adults, as well as learners Initiative 4: Promote Research on Economic Education To promote research on economic education SAFEFE will adapt standardized tests for the foundation, intermediate, and senior phases of GET; the FET level of economics; and economics at the university level. SAFEFE will provide support for university faculty to conduct economic education research by: Facilitating research groups (in progress) Providing standardized tests Coordinating grant writing efforts Providing support for researchers to present their work at national and international conferences SAFEFE will make every effort to support and encourage research related to economic education, but ultimately, it is the responsibility of NCEE alumni to develop and fund their research initiatives. Governance Ms Winkie Direko, current Member of Parliament, former Premier of the Free State, former Chancellor of the University of the Free State, will serve as Intermediary Chair of SAFEFE Board of Directors. The chair and vice-chair will be elected from the pool of directors. The secretary and vice-secretary will be appointed by the board of directors. The National Minister of Education will appoint two representatives to serve on the Board. The University of the Free State will be represented by the Dean of Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences or a person appointed by the Dean to represent the Faculty. National Council on Economic Education (NCEE) will by represented by the NCEE’s Vice President of Economics International (voting ex-officio member). Minnesota Council will be represented by the Executive Director (ex-officio member). (SAFEFE is modeled after the Minnesota Council thus they serve an advisory role on the board.) The Board will elect representatives from the following groups to serve on the SAFEFE Board: Reserve Bank of South Africa. South African higher education institutions Corporate Social Investment (CSI) community Financial Services community Public Relations/Marketing community Small Business community Manufacturing/Mining community The Board will strive to have a diverse ethnic, racial, and gender mix. Given approval by the SAFEFE Board of Directors, the Executive Director will work the Chief Directors of Education in the provinces. Attachments: Appendix 1: Basic Economic Concepts Appendix 2: Association of Economic Educators Appendix 3: SAFEFE Partners Appendix 4: Time Line Appendix 1 Basic Economic Concepts Fundamental Economic Concepts Scarcity and Choice Opportunity Costs and Trade-Offs Productivity Economic Systems Economic Institutions and Incentives Exchange, Money, and Interdependence Microeconomic Concepts Markers and Prices Supply and Demand Competition and Market Structure Income Distribution Market Failures Role of Government Macroeconomic Concepts Gross Domestic Product Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand Unemployment Inflation and deflation Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy International Economic Concepts Absolute and Comparative Advantage, and Barriers to Trade Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments International Aspects of Growth and Stability Broad Social Goals Economic Freedom Economic Efficiency Economic Equity Economic Security Economic Stability (employment, inflation) Economic Growth Philip Saunders, J. Gillard, A Framework for Teaching Basic Economic Concepts with Scope and Sequence Guidelines for K-12, National Council on Economic Education, 5th printing, 2005, page 10. Appendix 2: Association of Economic Educators Purpose One of the priorities of the National Minister of Education, Ms. Naledi Pandor, is to establish professional associations for educators in various learning areas. Conscious of this national priority and the need for improved economic literacy, SAFEFE can help establish an association of economic educators provided there is sufficient interest. This association will follow the model of the existing Association of Mathematical Educators in South Africa (AMESA). AMESAS has coordinated with the South African Mathematical Society (SAMS), together representing the entire mathematical community in South Africa. They established a Foundation to provide administrative and logistical support for their organizations. The purposes of such an organization would be to: Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas and information for those interested in and concerned with economic education; Serve as the principle professional organization of economic educators in South Africa; Promote programs in economic education that are objective, non-political, and academically sound; Impact the standard of economics teaching and learning in South Africa; Enable educators to participate in programs that will increase their confidence in meeting the challenges of curriculum changes; and Serve as a liaison with the Global Association of Economic Educators (GATE). Process SAFEFE will contact existing associations in the provinces, and ask NCEE alumni to report other active associations for economics teachers in their provinces. The relevant associations can determine if an existing association should be expanded to a national level or if a new association with its own constitution needs to be established. SAFEFE can help with this process. Appendix 3: SAFEFE Partners National Council for Economic Education (NCEE), United States The mission of the NCEE is to promote economics education and capacitate teachers. This Economics International initiative uses a variety of closely linked, intensive programmes to promote education reform. Together, these programmes help partners build their own economic education infrastructures, while simultaneously promoting international links among teachers and strengthening US educators’ understanding of economic transition and educational reform abroad. The Economics International programme activities include a Continuum of Professional Development. To develop a strong core of teacher trainers in every country, the NCEE faculty conducts Training of Trainers programmes that strengthen trainers’ economic knowledge and instructional skills in 24 days of training. The most promising graduates are invited to develop their professional skills further in programmes such as a Co-Faculty Workshop in which they and their U.S. mentors co-teach local educators. The “multiplier effect” is profound. From Training of Trainer to Co-Faculty workshops to local teacher workshops, a new education infrastructure emerges, reaching millions of learners and students. Free State Department of Education The National Curriculum requires economics at all GET levels and requires economics to be offered at the FET level. Currently South Africa faces a shortage of qualified teachers in economics. Collaboration with the SAFEFE will provide the PDoE a mechanism to address this shortage and improve the lessons and materials being used with learners. Given these challenges the FSDoE is partnering to help find means to • fill the content gap related to economic concepts • implement the new knowledge within the curriculum • effectively manage outcomes-based assessment of economic concepts • to identify economic education related resources • manage the transition between primary and secondary schools and GET and FET. University of the Free State (UFS) Since 2004 the Dean of Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences at UFS provided academic leadership for the economic literacy program in the Free State and Northern Cape. Under sponsorship of UFS, SAFEFE was established in 2007. Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota The Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota and the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of the Free State have had a cooperative relationship since 2002. UFS faculty on sabbatical at the University of Minnesota observed that the economic education programs being run through the Minnesota Council on Economic Education (located at the University of Minnesota) were consistent with the UFS community outreach initiative. SAFEFE programs and initiatives have been established in consultation with the Minnesota Council and NCEE. Other Provincial Departments of Education The following provincial department of education have joined in the partnership: KwaZuluNatal; Eastern Cape; Western Cape; Northern Cape; and Northwest. Appendix 4: TIME LINE June 2004: Professors Andre Jooste and Klopper Oosthuizen of the UFS Department of Agricultural Economics observed a NCEE Train the Trainers workshop in Lithuania. August 2004: Prof. K. Oosthuizen approached the Superintendent General (SG) to establish a relationship for implementing a similar initiative in the Free State. He was referred to the Director: CDS, with whom he met to help introduce this initiative. October 2004: Prof. K. Oosthuizen, Messrs. L. Danso (Learning Area Coordinator for EMS at the GET level) and K. Motsoeneng (Learning Area Coordinator for Economics at the FET level) attended the NCEE Annual Conference in Little Rock, Arkansas. Both Messrs. Danso and Motsoeneng supported a more formal relationship among NCEE, the Free State Department of Education, and the UFS. November 2005-June 2006: Two Agricultural Economic faculty member from UFS, Ntsikane Maine and Sam Menza, participated in the NCEE’s Training of Trainers Program that is a series of four one week seminars held in various locations. January 2005: NCEE initiated a fact-finding mission to South Africa, headed by Vice President, Dr. Patricia Elder, and Minnesota Economic Education Council Director, Dr. Claudia Parliament. They met with executive managers Messrs Khunyeli, Rakometsi, Khoarai, Abrahams and De Villiers; curriculum officials; learning facilitators, and learning area coordinators. They also visited 12 schools in the Free State to also directly meet with classroom teachers. June 2005: Ms. E. Oosthuizen, Chief Education Specialist, GET level, observed a Training of Trainer workshop in Ukraine and advised NCEE on adapting workshops for South African GET teachers. July 2005: NCEE offers a Training of Teacher workshop for 80 GET teachers at UFS. The workshops were organized with two “back to back” groups of 40 teachers for a three day workshop. September 2005: Prof Sam Mensah from the Agricultural Economics faculty of UFS, Qwa Qwa campus participated in NCEE International Train the Writers program as the only representative from South Africa. October 2005: Messrs F. Sithole, M. Jacobs , Ms. E. Oosthuizen and Prof. K. Oosthuizen attended the NCEE annual conference in San Antonio, Texas. The conference provided interaction among international counterparts and with U.S. teachers, center and council directors. November 2005 – June 2006: 12 Department of Education officials and 3 UFS faculty members participated in NCEE’s Training of Trainers program that consists of four oneweek seminars in various locations. November 2005: The SG of Education, Mr. M.S. Rakometsi, observed the first seminar in the NCEE Training of Trainers program with NCEE V.P. Dr. P. Elder and other education officials from Egypt and Ukraine. Mr. M.S. Rakometsi supported further collaboration between NCEE and UFS and offered support in expanding economic education programs in other provinces. December 2005: NCEE offers the second 3-day Training of Teachers workshop for the 80 EMS area GET teachers at UFS that participated in the first program in July 2005. June 2006: 21 Representatives from education departments and universities from Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, North West, and KZN observe the fourth workshop in the Training of Trainers program. Potential partnerships between provincial education departments and universities are explored. (All 5 observing provinces nominated participants to the 2006-07 Train the Trainers program.) July 2006: NCEE offers a Train the Teacher workshop for 40 economics FET teachers from the Free State at UFS. September 2006: Three members of the FSDoE who participated in the 2005-06 Train the Trainers program participated in a NCEE Train the Writers program in Romania. (E. Oosthuizen, L. Danso, and S. Motaung) October 2006: SG of Education, Mr. M.S. Rakometsi, Ms Faith Ndaba, Mr.Suren Govender, and Prof. K Oosthuizen, attended the NCEE annual conference in New York City. Mr. Rakometsi is a featured speaker at the conference. November 2006- June 2007: 31 South African participants from 6 provinces (Eastern Cape, Free State, KZN, Northern Cape, North West, and Western Cape) participate in the NCEE Training of Trainers program. February 2007: Ms. E. Oosthuizen and Ms. P. Kolossa, represented the FS DoE on a NCEE study tour to the US, visiting with economic educators in Mississippi and Congressional leaders and NCEE staff in Washington, D.C. April 2007: Training of Teachers GET Foundation Phase teaches for 40 teachers in the Free State, partially supported by NCEE alumni project funds. May and June 2007: Training of FET Teachers in the Free State (two groups), partially funded by NCEE alumni project funds May 2007: Training of GET Learning Area Managers and Provincial Coordinators, 45 participants, Northern Cape, partially funded by NCEE Alumni project funds May 2007: Training of FET Economics Teachers and Subject Advisors, 76 participants in Northern Cape, partially funded by NCEE Alumni project funds. May 2007: A delegation of Department of Education officials including: Ms. F. Nbaba; Dr. Mbatha, KZN Chief Director of Curriculum; Dr. Ngcobo, KZN Director Teacher Development; and Prof. K. Oosthuizen, USF investigated the NCEE economic education infrastructure and delivery system in the US. They visited the Minnesota Council on Economic Education, met with Congressional Leaders, and NCEE staff in Washington, D.C. June 2007: 11 provincial education officials from Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga observed the fourth workshop in NCEE Training of Trainer program. June 2007: NCEE provides a Train the Teacher workshop for 45 FET teachers in KZN at the Edgewood campus of KZN University, Durbin. September 2007: Eight South African graduates of the Train the Trainers program participate in NCEE’s International Train the Writers program in Romania October 2007: SG of Education, Dr. Lubisi, Mr. Rakometsi, M. Jacobs, R. Bridgemohan, and P. Phala attend NCEE annual conference in Denver representing the FS and KZN. October 2007: Training of GET Foundation Phase, 20 Teachers in KZN, partially funded by NCEE Alumni project funds October 2007: Training of GET Intermediate Phase, 18 Teachers in KZN, partially funded by NCEE Alumni project funds November 2007 – June 2008: The first all-South African NCEE Train the Trainers program commences with 53 economic educators from 6 provinces (Eastern Cape, Free State, KZN, Northern Cape, North West, and Western Cape). December 2007: Training of GET Intermediate and Senior Phase, 164 teachers in the Free State (two groups), partially funded by NCEE Alumni project funds. January 2008: NCEE offers a Train the Teacher workshop for 40 GET and FET teachers in the Western Cape in Stellenbosch. January 2008 : Officials in the Departments of Education in Limpopo and Mpumalanga observe the second workshop in the Train the Trainer program. Both officials plan to nominate educators from their district for the 2008-09 Train the Trainer program. Jan – May 2008: Prof. M. Millea, Mississippi State University, and Prof. C. Parliament, University of Minnesota, spend their sabbaticals at UFS supporting South African economic education research and program infrastructure. March 2008: Eight educators from the Free State and KZN participate in study tours to meet with economic education centers and councils in the US. Four participants will go to Arkansas and Indiana; four will go to Colorado and Wisconsin. All eight will meet with NCEE Vice President, Dr. P. Elder and other NCEE staff and elected Congressional officials in Washington, D.C. May 2008: Delegation of Department of Education officials participate in a study tour to observe economic education programs in the US. July 2008: Twelve US economic educators will visit the Free State and KZN during a tenday study tour, including visits with SAFEFE, PDoEs, classroom teachers, and university representatives.