Anatomy and Physiology 1:
Review for Exam 2 (Ch 5-8)
Dr. Solti; 2012
Chapter 5: Integumentary System
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Functions of the skin
Characteristics of hypodermis
Characteristics of dermis, including reticular layer and papillary layer
Characteristics of epidermis
5 layers of epidermis and their functions
Cells of the epidermis
Melanin production
Thick versus thin skin
Glands: (sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary)
Hair structure, where it’s made
Hair growth cycles
Arrector pili muscle
Nail anatomy, where it’s made
Burns
Chapter 6: Bone Tissue
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Components of skeletal system
Hyaline cartilage: chonodroblasts, chondrocytes, lacuna, matrix of collagen and
proteoglycan, avascular, perichondrium
 Long bone structure: epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate, periosteum,
endosteum
 Compact bone (osteons), spongy or cancellous bone (trabeculae), woven bone,
remodeling, lamellar bone
 Bone matrix: 25% collagen and 50% hydroxyapatite minerals
 Collagen provides flexibility, hydroxyapatite minerals provide weight-bearing
strength
 Bone cells: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
 Factors affecting bone growth: Vit. D (rickets, osteomalacia); Vit. C (scurvy)
 4 steps of bone repair
 PTH relationship to blood calcium, osteoclasts
Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
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Total 206 bones: 80 bones in axial skeleton; 126 bones in appendicular skeleton
22 bones in skull
26 bones in vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
general anatomic terms for bone features: body, head, neck, condyle, facet,
process, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, foramen, fossa
occipital bone: foramen magnum
temporal bone: external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process
Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton (cont’d)
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sphenoid bone: articulates with all other cranial bones, sellica turcica
maxilla- upper jaw bone; mandible- lower jaw bone, only movable skull bone
zygomatic bone- cheekbones
hyoid bone: no direct bony attachment to skull; floats from syloid process of
temporal bone
Know the general terms for the structure of a vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramina, bifid spinous processes
Atlas: 1st cervical vertebrae; holds head up and allows "yes" motion; axis: 2nd
cervical vertebrae, “no” motion; vertebral prominens: 7th cervical vertebrae, can
be felt at base of neck
Thoracic vertebrae: long, downward-pointing spinous processes and demifacets
for articulation with ribs
Lumbar vertebrae: thick, heavy bodies; short, blunt processes
Sacrum: attaches to coxa to form pelvis; sacral promontory-obstetrical landmark;
sacral hiatus-epidural anesthesia
Coccyx: tailbone; fused vertebrae that articulate with sacrum; in females points
inferiorly and in males points anteriorly
Intervertebral Disks: annulus fibrosus is the outer fibrocartilage covering; nucleus
pulposus is the gelatinous interior, intervertebral foramen where the spinal nerves
exit spinal cord
Thoracic or Rib Cage: 12 pairs of ribs, 1 sternum
7 Vertebrosternal or true ribs; 5 vertebrochondral or false ribs (last 2 are floating
ribs)
Sternum: breastbone; xiphoid process- not completely ossified until about age 40
and frequently fractured during CPR; sternal angle- landmark on ribs for heart;
sternal puncture- for red bone marrow
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
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126 bones in appendicular skelton; upper and lower limbs; pectoral (shoulder)
girdle....scapula and clavicle; pelvic (hip) girdle....coxa
Pectoral girdle: scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbones)
Scapula: acromion process – high point of shoulder; articulates with clavicle;
glenoid cavity- articulates with humerus
Clavicle: fractured clavicle- most fractured bone in body; articulates with
sternum and scapula
Humerus: upper arm; surgical neck-common fracture site; head-articulates with
scapula; capitulum-articulates with radius; trochlea-articulates with ulna
Forearm: Radius: “thumb side”, most commonly fractured bone in 50+ people;
head of radius is proximal; Ulna: “pinkie side”, head of ulna is distal
Wrist: 8 carpal (wrist) bones in 2 rows each
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton (cont'd)
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Hands/Fingers: metacarpals are hand bones to knuckles, phalanges are digits
Pelvic or Hip Girdle: Coxa: hipbones: made up of ileum, ischium (sit down
bone) and pubic symphysis (where coxa articulate with each other); acetabulumarticulation with femur; sacroiliac joint- articulation with sacrum; obturator
foramen- largest foramen in skeleton
Femur: thigh; longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body; head articulates with
coax; neck- “broken hip”; trochanters-sites of muscle attachment
Patella: kneecap
Leg: Tibia-shinbone (medial bone); fibula (lateral bone)
Foot: tarsal bones: talus- ankle; calcaneous- heel; “ball of foot”- junction
between metatarsals and phalanges