INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Computing for the Masses
为人民计算
Zhiwei Xu 徐志伟
Information Science Advisory Committee, NSFC
Institute of Computing Technology (ICT)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
zxu@ict.ac.cn
Contents
• Background
• Goals
• Problems and Approaches
Demand: China Computer Market Grows
GDP
US$Trillion
Computer
Market
US$Billion
Internet
Users
(Million)
Client
Devices
(Million)
Still has big growth space
1995
0.69
7.4
2000
1.08
2005
2.30
2010
3.00
2015
4.75 World 217.3
2020
7.07
2007
10 years = USA
3.38 China in
93.1
210today?
Internet
Penetration
25.9
22.5 (2007) 8.9
China 59.0
16%
111(+80)
49.5
USA 115.6
70%
233
106
403.9
Sources: China NBS, CCID, CNNIC, Goldman Sachs
19%
411
191
662
308
78
Supply: China computer industry is weak
(Forbes 2000 for year 2007
US$ billion)
Rank
Company
Country Sales Profits Assets Market Value
Profit/Sales
P/E
Application Services
709
Ebay
USA
7.67
0.35 15.37
35
4.56% 100
740
Amazon
USA
14.84
0.48
6.49 26.87
3.23% 56
1565 Expedia
USA
2.67
0.3
8.3
6.55
11.24% 22
1863 Alibaba
China
0.17
0.03
0.23 12.25
17.65% 408
Software & Services
37
IBM
USA
98.79
10.42 120.43 157.62
10.55% 15
63
Microsoft USA
57.9
16.96 67.34 253.15
29.29% 15
213
Google
USA
16.59
4.2 25.34 147.66
25.32% 35
319
SAP
Germany
14.96
2.81 14.93 57.77
18.78% 21
1040 Infosys
India
3.21
0.89
3.08 22.09
27.73% 25
1905 Tencent
China
0.36
0.14
0.58 11.37
38.89% 81
Hardware
53
HP
USA
107.67
7.85 88.57 122.04
7.29% 16
178
Apple
USA
26.5
4.07 30.04 109.88
15.36% 27
192
Dell
USA
61.13
2.95 27.56
44.6
4.83% 15
1053 RIM
Canada
2.95
0.61
3.08 58.73
20.68% 96
1338 Lenovo
China
14.53
0.16
5.35
6.47
1.10% 40
Challenges to Academia
• C4M supply is seriously lacking
• Lag behind demand
Lag behind industry
• Lag behind international peers
Too much short-term “mission”
Computing for the Masses (C4M)
• Research and applications of computer
science for mass adoption
– Directly benefit the masses
• Billions of people
≠ scientific computing or business computing
– Including
• Parallelism for the masses
• Net computing for the masses
• Social computing for the masses
Contents
• Background
• Goals
– Mass Adoption  billions of people
• No dumbing down: Value = Ω(Adoption)
– Sustainability: Value↑, resource→
• Problems and Approaches
Sustainability
Value &
Resource
Total IT Value
Resource consumption
Environment impact
Energy/operation
(2000-2007)
μJ
Servers electricity
bill: $1.9 billion
(IDC, 2007 China )
pJ
Physics
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Time
Systems
Circuits
C4M is not dumbing down
Value
Personalized
Expertise
Ubiquity
Commodity
Basic
2010
2020
2030
2040
Adoption
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(Computer Users
in China, Billion)
Value-Augmenting Adoption
PC: example of C4M
• Reached more users
• More value than mainframe/mini
• More innovations with big ideas
Value
Personalized
– Frame buffer
– GUI
– OO programming
2040
– Ethernet
Expertise
Ubiquity
2030
2020
Commodity
2010
Basic
Adoption
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(Computer Users
in China, Billion)
What’s different now?
• The Net = Three Worlds
• Man-Machine Symbiosis  Man-Machine Society

Computing for the Masses
Computer users in China: 210 million (2007); 800 million (2020)
Business Value
Business
App & Svc
Business
Infrastructure
IT Infrastructure
IT Components
Utility Devices
Godson CPU
Lenovo PC/Laptop
Dawning Servers
BlueWhale Storage
Vega Grid
Servers, Networks
Storages, Data
Sensor Networks, CPS
Contents
• Background
• Goals
• Problems and Approaches
– A Science of Three Worlds
– Architectural Characteristics
– Personal Net
A Science of Net Computing
• Computation as a unifying theme in a new science
of three worlds
• Enrich our beautiful algorithmic computing theory
• Karp
– Computational lens
• Hurwicz
– Mechanism design
• Science 2020
Google-Like Computing
2006 Data ($ billion)
Revenue:10.6
Profit:
3
Cost:
7
Google Value (Visible)
Search, AdWord, Map, Earth, News, Froogle, etc.
Google application software and data
Sorting, machine learning, graph computing, etc.
R&D:
1.2
Google utilities: MapReduce & BigTable
Google system software
Google filesystem, resource mngt, fault tolerance, etc.
Hosting Environment: LAMP
Resource: 2.4
Datacenters
Servers
Data, Metadata
Code
Linux Servers and Other Resources
Distributed in Wide Area
O=F(I) 
Value = F(Resource)
Enrich Algorithmic Computing
• Traditional algorithmic computing
– Turing machine decision problem
– Input, output, a procedure of mechanic steps
– Time complexity, space complexity
• What are “algorithms” in the tri-world?
– What is the “decision problem”?
• What is Web computable?
• What is Wiki computable?
– How to quantify “value” and “resource”?
– What is a “step”? What is termination?
– What are the complexity metrics?
System Characteristics
• C4M Workload Analytics
– Time, space, information
– Interaction, energy, effort
• Basic “Laws” revisited
– Moore’s law
– Network effect (Metcalf, Brown)
– Viral market
– Internet principles (E2E, REST)
• New Phenomena and Abstractions
Architecture Characterization
• Patterson & Hennessey
Performance = Program/Time
= 1/(#Instructions x CPI x CycleTime)
• Need reexamination
– Program=C4M workloads
– Time=?
– Instruction=?
• Other important metrics
Task/Energy = ?
Task/Effort = ?
Architecture Characterization
Admin, Knowledge, Naming,
Coding, Contribution
Distributed Systems
Control
Virtual hosts
Decentralized
Virtual Machines
Salesforce.com
Centralized
many web sites
Single
WWW
Clouds
PNC environment
Decentralized
Systems
Google
Amazon
Teragrid
Multiple
Execution
Number of Execution Sites (Datacenters, Machines)
Personal Net (PN)
• A PN for each member of the masses
• A general-purpose, personal, net computing
platform
– a dynamic, virtualized set of assets from the Net
(cyberinfrastructure, community, physical world)
– appearing to be dedicated to a personal owner’s
use and control
• People share the Net personally
The Net Now
• Offering
–
–
–
–
–
–
Traditional network services: email, ftp, BBS, messaging
Consumer web: Amazon, eBay
Business web: salesforce.com
Community Web: Wiki, MySpace, Facebook
Grid services: Nanohub
Platform: Teragrid, Amazon S3 and EC2 (clouds)
• Characteristics
– Institutional, not personal
– Special-purpose solutions, not a general-purpose platform
• The Net now is like the Mainframe in 1960’s
Personal Net Computing
Individuals

Pocket
Web
Accessing
Devices



The Net
Personal
Grids
Platform
Providers
Resource
Providers
A, D
O, P
C, N, S
……
A, D
O, P
C, N, S
PG Platform Provider
A, D
O, P
C, N, S
……
A, D
O, P
C, N, S
PG Platform Provider
DISC Grids Clouds
ASP
DSP
CSP
Assets
A: applications
D: data
O: operating sys.
P: policies
C: computing
N: networking
S: storage
SSP
NSP
……
ASP
SP: service provider
for resources
Resources are “raw”
assets (capabilities)
Pocket Web:
battery life > 2 weeks; assets on demand; the Net in you hand
Characterizing Emergence



 




R1
Qn R 2
Q 2 Rn
Q1
Dual-objective optimization
Fairness
P 
  standard deviation ( , ,  ) where  
C 
Success Rate

1 if T  T


where  
m 1
0
0 i  n
n
j
0l  m
Pl
j
0l  m
Cl
j
i
i
i
C
i
C
i
D
i
D

0 if T  T
Emergences
do appear
•
Xiao et al, “Incentive-based Scheduling for
Market-like Computational Grids”, IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed
Systems, 2008
Workloads (over 1 million jobs simulated)
– Synthetic workloads
– Real workloads：www.cs.huji.ac.il/labs/parallel/workload/
• Value
For consumers:
high job success rate
for providers:
fair revenue and utilization
Clash of the Computer and the
Network Approaches
• Fetching 10-byte data from a blog
server: 162 ms, 52 context switches
at server side
• How much is needed to host 100 million PG’s?
– Response time < 0.25 s
• Sustained = 5% Peak?
TCP/IP Stack
Web/Web Service
Stacks
4 Application
App
Thread
Thread VMM
HW (core)
App
Database
OS
VMM
HW system
HTML
HTTP
GSML
BPEL
WSRF
WSDL
SOAP
XML
3 Transport
2 Inter Network
1 Network Access
?
Summary
• CS research lags behind demand
• C4M is potentially a transformative
opportunity for CS research
• C4M means sustainability and valueaugmenting mass adoption
• C4M research agenda
– Establish a science of three worlds
– Characterize net computing architectures
– Create personal net
Thank you!
zxu@ict.ac.cn