CHAPTER SIX
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What are the Three types of cartilage tissues
Bone classification, axial and appendicular
What are the Functions of bones
Where are the Diaphysis and Epiphysis
What are the Chemical composition of bones
Which are the Hormones involved in bone growth
Importance of Ca in the body
Which are the Two glands involved in hormonal mechanism
Differentiate among Types of fractures
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton
Study the major bones of complete skeleton
Joints and parts of the cranium
Function of the cranium
Study the major bones of the frontal view of the skull
Functions of the hyoid bone and the vertebral column
Where is the intervertebral disk and what is its function
Location of the atlas and axis
How many bones makes up the vertebral column?
Where is the coccyx located
Functions of the rib cage, the xiphoid process
Know the names of appendicular skeleton
What are the effects of aging on skeletal system?
What caused survey and osteomalacia
Bone shapes
What are the three types of membranes
Types of cartilages and where is blood formed?
Chapter 7
 Appendicular skeleton
 Axial skeletons
The Skull or Cranium, Functions
 Joints (sutures) Sagittal suture, Coronal suture, Lambdoid suture, Squamous suture
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External auditory meatus , Temporal lines, Zygomatic bones, Mandible
– Nasolacrimal canal and Optic foramen
Inferior View of Skull
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Foramen magnum, Occipital condyles, Jugular foramina
Hyoid Bone
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Unpaired, No direct bony attachment to skull. Attachment point for some tongue muscles
Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing
Functions of the vrtebral Column, the inyervertebral Disks
Regions of the Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae, Atlas First vertebra, Axis Second vertebra
Thoracic or Rib Cage, Functions
Sternal angle
– Important landmark for counting ribs to locate areas of the heart
Girdles
– Pectoral or shoulder, Pelvic, Pectoral Girdle
Scapula (2) , Clavicle (2)
– Ligamentum nuchae: Helps keep head erect
Nuchal lines: Neck muscle attachment points
What are the functions of the following parts of bone?
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Head, Tubercles, Capitulum, Epicondyles, Radius and ulna, Tibia, fibula How many
bones wrist and hand
Arches of the Foot and Function
Chapter 8
Define Articulations, what are the classes of Joints
•Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones
–Fibrous, –Cartilaginous, –Synovial
Types of Fibrous Joints
Define Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
Synovial Joints
•Allow considerable movement. •Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton
•Complex
Types of Synovial Joints
Range of Motion
•Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint
•Types, Active , Passive
Effects of Aging on Joints, Joint Disorders
Chapter 9
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle
Muscle Functions
Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Gross Anatomy of a Muscle Organ
Origin, belly and insertion
Made up of thousands of muscle fibers bundled in connective tissue coverings which contains many blood
vessels and a motor nerve ending for each muscle fiber
Connective Tissue Wrappings
Deep fascia
 Epimysium
 Perimysium surrounds the fascicles
 Endomysium
The deep fascia connects to bones via tendons & aponeuroses
As muscles shorten, the insertion generally moves toward the origin
Define Prime movers, agonists, antagonists, Synergists and fixators
Muscle Fiber
o Made up of myofilaments
actin -thin Molecular composition of myofilaments
myosin – thick, Which moves
What is ACH, synaptic cleft
 Myofibrils - 80% of the cell, Surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores Ca++)
What is Polarization, resting membrane
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Sarcomere -smallest contractile unit
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Role of Ca++ in contraction K and Na found in or outside cell
 What is Muscle Tone & Treppe
 Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction
ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity
Muscle Fatigue & Oxygen Dept
Heat Production
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Only 40% of the energy released in muscle activity is useful as work
Dangerous heat levels are prevented by radiation of heat from the skin and sweating
Energy for Contraction
ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity, they are regenerated by:
Anaerobic Glycolysis. What is ATPase
Lactic acid formed during this process is converted into ------ by the liver
Muscle Fatigue & Oxygen Dept , what causes muscle fatigue?
What is Oxygen Debt
Smooth Muscle, Where found, Differences between smooth and skeletal muscles
What is Peristalsis
Innervation of Smooth Muscle
What is Varicosities
 What is a motor unit
 Types of muscle contraction, isotonic and isometric
 What is Cholinesterase
 Muscle Twitch, What is treppe
 The three phases of a muscle twitch are