Organic Compounds
(Chapter 14)
Pencil Lead
Diamond
Student Learning Objectives
• Identify substances which contain
organic compounds
• Sketch and describe isomer structures
What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
90% of compounds contain Carbon
Carbon has a unique ability to bond with itself in
complex covalent bonds.
A single molecular formula may have several
structures.
Some Structures for C5H10
Practice
How many structures can you draw for
C7H16?
Retinol
(most common form of vitamin A)
In what substances are hydrocarbons found?
All hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon.
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the Benzene Ring (C6H6)
Benzene Symbol
Benzene Hydrocarbons
 Aromatics (benzene
substances) have a
strong aroma.
 Benzene is a carcinogen.
Gasoline
Adhesives
Perfumes
Paint Stripper
Tobacco
Household Cleaners
Question
What is a carcinogen? What does the word
“carcinogen” mean?
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
2. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain no Benzene Ring
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Alkane Aliphatic Hydorcarbons
 Alcane hydrocarbons
have only single bonds.
 All Alcanes follow the
same formula.
Cyclo-Pentane
CnH2n+2
Practice
1. What kinds of substances contain alkane
hydrocarbons?
a. Perfumes
b. Fuels
c. Food
2. What is the molecular formula for an alkane
hydrocarbon that contains 16 carbons?
Structural Isomers
 Alcane hydrocarbons may have structural isomers.
 Same molecular formula
Different structure
 Different physical and chemical properties
n-hydrocarbons
iso-hydrocarbons
neo-hydrocarbons
Isomers of Pentane C5H12
Which Fuel?
Octane ratings are based on the abundances of the
different structural isomers of Pentane.
neo-pentane
highest octane rating
iso-pentane
n-pentane
lowest octane rating
Structural Symbols
n-pentane
Chain structure
isopentane
Branch
structure
Neopentane
Cross structure
cyclopentane
Pentagon
structure
Questions
1) Which of the pentane structures do you expect
to burn more slowly? Why?
2) In which fuel do you expect to have more
neo-pentane molecules?
a. Regular
b. Super
c. Supreme
Alkyl Hydrocarbons (Alcohols)
3. Alkyl hydrocarbons are Alkanes with 1 hydrogen (H)
replaced by hydroxide (OH)
Alcohol Isomers
 Organic molecules have a base unit called a
functional group.
Alkene
Ketone
Carbonyl
Amine
Alkyl
Benzyl
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/chemistry/organicchemistry1/section5.php
Why are plastics and proteins difficult to break down?
Polymers are very long molecules made up of
repeating monomers. (chains of monomers)
Naturally Occurring
DNA
Proteins
Complex Carbohydrates
Human Produced
Carpet
Plastics
Chewing Gum
DNA
Practice
Why do you think it is not a good idea to drink bottled
water that has been in a hot car?
many
polymerization
styrene
polystyrene
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates contain carbon and water.
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Cellulose (Starch)
C6(H2O)6
C6(H2O)6
C12(H2O)11
(C6H10O5)n
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides
Practice
Which breakfast cereal is highest in
Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose?
____________________
Fructose: 15,431 mg
Glucose: 14,300 mg
Sucrose: 170 mg
http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-008011010009000000000-1w.html