Anatomy & Physiology 34B
Lecture Exam #5 Study Recommendations
The final lecture exam will consist of 100 multiple-choice questions. Each answer will be worth one
point. Use your lecture notes and related textbook materials to help you answer the following questions
in preparation for the exam. Study hard, and good luck!
Male Reproductive System
- Name the primary sex organs of the male and their functions.
- What are the secondary sex organs of the male? What are secondary sex characteristics?
- What chromosome does a male have that a female does not have? What gene on the chromosome
causes the fetal gonads to become the testes?
- How does the development of the male and female genitals differ? What are the homologous structures?
- How do the testes descend into the scrotum? What do we call failure of the testes to descend?
- What hormones begin to be secreted at puberty? Which organs produce the hormones? What are the
hormone functions?
- What structures compose the scrotum? What two muscles are found in the scrotum? Why are they
there?
- Describe the structures of the testes. Which structures produce sperm and androgens? What do
androgens do?
- Know the general sequence of spermatogenesis: which cells are diploid, haploid, in which phases of
meiosis that homologous chromosomes separate vs. chromatid separation.
- Know the structures of a sperm.
- Describe the spermatic ducts and the passage of sperm through them during ejaculation. What structures
compose the spermatic cord? How does the cord pass into the pelvic cavity?
- What three glands contribute fluid to semen? Which contributes the most fluid? What are the main
components of the fluid?
- What are the three parts of the male urethra?
- Describe the structure of the penis. What types of erectile tissue are found within it? What structures
are involved in penile erection and ejaculation?
- Describe the sequence of events in the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of male sexual
response.
Female Reproductive System
- What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?
- What are the primary sex organs, secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics?
- Describe the structures of the ovaries. How are they held in place in the pelvic cavity?
- Describe the ovarian and menstrual cycles. How are they related? What hormones influence each
cycle?
- How does female meiosis differ from male meiosis? What is the end result of each?
- Describe the uterine (Fallopian) tubes. Are the ovaries connected to the tubes? How do ovulated ova
get into the tubes? How are ova moved to the uterus? What’s an ectopic pregnancy?
- Describe the location, structures, and functions of the uterus. How is it held in place? What tissues
compose its walls?
- What structure is scraped during a Pap smear? Why are annual Pap smears important?
- Describe the structures of the vagina and vulva.
- What types of glands and erectile tissues are found in the vagina and vaginal vestibule?
- What is an episiotomy?
- Describe the structures of the mammary glands. When do they become active? What hormones
stimulate their activity?
- What are the symptoms of breast cancer? What are the risk factors? How can it be prevented and
treated?
- What events occur in a female at puberty? What hormones influence the developments?
- What occurs during perimenopause and menopause?
- How does female sexual response differ from male sexual response? How are they similar?
Human Development & Pregnancy
- Describe the structures and functions involved in conception. Where does fertilization usually occur?
- What are the 3 periods of prenatal development? What is gestation? How long is it?
- Describe the stages of preembryonic development.
- Describe the process of implantation. What hormone is secreted by the blastocyst? What does the
hormone do?
- What are the 3 germ layers of the embryo? When do they develop? What does each layer become?
- When is the embryonic period? What develops during this time?
- Describe the 4 extraembryonic membranes. What is the purpose of each membrane? What does each
membrane become?
- What 2 tests can be performed to determine if the embryo/fetus has any genetic abnormalities?
- What is the placenta and what function does it serve? What does it develop from? What hormones does
it produce? How is the embryo/fetus connected to the placenta?
- Describe the major structural changes in the embryo from the 3rd to 8th weeks. What are teratogens?
Why is the embryo particularly susceptible to them during this time?
- How do hormones differ in a pregnant woman compared to one who is not pregnant?
- What changes occur in a woman’s body systems during pregnancy?
- Describe the sequence of events during childbirth (parturition).
- What hormones are involved in lactation? What fluid is secreted from the mammary glands just after
childbirth before milk is produced? Why is it an important component of a newborn’s diet?
Contraception, Conception, & STDs
- How do contraceptives work?
- What are behavioral methods of contraception? Which are effective? Ineffective? Which also prevent
STDs?
- What are barrier methods of contraception? Which is the most effective? Which can also prevent
STDs?
- What are hormonal methods of contraception? How do they work? What are their risks?
- What are surgical methods of contraception in males and females?
- What devices prevent the implantation of an embryo?
- Describe the alternative methods of conception mentioned in class. Which are the most effective?
Which are least effective?
- What are the 3 major STDs caused by bacteria? Which bacteria causes each STD? What are their
symptoms? Can they be cured?
- What are 3 major STDs caused by viruses? Which virus causes each STD? What are their symptoms?
Can they be cured?
- Describe the HIV virus and how it disables the immune system. How is it transmitted? What specific
cells does it destroy? What are the symptoms of AIDS? Can it be treated?