Anatomy & Physiology 34B
Lab Exam #4 Study Recommendations
Lab exam #4 will consist of questions to assess your understanding of information from Labs
39B (Digestion), 40 (Urinary Anatomy), the handout on Experimental Design, 41A & 41B
(Urinary Physiology), and Lab 47 (Acid-Base Balance). The exam will be mainly fill-ins and
short answer questions. Be sure to refer to the lab manual explanations in each lab and the
Review Sheets assigned for homework as you prepare for the exam. A review of the lecture
notes that pertain to these exercises would be helpful. Also, be able to apply the information
learned to real life situations.
Lab 40 – Urinary System Anatomy
- Be able to identify urinary structures in a dissected cat.
- Be able to identify the urinary structures on the torso models, kidney models, kidney blood
vessels, nephron models, and microscope slide of the kidney.
- Be able to describe the functions of urinary structures.
Labs 41A & 41B – Urinalysis & Renal Physiology
- What are the parts of a nephron? What are the three main functions of the nephron, and in what
part of the nephron does each occur?
- What happens during glomerular filtration? What is the glomerular filtration rate, and what is a
normal GFR value? What physiological factors maintain GFR homeostasis, despite changes in
body conditions?
- In what region of the nephron does the majority of reabsorption take place? What components
of the plasma filtrate are normally reabsorbed?
- What hormones are involved in urine formation? How do they affect urine formation?
- What is secretion? In what part of the nephron does secretion occur? What substances are
normally secreted?
- What does the specific gravity of urine tell us about its solute concentration?
- What is a normal pH for urine?
- What are normal constituents of urine? What are abnormal components? Know what disorders
are indicated by the abnormal components.
Lab 39B – Chemical & Physical Processes of Digestion
- Define enzyme and substrate.
- What is amylase? What substrate does it digest? What is the optimal temperature and pH for
amylase to function? What chemicals are used to test for amylase digestion products? What
two organs produce amylase?
- What is pepsin? What substrate does it digest? What is the optimal pH for pepsin to function?
How was pepsin digestion determined in the experiment? In what organ is pepsin produced?
- What is lipase? What substrate does it digest? What is the optimal pH for lipase to function?
How was lipase digestion determined in the experiment? What is the main organ that produces
lipase?
- Is bile an enzyme? If not, what is it? What is bile’s digestive function? What organ produces
bile?
Lab Handout on Experimental Design
- Deduce whether a solution contains monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, or protein by the
use of chemical tests.
- Explain which chemical is used to test for each of the above organic molecules, and what
constitutes positive and negative results. Also describe negative and positive controls for the
chemical tests.
- Design an experiment to test digestive enzyme function using the previously mentioned
chemical tests.
Lab 47 – Acid-Base Balance
- Identify the normal pH range in human blood.
- Explain how chemical and physiological buffering systems help regulate the body’s pH levels.
- Describe the conditions of acidosis and alkalosis.
- Explain the difference between respiratory acidosis and alkalosis vs. metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis.
- Describe the causes of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, and explain how the renal system
compensates for these conditions.
- Describe the causes of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, and explain how the respiratory
systems compensate for these condition.