EOI Review
Cells
Cell Transport
PS-CR
Cell Cycle
DNA
Genetics
Classification
Evolution
Behavior
Ecology
• Prokaryotes:
– No nucleus
– No membrane bound
organelles
– Has DNA
– Example: bacteria
Cells
• Eukaryotes:
– have a nucleus
– have membrane-bound
organelles
(mitochondria &
chloroplast).
– Examples: plants & animals.
Cells
Cells
Organelle
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Vacuole
Function
Controls all activity in the cell
Controls what goes into and out of the cell
(selectively permeable)
Structure and support (plants only)
Surrounding around all organelles
Makes proteins
*powerhouse of cell*
Site of Cellular respiration- converts food
(chemical energy) into usable energy (ATP)
Site of Photosynthesis- converts light energy
into chemical energy (glucose- C6H12O6)
Breaks down worn out cell parts and wastes
Stores water & wastes
Analogy
Brain
Security guard
Brick wall, police
Air
Factory
Power plant
Solar panels
Garbage disposal
Trash can
• Organism
Organization Levels
– Organ systems
• Organs
– Tissue
» Cell
» The basic unit of life –
• Cell (can be broken down further)
– Organelles
• Molecules
– Atoms
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2. The eukaryotic organism described above should be
classified as —
A. an animal
B. a plant
C. a bacterium
D. a fungus
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7.
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9
9.
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10
5
A
B
C
D
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Cell Transport
• Diffusion- movement of molecule from an
area of [H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
– Can be liquid or gas
Cell Transport
• Osmosis- movement of H2O from an area of
[H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
– water
Cell Transport
• Hypertonic
– Hyper= more
– More solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water leaves cell
– Cell will shrink
Cell Transport
• Hypotonic Solution
– Hypo= less
– Less solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water moves into the cell
– Cell could burst
Cell Transport
• Isotonic Solution
– Iso= same
– Equal solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water moves into the cell and out of cell equally
– Cell is at equilibrium
Cell Transport
• Facilitated Diffusion- movement of larger
molecules from [H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
Cell Transport
• Active transport: is the movement
of molecules across a cell membrane in the
direction against their concentration gradient,
[L] -> [H]
– requires ATP (energy)
– Modifies protein (changes shape)
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A
B
C
D
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Use the information to answer questions 4-6.
A biology student wants to study how animal cells react when places in distilled water and in a
salt solution. The student used the following procedure:
1) Place a small sample of cells on a microscope slide and place a cover
slip over the sample. Add a few drops of distilled water under the cover
slip.
2) Observe the cells in the distilled water solution under a microscope.
3) Place a small sample of cells on a microscope slide and place a cover
slip over the sample. Add a few drops of 20% salt solution under the cover slip.
4) Observe the cells in the salt solution under a microscope.
12.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
A the salt concentration
B the number of cells in the sample
C the type of animal that the cells come from
D the movement of water across the cell membrane
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A
B
C
D
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Photosynthesis
• What is it? A cell process that converts
light energy into chemical energy
(glucose)
• Who uses it? Plants only
• Location – Chloroplast
• Purpose - Make glucose that can
be used in cellular respiration
• Gas Produced - Oxygen
• Equation –
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
• What is it? A cell process that
converts chemical energy (glucose)
into ATP
• Who uses it? Plants and Animals
• Location – Mitochondria
• Purpose – Make ATP to use in daily
cell functions
• Gas Produced – Carbon Dioxide
• Equation –
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 +6H2O + ATP
ATP
• ATP- energy used in the cell; energy is release
when the bond between phosphate groups is
broken
Adenosine Triphosphate
• Energy is stored
between the
second and third
phosphates
PS-CR
PS-CR
• Bromothymol Blue (BTB) indicates for the
presence of CO2
– BTB turns yellow in the presence of CO2
– BTB stays blue in the presence of O2
– BTB will turn green if there is both CO2 & O2
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4.
Which method should a scientist use to view the site of
photosynthesis in a plant cell?
A
B
C
D
use a magnifying glass to view the chloroplasts
use a magnifying glass to view the mitochondria
use a microscope to view the chloroplasts
use a microscope to view the mitochondria
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5.
A scientist wants to measure how much gas is released by a
plant to estimate how fast it is photosynthesizing.
Which measurement should the scientist take?
A
B
C
D
meters of carbon dioxide
milliliters of oxygen
grams of carbon dioxide
centimeters of oxygen
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A horticulturist hypothesized that if he increases the level of carbon dioxide (CO2)
in the air of his greenhouses, then his plants will absorb carbon more quickly. He
collected the following data from an experiment performed on is plants.
6
Which statement is true about the data in the table?
A. The data supports the hypothesis because the plants grew more when the level
of CO2 increased.
B. The data supports the hypothesis because the plants grew less when the level of
CO2 increased.
C. The data contradicts the hypothesis because plants grew less when the level of
CO2 increased.
D. The data contradicts the hypothesis because the plants grew more when the
level of CO2 increased.
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A
B
C
D
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11. Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an
investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing
Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. His
data are shown in the table below.
The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Water vapor
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A
B
C
D
Cell Cycle
• process in a cell leading to its division and
duplication (replication) that produces two
daughter cells
– M phase- period of cell
division
– G1 phase- growth of cell
– S phase- replication of
chromosomes (DNA)
– G2- preparation for
mitosis
– (Interphase is G1, S & G2
combined)
Mitosis
• Cell division
– Used for growth , development & repair (asexual
reproduction)
– Produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical
– Chromosome numbers are diploid (2n)
– Somatic cells (body cells)
Meiosis
• Cell division
– Used to create sex cells (sexual reproduction)
– Produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically
different (genetic variation)
– Crossing over
– Chromosome numbers are haploid (n)
– Gamete cells (sperm & egg)
Fertilization
• Fertilization is a process of two gametes
(haploid sex cells) combining together and
making a zygote (diploid somatic cell). The
zygote will go through the process of mitosis
and development into a baby. The individual
will go through meiosis in their sex organ
creating gametes.
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A
B
C
D
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7. Some chemicals help stop a certain disease during cell growth. The
diagram shows where in the cell cycle these chemicals affect the disease.
Based on the diagram,
most of the chemicals affect cells during
A. Mitosis
B. DNA replication
C. The growth stage
D. The preparation for division
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A
B
C
D
9. In the western red lily, Lilium philadelphicum,
mitosis produces 24 chromosomes in each daughter
cell. How many chromosomes does meiosis produce
in each gamete cell of the western red lily?
A.6
B.12
C.24
D.48
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• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– Double stranded
– Contains all genetic info
• Blueprint for whole body
– In the nucleus
– Made up a nucleotide
• Sugar: Deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen Bases–
–
–
–
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
DNA
Replication
• Making a copy of DNA
The complementary
DNA to the following to
TTG-GCA would be
AAC-CGT.
• Ribonucleic Acid
RNA
– Single stranded
– Just needed info
– Made up a nucleotide
• Sugar: Ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen Bases–
–
–
–
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Transcription
• DNA  mRNA
– rewriting
DNA is too large and wide to leave nucleus so a copy is
made of just the section needed (mRNA)
The matching mRNA
strand for the
following DNA strand
TAT-CGA would be
AUA-GCU.
Translation
• mRNA  amino acid
• Protein Synthesis - On ribosomes in cytoplasm
• The protein design (code) comes from the
DNA
• DNA is too large and
wide to leave nucleus
so a copy is made
(mRNA)
Protein Synthesis
• DNA is like the “whole instruction manual”.
• RNA is like “one chapter” in the instruction
manual.
Protein Synthesis
The order of a protein
is determined by the
mRNA sequence. Each
codon in the sequence
corresponds to a
specific amino acid.
Codon: 3RNA = 1 amino
acid
Mutations
• changes in DNA sequence.
• caused by mutagens: radiation, chemicals or
infectious agents.
• can also occur during replication, transcription or
meiosis.
• benefit mutations are called adaptations.
• If occur in somatic cells (body cells) will not
affect potential offspring.
• If occur in gamete cells (sex cells) can be passed
on to offspring.
Mutations
• Point mutation – nitrogen base in
DNA sequence replaced with
another.
– This usually does not affect the
protein being made.
• Frame shift mutations – nitrogen
base is either inserted into or
deleted from the DNA sequence.
– This usually affects the protein being
made.
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13
The diagram below shows models of nucleic acids. A
segment of each model is highlighted.
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14. Based on the model, which feature is a
characteristic of DNA replication?
A. The molecule makes chromatin
fibers.
B. The molecule is in the form of a
triple helix.
C. Sequence mutations occur in all DNA
strands.
D. Complementary bases pair together
to form new DNA.
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15.Which of the following would be produced if a
messenger RNA strand is coded from the DNA sequence
CCCGGAATT?
A. CCCGGAAUU
B. GGGCCTTAA
C. AAATTCCGG
D. GGGCCUUAA
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16. Which amino acid sequence
can be coded from the DNA
sequence CAG TAG CGA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Valine – Isoleucine – Glycine
Valine – Aspartic Acid – Alanine
Valine – Isoleucine – Alanine
Valine – Phenylalanine – Alanine
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Genetics
Alleles – different forms of
the same gene
Example: Some alleles
for the eye color gene
are
• B – Brown eyes
• b – blue eyes
Traits
• Dominant Trait
– Written as a capital
letter to show that it is
overpowering
• Recessive Trait
– Written as a lowercase
letter to show that it can
be covered up
• Genotype
– The actual allele
combination
– Example:
• AA, Aa, or aa
• Phenotype
– The physical appearance
which expresses the
genetic trait.
– Example:
– brown eyes or blue eyes
• Homozygous
– When the two alleles are
the same
– BB or bb
• Heterozygous
– When the two alleles are
different
– Bb
Punnett Squares
• Predict possible
genotypes of
offspring
– A= red color
– a= blue color
• AA x aa
• 100% of offspring will
have a genotype of
Aa which will express
as a red phenotype
Karyotypes
• Determines the genes of an individual.
• Able to identify genetic disorders
• Trisomy – 3 chromosomes instead of 2
Pedigree
• Tool to look at the passing of certain genetic
traits on to offspring based of generations
DNA fingerprint
• Electrophoresis
• technique used to identify a person’s
individual DNA
• used in paternity testing and criminal
investigation
DNA fingerprint
• Can also be used to
determine how
closely related two
organisms are
Determining Pedigree type
• Autosomal- Traits on
passed on somatic
cell
• Sex-linked- trait is
passed on the X
chromosome
Incomplete Dominance
• Neither trait wants to be dominates over the
other
• Phenotypes are blended
• Red x White = Pink
Co-dominance
• Both traits want to dominant
• Both phenotypes are expressed
• Red x Blue = Red & Blue
Blood types
• Follows the law of
dominance and codominance
•
•
•
•
Type A= IAIA or IAi
Type B = IBIB or Ibi
Type AB = = IAIB
Type O= ii
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A
B
C
D
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4.
In a certain group of lab mice black fur is dominant and
brown fur is recessive. If two heterozygous mice mate and
produce 16 offspring, how many of the offspring will
probably have brown fur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0
4
8
12
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5. Robert is conducting breeding experiments with mice.
He crossed two brown mice and found that 25% of their
offspring were white.
Which conclusion from this experiment is most logical?
A. White color is dominant over brown color
B. One of the parent mice is homozygous for the dominant
allele
C. All of the offspring carry two copies of the recessive allele
D. The white offspring are homozygous for the recessive
allele
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6. This diagram shows a pedigree for a recessive genetic disorder.
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7.
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8. In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown
eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked. Students crossed male and
female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their
data are shown below.
Using the data in the table, what is the approximate ratio of red-eyed offspring to
brown-eyed offspring?
A. 1:1
B. 2:1
C. 3:1
D. 4:1
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10
Classification
• groups of
organisms on the
basis of shared
characteristics and
giving names to
those groups
Broad- includes
many individuals
Specific- very
small amount
of individuals
Classification
• Cladogram- shows relationship between
organisms
Classification
• Dichotomous Key- used to identify unknown
individuals based on specific characteristics
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2
Which organism in the table is most similar to a tiger (Panthera tigris)?
A. Coyote
B. Grey wolf
C. Blue whale
D. Lion
3. The Linnean classification system places organisms in groups based on how closely
they are related. The kingdom is the classification level containing organisms that
are most distantly related while the species level contains organisms that are most
closely related. The Linnean classification of the largemouth bass is shown below.
Classification of Largemouth Bass
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Actinopterygii
Order
Perciformes
Family
Centrarchidae
Genus
Micropterus
Species
salmoides
Which of these levels of classification contains organisms that are more distantly
related than those in the order of Perciformes?
A. Actinopterygii
B. Micropterus
C. Centrarchidae
D. salmoides
4. Which of the following lists the levels of cell
organization from least to most complex?
A. Organs, cells, organ systems, tissues
B. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
C. Tissues, organs, organ systems, cells
D. Cells, organs, organ systems, tissues
Evolution
• Adaptation- a mutation that benefits an
individual to survive a certain environment
• Examples
– Blending in with surroundings
– Different beak structures depending on food
source
Evolution
• Adaptations must happen in the DNA- cannot
development because of a need
• Instead those that have the adaption survive
passing on the trait to their offspirng
Wrong
Natural Selection
Evolution
• Natural Selectionorganisms better suited
to a particular
environment survive and
produce more offspring
than those organisms less
fit.
– Green beetles more
visible. More are eaten
– Brown beetle more suited
for environmentreproduce more.
Evidences of Evolution
• Fossil records – see bones of organism once
living that are similar to those living today
• Embryology – see similarities in developing
embryos
Evidences of Evolution
• Homologous Structures – have the same
structure but not necessary the same function
• DNA analysis – Best indicator for determining
are closely related two individuals are.
5.
A
B
C
D
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A
B
C
D
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Behavior
• Plant behaviors– Phototropism: the growth of a plant toward light.
Can be positive (towards sun) or negative (away
from sun);
– Gravitropism: plant growth in response to gravity.
Roots grow down into the soil to anchor.
Behavior
• Animal behaviors– Innate: behavior born with (hard-wiring)
• reflex: involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in
response to a stimulus (knee jerking when hit at doctors
appt)
• instinct: performed without being based upon prior
experience (sea turtles returning to sea)
• courtship: performed by male and female before mating
(mating dance, flashing patterns, songs/calls)
• migration: seasonal movement of animals (birds/butterfly)
• hibernation/estivation: reduced metabolism during cold/hot
periods (bears/frogs)
Behavior
• Animal behaviors– Learned: behavior that has been modified based on
experience;
• Imprinting: forms a social attachment to another object
(hatchlings imprint to mother)
• Trial and error: It is characterized by repeated, varied
attempts which are continued until success (nest building,
riding a bike)
• Conditioning: learning by association (Pavlov’s dog)
• Insight: learning which animals use previous experiences to
respond to new situations (problem solving)
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13.
Joshua is studying the mating behavior of hanging flies. Female
hanging flies typically require their male mates to bring them a gift,
such as a moth to eat. Joshua raised a group of female and male
hanging fly larvae in isolation from adult hanging flies. When these
larvae became adults, the females also required a gift from their
mates.
Which explanation is the best for this behavior?
A
B
C
D
the behavior is acquired randomly
the behavior is learned through imprinting
the behavior is learned through experience
the behavior is inherited through genes
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Ecology
• Interactions of organisms and their
environment
Species
• Individuals that are able to reproduce and
produce fertile offspring
Variation with a species
• Niche – a role a species plays in an area
– What type of food the organism eats, where it lives,
how it interacts with other species.
Environmental Factors
• Abiotic Factorsnonliving factors in
the environment
(sunlight, soil, water,
temperature, oxygen,
CO2, nitrogen
• Biotic Factora- living
factors in the
environment
(Humans, Animals,
dead things, trees)
Symbiosis
• The relationship between
two different species living
closely together
– Predation (one benefitsone dies)
– Mutualism (both benefit)
– Parasitism (one benefitsone is harmed)
– Commensalism (one
benefits- other unaffected)
Predation
One organism hunts and feeds on another
organism
Mutualism
both species benefit from the relationship
Clownfish live within sea
anemones, which
normally sting other fish.
The fish gets protection,
and the anemone
benefits because the
clownfish keep it clean of
bacteria.
Parasitism
one organism gains benefits at the other’s
expense
Leech sucks the blood of
a human
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other is not hurt
nor helped
Epiphytes are plants
that grow on other
plants without harming
them. They never set
root in the ground!
Biogeochemical Cycles
• Water cycle
• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
Water Cycle
Water Cycle Processes
• Evaporation
– Water entering into the atmosphere
• Precipitation
– Water falling from the atmosphere
• Condensation
– Change from water vapor to liquid which usually
forms clouds or fog
• Transpiration
– Change from liquid to water vapor usually in
plants for movement of water from roots to
leaves.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle Processes
• Photosynthesis
– Takes in carbon as carbon dioxide
– Releases carbon as glucose
• Cellular Respiration
– Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
• Burning of Fossil Fuels
– Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
• Decomposition
– Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle Processes
• Ammonification – decomposers releasing
nitrogen to the soil
• Nitrification – Bacteria changing ammonia into
nitrates
• Denitrification – releasing nitrogen to the
atmosphere from nitrates in the soil
• Nitrogen-fixation – plants taking nitrogen
directly from the atmosphere and making
ammonia
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
• AUTOTROPHS
• Two types:
• 1. Photoautotrophs use
sunlight to convert
energy into glucose
• 2. Chemoautotrophs
use the compounds
around them to survive.
• AKA producers
• HETEROTROPHS
• AKA consumers
• Organisms that eat
other consumers.
Diet Types
• Herbivores – organisms
that only eat producers,
plants or autotrophs.
• Carnivores – organisms
that eat other consumers
• Omnivores – organisms
that eat both plants and
animals
Food Chain
• Simple passage way of energy and nutrients in an
ecosystem
Food Web
• Food web - interconnected food chain to show how
species are related in an ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids
• Energy Pyramid: the
producers are at the
bottom with the total
amount of sun energy
captured.
• Each trophic level that the
energy flows into only
receives 10% of the energy
from the previous level.
• The other 90% is lost as
heat
Pyramid of Numbers
• Population decreases at
each level
Pyramid of Biomass
• Biomass – amount of living matter
• Natality – Birth rate of
organisms in an area
• Mortality – death rate
of organims in an area
• Immigration –
movement of
individuals into an area
• Emigration – movement
of individuals out of an
area
• Biomass – the amount of living matter in an area
• Population Density – the number of individuals in an
area
• Carrying Capacity
– The maximum number
of species in an area
• Limiting Factors
– The factor that restricts
the growth of an
organism
• Ex: water, food, space
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157
An experiment is designed to clear an oak-hickory forest and
replant the area with pines. Which of the following species
would be most threatened by this experiment?
1.Cardinal
2.Hooded warbler
3.Field sparrow
4.Summer tanager
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26.
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160
This graph shows the sizes of lynx and hare populations between
the years of 1845 and 1940. If a predator of the lynx enters the
food chain, you might expect the number of —
1.lynx and hares to become equal
2.lynx to increase
3.hares to increase
4.hares and lynx to decrease
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164
In the graph below, what is the population of deer at the carrying
capacity of the environment?
1.30
2.10
3.50
4.70
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This graph suggests that from 1840 to 1920, the carrying
capacity for sheep in Tasmania was approximately —
1.0.75 million
2.1.00 million
3.1.75 million
4.2.25 million
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171
A mushroom and a humpback whale are alike
because both are —
1.motile
2.prokaryotic
3.unicellular
4.heterotrophic
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54.
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