AP Review Session:
Creating the Global Economy
Mr. Millhouse
AP World History
Hebron High School
Reviewing the PostClassical Era
Silk Roads 2.0 & 3.0
Indian Ocean Trade
Trans-Saharan Trade
Early Modern Era
c.1450 – c.1750
Major Concepts
 Key Concept 4.1 – Globalizing Networks of Exchange
 Intensification and disruption of existing trade regional networks
including Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Trans-Saharan, and
overland Eurasia
 European technological developments in cartography & navigation
built upon previous classical, Islamic, and Asian technologies

Examples of technologies?
 Creation of global trade networks and empires.

Chinese & European Exploration

Rise of joint-stock companies

Columbian Exchange

Spread of religion and artistic styles
For more information World History Crash Course #19
Major Concepts
 Key Concept 4.2 – New Forms of Social Organization & Modes
of Production
 Increases and changes in traditional agriculture.

Intensification of peasant labor (China, India, etc.)

Continuation & expansion of African slave trade.
 Demands for coerced labor increased in the Americas
 Social and political elites changed, as well as, new ethnic, racial,
and gender hierarchies
AP Practice Prompt
 Right side of the room: Discuss with the people sitting
near you the potential thesis categories for the following
CCOT prompt. Which evidence would you use to support
your categories?
Analyze the social and economic transformations that
occurred in the Atlantic world as a result of new contracts
among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1492
C.E. to 1750 C.E.
AP Practice Prompt
 Left side of the room: Discuss with the people sitting
near you the potential thesis categories for the following
CCOT prompt. Which evidence would you use to support
your categories?
Analyze continuities and changes in the commercial life of
the Indian Ocean region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E.
AP Practice Prompt
 Middle of the room: Discuss with the people sitting near
you the potential thesis categories for the following
comparison prompt. Which evidence would you use to
support your categories?
Compare demographic and environmental effects of the
Columbian Exchange on the Americas with the Columbian
Exchange’s demographic and environmental effects on ONE
of the following regions between 1492 and 1750.
Africa
Asia
Europe
Historical Evidence for Key
Concept 4.1
Evidence for Exploration
Specific voyages:
• Zheng He
• Prince Henry the
Navigator
• Vasco da Gama
• Christopher
Columbus
• Manila galleons
• British, Dutch, &
French exploration
of the North
Atlantic
For more information World History Crash Course #21
European trade empires in the
Indian Ocean
Map of the Dutch
East India
Company
(V.O.C.)
An additional
example would
be the British
East India
Company in India
For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts & Crash Course #229
Silver led to Globalization
The thick red
line is the
global flow of
silver!
For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts
Atlantic System &
Commercial Revolution
Additional evidence:
• Mercantilism
• Joint-stock
companies
• Plantation system
• Slaves
• Indentured servitude
• New European
social classes:
• Bourgeoisie
• Proletariat
Columbian Exchange
For more information World History Crash Course #23
Historical Evidence for Key
Concept 4.2
Ming Dynasty
 Economic Recovery
 Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain
 Increased demand for silk textiles for export intensified
peasant labor
 “Silver Sink”
 Single-whip tax system increased demand for silver
 Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of world trade
 Canton Systems
 Limited trade to Macao/Canton
Atlantic Slave Trade
Rise of Plantation
System in
Caribbean, Brazil,
& Southern
colonies of British
North America
Notice: Very few
slaves were bound
for mainland New
Spain!
For more information World History Crash Course #24
Economy of New Spain
 Encomiendas
 Manorialism in New World
 Plantation System
 Uses African slaves
 Haciendas
Value of Spanish gold and silver
imports from 1515-1660
 Large cattle ranches
 Mining
 “Heart of the Empire
 Coercive labor (mita)
For more information World History Crash Course #25
Other Notables
 Japanese silver production led to political unification, a decline
of the daimyo, and the rise of a merchant class.
 Japan also isolated trade to only the Dutch at port of Nagasaki.
 Russian expansion to the frontier led to the expansion and
intensification of serfdom.
 Under the Mughal Empire, India continued to dominate in the
production of cotton textiles.
 Europeans began to establish trade outposts along the coast of
India.
The Modern Era
1750-1914
Major Concepts
 Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
 Industrialization changed how goods were produced
 Factors leading to the rise of industrial production

Development of machines & exploitation of fossil fuels

Industrialization became a global phenomenon – 2nd Industrial Rev.
 Industrialization further integrated the global economy

Need for raw materials led to single export economies

Industrialization led to decline of traditional, agricultural economies

Industrial states sought out consumer markets for finished goods
Major Concepts
 Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
 Financiers developed ideas (capitalism) & institutions (stock
markets, insurance, etc.) to facilitate global economic investment

Rise of transnational businesses
 Major developments in transportation and communication

Required examples: railroads, steamships, telegraphs, canals
 Industrialization & global capitalism led to a variety of responses

Alternative to capitalism: socialism, Marxism, anarchism, welfare state

Role of government in industrialization (ex. China, Ottoman, Japan)
For more information Crash Course #214 & Crash Course #33
Major Concepts
 Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
 Social changes resulted from restructuring of global economy

New social classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat)

Changes in family structures, gender roles, and demographics

Urbanization led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of
community (suburbs)
 Key Concept 5.2 – Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
 Industrialization and imperialism are directly related!
 Key Concept 5.4 – Global Migration
For more information World History Crash Course #35 & #213
Potential Essay Questions
 Right Side
 Compare differing responses to industrialization in any TWO of
the following regions during the late 19th century and the early
20th century: Japan, Ottoman Empire, Russia
 Left Side
 Analyze the changes and continuities in ONE of the following
region’s role in the global trade network in the late 18th
century and late 19th century: Latin America, Africa, Southeast
Asia
 Middle (pick your preferred question)
Required Factors for
Industrial Production
 Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean
 Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
 European demographic changes & urbanization
 Improved agricultural productivity
 Legal protection of private property
 An abundance of rivers and canals
Sort these factors into
common ideas!
 Access to foreign resources
 Accumulation of capital
For more information World History Crash Course #32
Industrial Technology
 Mechanization of Weaving
 Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a
machine in England 80 minutes to spin
 Iron Smelting – Bessemer steel process
 Energy
 Steam engine, electricity, etc.
 Transportation & Communication
 Canals, steamboat, railroads, telegraphs
Effects of Industrialization
 Labor changes
 Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome
 Initially women & children work in factories
 Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class
 Labor unions were formed to protect workers
 Rise of consumer culture
 Standard of living increases
 Frequent economic depressions
Responses to Industrialization
Capitalism – Adam Smith
 Direct attack on
mercantilism
Socialism
Marxism
 The Communist Manifesto
by Karl Marx & Friedrich
Engels
 Communism
Global Industrialization
Global Industrialization
Global Industrialization
 Industrialization turned nations into manufacturers of
consumer goods:
 Western Europe (Great Britain & Germany), the United States,
Japan
 Industrialization turned some nations into “niche” producers:
 Russia, parts of Latin America (Mexico, Argentina, etc.)
 Industrialization turned some nations into suppliers of raw
materials
 Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Africa & parts of Latin America
For more information World History Crash Course #212 & 213
Russian Industrialization
 Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War
 Abolish serfdom in 1861
 Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants
 Limited industrialization led by government
 Trans-Siberian railroad
 Focus on heavy industry

2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900

Do NOT produce consumer goods
Japanese Industrialization
Meiji Restoration
Abolished feudal order
Industrialization
supported by state
Rise of zaibatsu
 Mitsubishi
Women work in silk
factories
Africa: 1750-1914
Natural
resources
(gold, ivory,
palm oil)
replace
slaves as
exports to
Europe. The
result…
Imperialism
The Middle East
 Ottoman Empire (a.k.a.“Sick Man of Europe”)
 Declining agricultural revenues
 Large debts to foreign nations
 European imports exceed exports
 Egypt
 Muhammad Ali promotes cotton cloth production

Relied heavily on foreign investment
 Successors build the Suez Canal
Asia & Global Industrialization
 India
 Britain transforms India from textile supplier to exporter of cotton
 China
 Struggles to modernize for many reasons (too many to identify here)
 Southeast Asia
 Europeans divide parts of Southeast Asia not already under Dutch
control
 Indentured Servitude
 Indians, Chinese, & Japanese migrated to the Caribbean, Africa, and
Southeast Asia to work as laborers
The
th
20
Century
Key Concepts
 Key Concept 6.1 – Science & the Environment
 Green Revolution
 New energy technologies – oil & nuclear power – raised
productivity and increased production of material goods
 Humans changed their relationship with the environment

Competition over global resources

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases and other pollutants

Pollution, deforestation, and desertification
Key Concepts
 Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy
 States responded in a variety of ways to economic challenges

Communist governments controlled their economies


Soviet Five-Year Plans
Great Depression increased government intervention in economy

The New Deal

Newly independent nations attempt to guide their economy to
promote economic development

End of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market
economic policies

China under Deng Xiaoping
Key Concepts
 Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy
 States, communities, and individuals became increasingly
interdependent

New global economic institutions


Regional trade networks


IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization
European Union and NAFTA
Multinational corporations challenged state authority

Royal Dutch Shell or Coca-Cola
Potential Essay Questions
 Right Side
 Analyze the changes and continuities in nature of the global
economy 1870 to the present.
 Left Side
 Compare reactions to the challenges of a rising global economy
in the West in the 20th century to the reactions to the
challenges of a global economy in the 20th century in ONE of
the following regions: Eastern Europe, East Asia, South Asia
 Middle (pick your preferred question)
Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
U.S. Economy in
th
20
Century
China’s Economy Since Deng
Xiaoping
World Trade Organization
For more information World History Crash Course #41 & #42
European Union
Global Coca-Cola