AMF and endangered plants
1
Electronic supplementary material
2
3
Table 1: The checklist of mycorrhizal status of plant species regarded as endangered
4
according to the IUCN Red list of threatened plant species (IUCN 2001).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
BRYOPHYTES
Herbertaceae
Herbertus borealis
Jungermanniaceae
Jamesoniella undulifolia
PTERIDOPHYTES
Adiantaceae
Sinopteris grevilleoides
Polypodiaceae
Neocheiropteris
palmatopedata
GYMNOSPERMS
Cycadaceae
Cycas revoluta
Zamiaceae
Ceratozamia mexicana
Dioon edule
Lepidozamia hopei
Macrozamia riedlei
Zamia pumila
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba
Pinaceae
Abies alba
Abies grandis
Abies lasiocarpa
Cedrus atlantica
Larix decidua
Larix kaempferi
Larix occidentalis
Picea abies
Picea engelmannii
Picea glauca
Picea glehnii
Picea mariana
Picea rubens
Picea sitchensis
Mycorrhizal
status*
IUCN
Species/status
None
LR
None
V
NM
EN
NM
EN
AM
LR
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
V
LR
LR
LR
LR
AM
EN
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM, EEM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
1
AMF and endangered plants
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
Pinus banksiana
Pinus cembra
Pinus contorta
Pinus densiflora
Pinus echinata
Pinus edulis
Pinus elliottii
Pinus halepensis
Pinus jeffreyi
Pinus lambertiana
Pinus massoniana
Pinus montezumae
Pinus muricata
Pinus nigra
Pinus patula
Pinus pinaster
Pinus pinea
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus radiata
Pinus resinosa
Pinus rigida
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus tabulaeformis
Pinus taeda
Pinus thunbergii
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Araucariaceae
Agathis robusta
Wollemia nobilis
Podocarpaceae
Dacrycarpus
dacrydioides
Dacrydium cupressinum
Parasitaxus ustus
Prumnopitys ferruginea
Prumnopitys taxifolia
Taxodiaceae
Metasequoia
glyptostroboides
Sequoia sempervirens
Cupressaceae
Austrocedrus chilensis
Chamaecyparis thyoides
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM, AM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
AM, ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM
ECM, EEM, NM
ECM
ECM
ECM
AM, ECM, EEM
ECM, AM
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
AM
AM, EEM
LR
CR
AM
LR
AM
Mycoheterotroph
y via AM?
AM
AM
LR
LR
AM
CR
AM
V
AM
AM
V
LR
LR
LR
2
AMF and endangered plants
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
Juniperus communis
Juniperus monosperma
Juniperus oxycedrus
Juniperus procera
Tetraclinis articulata
Thuja occidentalis
Thuja plicata
Taxaceae
Taxus baccata
ANGIOSPERMS
Myristicaceae
Horsfieldia pandurifolia
Myristica yunnanensis
Lauraceae
Litsea dilleniifolia
Ocotea puberula
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes splendens
Sapotaceae
Autranella congolensis
Baillonella toxisperma
Ericaceae
Ledum palustre
Rubiaceae
Nauclea diderrichii
Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma
polyneuron
Dyera costulata
Bignoniaceae
Zeyheria tuberculosa
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex paraguariensis
Campanulaceae
Brighamia insignis
Cyanea leptostegia
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera
Lythraceae
Lafoensia pacari
Myrtaceae
Syzygium firmum
Syzygium makul
Euphorbiaceae
Chamaesyce atrococca
AM, ECM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
AM
LR
AM
AM
EN
CR
AM
AM
EN
LR
NM
V
AM
AM
CR
V
ERM
LR
AM
V
NM
EN
NM
LR
NM
V
AM
LR
AM
AM
CR
V
AM
LR
AM
LR
AM
AM
V
V
AM
V
3
AMF and endangered plants
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Salicaceae
Populus nigra
Clusiaceae
Calophyllum soulattri
Cratoxylum arborescens
Garcinia kola
Ochnaceae
Lophira alata
Fabaceae
Afzelia africana
Afzelia bipindensis
Afzelia pachyloba
Brachystegia zenkeri
Gossweilerodendron
balsamiferum
Koompassia
malaccensis
Microberlinia bisulcata
Plagiosiphon longitubus
Prosopis laevigata
Pterocarpus angolensis
Pterogyne nitens
Rosaceae
Prunus africana
Moraceae
Milicia excelsa
Milicia regia
Fagaceae
Nothofagus dombeyi
Quercus robur
Myricaceae
Myrica faya
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia
Betulaceae
Alnus acuminata
Alnus glutinosa
Corylus avellana
Capparidaceae
Capparis sandwichiana
Thymelaeaceae
Gonystylus bancanus
Dipterocarpaceae
Hopea mengerawan
AM, ECM
LR
AM
AM
AM
LR
LR
V
AM
V
NM, ECM
ECM, AM
AM, ECM
ECM
AM
V
V
V
V
EN
NM
LR
ECM
AM
AM
AM
Weak AM
CR
CR
LR
LR
LR
AM
V
AM
AM
LR
V
ECM
ECM
LR
LR
AM
LR
AM, ECM, NM
LR
ECM
AM, ECM, EEM,
NM
ECM
LR
LR
NM
V
AM
V
NM
CR
LR
4
AMF and endangered plants
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
Shorea balangeran
Shorea leprosula
Shorea teysmanniana
Shorea uliginosa
Malvaceae
Kokia kauaiensis
Eribroma oblonga
Pterospermum
menglunense
Pterospermum
yunnanense
Meliaceae
Entandrophragma
angolense
Entandrophragma
candollei
Entandrophragma
cylindricum
Entandrophragma utile
Guarea cedrata
Khaya ivorensis
Lovoa trichilioides
Swietenia macrophylla
Trichilia casaretti
Simaroubaceae
Irvingia gabonensis
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia vera
non mycorrhizal
10
11
5
6
7
8
9
10
AM
ECM
AM
AM
CR
EN
EN
V
AM
AM
AM
CR
V
CR
AM
CR
AM
V
AM
V
AM
V
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
Weak AM
V
V
V
V
V
V
AM
LR
AM
LR
mycorrhizal
33
128
total
44
139
Families
Species
IUCN
Status
1
11
12
CR
3
6
9
EN
3
30
33
V
4
81
85
LC
NM- non-mycorrhizal; AM- arbuscular mycorrhizal, ECM-ectomycorrhizal, EEMectendo-mycorrhizal; ABM-arbutoid-mycorrhizal; ERM-ericoid-mycorrhizal; CRcritically endangered, EN-endangered; V-vulnerable; LR-lower risk;
5
AMF and endangered plants
11
12
13
14
 All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and
all listed as Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are
described as 'threatened'. The threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme.
It will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Table 1).
15
For the clarity of the reader, we are listing the IUCN Red list of threatened species
16
categories (IUCN 2001):
17
18
19
20
21
22
EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A
taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at
appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to
record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life
cycle and life form.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity
or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is
presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat,
at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed
to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's
life cycle and life form.
30
31
32
33
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets
any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore
considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
34
35
36
37
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the
criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing
a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
38
39
40
41
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the
criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a
high risk of extinction in the wild.
42
43
44
45
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not
qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to
qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
46
47
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not
6
AMF and endangered plants
48
49
qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
50
Electronic supplementary material
51
52
53
Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red list of threatened species categories (IUCN 2001)
54
given in Table 1 (Electronic supplementary material)
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
7
AMF and endangered plants
Control
Fusarium oxysporum
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Glomus versiforme
Glomus versiforme+
Fusarium oxysporum
Fig 4 in colour, if possible this figure should be printed in colour, however, only if costs
are not charged to the authors
8
AMF and endangered plants
vesicle
arbuscule
100 µm
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Fig. 3a offered in colour
9