Name: ________________________________ BIOLOGY
Date: ______
Classification: ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Purpose of Classification
1. The reason is to logically organize the approximately 1.5 million species that we have on earth.
2. The classification of these species is based on their DNA component, development, reproduction, morphology
and physiology.
Carolus Linneaus - _____________________________________________________
Taxonomy _____________________________________________________________
Taxon ________________________________________________________________
Binomial Nomenclature
1. The system involves the assigning of a two-part scientific name to each species.
o
o
o
Uses______________ words
scientific names always written in ____________________
two parts are the _____________________ and ____________________
2. Why Latin??



Common names are not universal and meanings of words change over time
o Mountain lion/puma/cougar (Puma concolor)
o “Possums” in America are NOT possums in Australia (Didelphis virginiana versus Trichosurus vulpecula)
Latin is universally understood, but does not favor any language or culture
Latin is a “dead” language- it will not chang
3. Genus- ________________________________________________________________


Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related.
Genus name is always ______________________
4. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.


always _______________________
always follows genus name; never written alone
5. Both are underlined when written or in italics when typed.
Examples:
Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster. Sometimes, the first name may be
abbreviated (ex. Escherichia coli could be written as E. coli)
The Science of Classification
Hierarchical Classification



Each level includes the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
Problem with the Linnaeus taxonomy system is it doesn’t account for molecular evidence.
Linnaean system based only on ______________________________________
Name: ________________________________ BIOLOGY
Date: ______
Modern Classification is based on __________________________________________
Cladograms/ Phylogenetic Trees
1. They are diagrams showing evolutionary relationships (family tree of species)
2. They are constructed by using morphology and DNA evidence
3. Important features used for the construction are derived and ancestral characteristics
i. Derived characteristics-______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ii. Ancestral characteristics- ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Cladistics- methods to make an evolutionary tree
– classification based on ____________________________________
– species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor
Clade ________________________________________________________________
– Each species in a clade shares some traits with the __________________
– Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.
Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members
– basis of arranging species in____________________________
– more closely related species share more __________________________
– represented on cladogram as hash marks
Dichotomous Keys _____________________________________________________
The 6 Kingdoms
1866 only two kingdoms (1) Animalia - consumers
(2) Plantae – make their own food. (Photosynthetic)
1866 revised to also contain
(3) Protista – single cell organism
1938 revised again to include
Monera- (prokaryotes)
1959 – Fungi are not plants
(4) Fungi- not photosynthetic
1977 – Kingdom Monera split
(5) (Eu)bacteria
(6) Archea
Name: ________________________________ BIOLOGY
Date: ______
Domains
•
Domains are above the kingdom level.
– proposed by Carl Woese based on _____________studies of prokaryotes
– domain model more clearly shows _________________________ diversity
The 3 domains
DOMAIN
Archaea
Bacteria
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
(Eukaryote or
Prokaryote?)
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Prokaryote
CELL WALL
STRUCTURES
No cell wall
Unicellular or
Multicellular?
MODE OF
NUTRITION
unicellular
multicelluar
Autotroph/
Autotroph
heterotroph
(Autotroph or
heterotroph?)
MOVEMENT OF
ORGANISM
Animalia
none
REPRODUCTION
(Asexual or
sexual?)
Extra Information
EXAMPLES
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Name: ________________________________ BIOLOGY
Date: ______