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Bacteria and Archaea ___________________________________________________________
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Prokaryotes - Cells that do not have their ______________________________________ (All Bacteria!)
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There are two Kingdoms of unicellular prokaryotic organisms:
– ______________________________
– ______________________________ (“eu” meaning true bacteria).
Archaebacteria
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In their own domain Archaea because they are so different molecularly from true bacteria.
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They are ___________________________, unicellular and live in _______________________________________
(no oxygen, high salt, high temperatures, etc.)
– Their cells walls do not contain ____________________________________.
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Eubacteria
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In the Domain Bacteria.
– They are prokaryotic, unicellular, and live all over the world, around, in and on organisms (yes, all inside of you!)
– Their cell walls are made of _______________________________.
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Bacteria and archaea have similar structures.
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Plasma (cell) membrane- selectively permeable for material exchange
__________________- made of peptidoglycan in Eubacteria
__________________- contained in a “nucleoid region”
_____________________________- small protein extensions used to anchor themselves OR sex pili aid in exchanging DNA
________________________________- whip-like tail for movement
_________________________________- translate genetic material into proteins
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Prokaryotes can be grouped by their need for oxygen.
____________________________________________ are poisoned by oxygen
____________________________________________ need oxygen
____________________________________________ can live with or without oxygen
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Bacteria and archaea are structurally similar but have different molecular characteristics.
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Bacteria commonly come in three forms.
rod-shaped, called _________________________________
spiral, called ______________________________________
spherical, called ___________________________________
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Classification- Gram staining
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Bacteria and archaea have molecular differences.
The amount of __________________________________________ within the cell wall can differ between bacteria
____________________________ have different lipids entirely
__________________ : bacteria stains ___________________ meaning they have a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan
__________________ : bacteria stains _______________________ meaning they have a thin wall of peptidoglycan
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Bacteria can be classified by how they obtain energy and use it. They can be…
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heterotrophs (must consume food)
autotrophs (can make their own food).
• ___________________________ – make their own food starting with inorganic molecules
• ___________________________ – make their own food using light
Reproduction
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Most bacteria reproduce very quickly by a process called _______________________________, some only taking 20
minutes to divide.
They reproduce _________________________________, meaning they simply divide without combining genetic material.
Small parts of DNA can be exchanged through ___________________________. They act like little tunnels through which
DNA can be exchanged.
Bacteria have various strategies for survival.
Prokaryotes exchange genes ____________________________________________.
Bacteria may survive by forming_________________________________.
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Importance of Bacteria
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We think of bacteria as being all bad, but actually we need them greatly!
Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world.
Human uses
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We have bacteria living on all surfaces of our bodies and ones such as E. coli are essential for our digestion. We provide
them with a warm environment, and they provide us with essential vitamins that we cannot produce on our own. This too
is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship.
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Bacteria help ferment many foods.
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yogurt, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut , soy sauce, vinegar
Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems.
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recycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur
____________________________________
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Decomposers: when all organisms die, their organic matter must be returned to the soil for other organisms. Decomposers
complete the ___________________
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Any disease causing agent is called a __________________________________ it could be bacterial or viral
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Harmful Bacteria-cause disease in one of two ways:
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Breaking down our body’s cells _________________________________
__________________________________________ that travel through the body and damage our cells
A toxin is a poison released by an organism.
Lyme Disease
Cause: ______________________________________________
Symptoms: fever, fatigue, headaches, muscle aches, joint aches, Bulls-eye shaped rash
Transmission: _________________________________________________
Treatment: _____________________________________________________
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Tetanus (Lock jaw)
Cause: ____________________________________Toxins released by bacteria interfere with nervous system
Symptoms: Severe muscle spasms and possibly death
Transmission: Commonly contracted from deep puncture wound or self-piercing with contaminated materials
Treatment:
– Clean wound
– Mild: given antibodies against it, with antibiotics, and a vaccine
– Severe: same as above, muscle relaxers or even paralytic drugs to stop the spasming
Tuberculosis (TB)
Affects nearly 1/3 of the world’s population
Cause: ___________________________________________________________________
Symptoms: Fatigue, weight loss, fever, chronic cough
Tubercles form in lungs (dormant form)
Transmission: ____________________________________________________________
Treatment: long term antibiotic treatment (6-12 months)
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Gonorrhea
Cause: __________________________________________________________________
Male symptoms:
– Thick, foul-smelling discharge from penis
– Painful urination
– Testiculur and abdominal pain
Female symptoms:
– Pus-like vaginal discharge
– Pain urinating
– Bleeding after intercourse
Transmission: oral, anal, or vaginal sex
Treatment: __________________________________________________________________
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Chlamydia
One of the most common STIs on college campuses
Cause: ______________________________________________________________________________
Symptoms: Burning during urination, discharge from the penis or vagina, pain and itching
Transmission: oral, anal, or vaginal sex; mother to child during childbirth through vaginal canal
Treatment: __________________________________________________________________________
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Strep Throat
Cause: _____________________________________________ certain strains cause scarlet fever and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen glands
Transmission: respiratory droplets (coughing sneezing)
Treatment: antibiotics can cause it to go away faster
Purple  gram +
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Tooth Decay
Cause: ______________________________________________, bacteria doubles in 24 hours
Symptoms: Destruction of tooth enamel
Transmission: resident in mouth
Treatment: brush and floss daily
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Bacterial meningitis
Cause: _____________________________________________
Symptoms: high fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, fatigue
Transmission: _________________________________________________
Treatment: antibiotics, early detection is essential
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Anthrax
Used in Bioterrorism
Cause: _____________________________________________, a spore-forming bacteria
Transmission/Symptoms of varying types:
– Spread by eating undercooked meat (vomiting and diarrhea, possible death)
– ___________________________________________________ (usually fatal)
– skin contact (ulcers, rashes, not fatal)
Treatment: _____________________________________________________________
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Botulism- food poisoning
Cause: Clostridium botulinum
Symptoms: blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, paralysis
Transmission: From a wound, contaminated food
Treatment: antibiotics
FACTOID: _________________________ is a toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum
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Staphylococcus aureus
Pets can carry bacteria as well!
Staphylococcus aureus
– Gram +
– Cause: Staphylococcus aureus
– Symptoms: nausea, cramping, retching; some individuals may not show symptoms
– Transmission: eating contaminated food, contaminated air, individuals and surfaces
• PETS!
Preventing Disease
1. Good hygiene- wash hands thoroughly with soap and water (you don’t need antibacterial!!!), brush teeth and floss (bacteria in
your mouth DOUBLES in 24 hours); take care with who your drink after, checkups at the doctor
2_________________________________________ a weakened or dead form of the pathogen is given to a patient whose body will
form an immune response to it. Once that immune response happens, your body remembers it forever and if the real pathogen gets
in your body, your immune system will react quickly and kill it immediately.
3. ________________________________ if infection does occur, antibiotics can be given. They prevent growth and division of
bacteria so that our immune systems can conquer the illness more easily. Unfortunately, bacteria evolve in response to this
pressure and we have many antibiotic resistant diseases now.