Chapter 21:
Kingdom Fungi Notes
Mysterious Molds,
Mildews,
And Mushrooms
What do we already know about
Fungi?
• From our Classification unit, we should
already know many things about fungi
– Eukaryote or prokaryote?
– Unicellular or multicellular?
– Cell wall or not?
• What is it made of?
– Autotroph or heterotroph?
Characteristics of members of the
Kingdom Fungi:
1. Eukaryotic
2. most are multicellular, except yeast which are
unicellular
3. have cell walls made of chitin
Penicillium
Characteristics of members of the
Kingdom Fungi:
4. are NOT plants because
a. Plants are autotrophs and fungi are heterotrophsPlants use photosynthesis to make their own food
using chlorophyll and accessory pigments. Fungi
do not!
b. Fungi lack roots, stems and leaves.
How do you know that fungi in these
pictures are heterotrophs?
Corn smut
Moldy leaf
Bleu cheese
19.5 Diversity of Fungi
TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A
• Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of
yeasts.
– hyphae
– mycellium
– fruiting body
1.
Multicellular fungi are composed of:
Hyphae – Tiny, thin filaments that make up the body of
fungi.
Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
Cell wall
Hyphae With Cross
Walls
Hyphae Without
Cross Walls
2.
3.
Mycelium – tangled mass of hyphae. This is the “feeding”
network of a fungus.
Fruiting body- the reproductive structure that produces
the spores. This is the part you see above ground.
Label this in your notes!
Hyphae
Fruiting
body
Mycelium
Fungi Reproduction
1. In their life cycle, most fungi reproduce both
sexually and asexually.
2. They can produce spores that can spread (think
of them like fungus seeds) and grow into a new
fungus.
Bark beetle
wing pit fungi
Fungal
spores
Aspergillus fumigatus
(found on pillows)
Nidula niveotomentosa
(Bird’s nest fungus)
Penicillium
Types of Fungi
Common Name: Common Molds
Phylum: Zygomycota
Characteristics
Can grow on foods such as meat, cheese, and
bread. They appear fuzzy and can be
different colors.
19.5 Diversity of Fungi
TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A
• Bread molds are often found on spoiled food.
– form zygospores during reproduction
– mycorrhizae belong to this group
Characteristics:
Reproduce asexually by producing haploid
spores on the sporangium atop long
supportive hyphae called a
sporangiophore.
Example:
• bread mold
• black mold
• bleu cheese mold
Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2
Zygospore
(2N)
FERTILIZATION
Sporangium
Gametangia
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Spores
(N)
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Stolons
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Sporangiophore
Asexual
Reproduction
Rhizoids
Sexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid
Types of Fungi
Common Name: Sac Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Characteristics:
•
In a moist, warm, anaerobic (without oxygen) environment, yeast
will rapidly divide and perform alcoholic fermentation.
•
Saccharomyces in the presence of sugar will perform alcoholic
fermentation converting sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol.
•
This is what makes bread rise (CO2 makes the “holes” in the
bread, and the alcohol evaporates) and alcoholic beverages
alcoholic (alcohol stays there and CO2 make beverages bubble)
More Sac Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Example:
• yeast
• cup fungus
Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2
Fruiting body (N + N)
Hyphae
(N + N)
Ascus
(N + N)
Diploid
Zygote (2N)
Haploid
Hyphae (N)
Gametangia
Asci
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
+ Mating type (N)
Sexual Reproduction
- Mating type (N)
Ascus
Conidia (N)
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Hypha (N)
Asexual Reproduction
8 Ascospores
(N)
More Sac Fungi
Common Name: Sac Fungi
Example: morels, truffles
Morels
Yeast
Truffles
Types of Fungi
Common Name: Club Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Characteristics:
The fruiting body resembles a club, that has
basidia (spore-bearing part) on the underside
of the club part.
Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
Section 21-2
Fruiting body (N + N)
Gills lined
with basidia
Cap
Button
Gills
Stalk
Base
Basidia
(N + N)
Secondary
mycelium (N + N)
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Primary mycelium (N)
Zygote (2N)
- Mating type (N)
Haploid
+ Mating type (N)
MEIOSIS
Diploid
Basidiospores (N)
More on Club Fungi
Club FungiThese are the ones we eat, but most are
poisonous.
Never pick and eat a wild mushroom,
they can kill you!!!
Examples: Mushrooms, puffballs
Poisonous
Medicinal
Types of Fungi
Common Name: Imperfect Fungi
Phylum: Deuteromycota
Characteristics:
They do not appear to go through a sexual
reproductive stage.
*Includes all the fungi that scientists cannot
place into the other phyla because they have
never observed a sexual phase in the life cycle.
More on Imperfect Fungi
Common Name:
Imperfect Fungi
Example: Penicillium is
a mold that grows on
fruit- it is the source of
penicillin (an antibiotic).
Diverse Roles of Fungi
• Fungi are not all gross (like we
sometimes assume)
• What do we already know about fungi
and their niche (role in the ecosystem)
– What are some good fungi?
– What are some bad fungi?
Diverse roles of fungi
1. Pathogens
a. Plant pathogens: smut and rusts
Corn smut
Rust fungi
Melamspora
Diverse roles of
fungi
1. Pathogens
b. Animal pathogens:
i. Some species can
kill insects and use
their body as food
(see page 539)
Planet Earth time:27:00
Diverse roles of fungi
1. Pathogens
b. Animal pathogens:
ii. Fungi known as dermatophytes cause
athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm
**The fungus forms a mycelium within
the outer layers of the skin.
Athlete’s Foot
Ringworm
Diverse roles of fungi
1. Pathogens
b. Animal pathogens:
iii. The fungus Candida albicans causes
thrush (mouth infection), diaper rash,
and yeast infections in the female
reproductive tract.
Thrush
Diverse roles of fungi
2. Decomposer: breaking down dead
material & returning the organic
material to the soil.
Diverse roles of fungi
3. Food Source: mushrooms, bleu
cheese, production of soy sauce
Edible mushrooms
Soy sauce
Diverse roles of fungi
4. Some Poisonous: can cause destruction of
cells and organ failure, neurological
symptoms, and gastrointestinal irritation
“Angel of Death”
Amanita Muscaria
Diverse roles of fungi
5. Medicinal purposes
a. Penicillin: toxin produced by the mold
Penicillium notatum kills some bacteria
by interfering with their ability to
synthesize the cell wall.
Penicillium produces a substance that is toxic to
some bacteria- discovered by Alexander Fleming in
1928.
penicillin
bacteria
Diverse roles of fungi
5. Medicinal purposes
b. Cyclosporine: an immunosuppressant drug
widely used in organ transplant patients to
reduce the activity of the patient's immune
system to decrease the risk of organ rejection.
Tolypocladium inflatum
Cyclosporine
Diverse roles of fungi
6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships
a. Lichens: Lichens are not a single organism,
but rather a combination of two organisms,
an alga and a fungus.
i. The alga provides energy by
photosynthesis and the fungus provides
water and minerals to the algae.
Lichen: fungus & alga
Diverse roles of fungi
6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships
b. Mycorrhizae are plant roots entangled with
fungal hyphae. The fungus releases
nutrients from the soil and aids in the
absorption of water by the plant roots, and
the plant provides energy by photosynthesis
to the fungus.
Mycorrhizae: Plant Root & Fungus
Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom!
Let’s see if we can identify the type…
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Ascomycota
Deuteromycota
Microscopy Photographs