Chapter 21: Kingdom Fungi Notes Mysterious Molds, Mildews, And Mushrooms What do we already know about Fungi? • From our Classification unit, we should already know many things about fungi – Eukaryote or prokaryote? – Unicellular or multicellular? – Cell wall or not? • What is it made of? – Autotroph or heterotroph? Characteristics of members of the Kingdom Fungi: 1. Eukaryotic 2. most are multicellular, except yeast which are unicellular 3. have cell walls made of chitin Penicillium Characteristics of members of the Kingdom Fungi: 4. are NOT plants because a. Plants are autotrophs and fungi are heterotrophsPlants use photosynthesis to make their own food using chlorophyll and accessory pigments. Fungi do not! b. Fungi lack roots, stems and leaves. How do you know that fungi in these pictures are heterotrophs? Corn smut Moldy leaf Bleu cheese 19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A • Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts. – hyphae – mycellium – fruiting body 1. Multicellular fungi are composed of: Hyphae – Tiny, thin filaments that make up the body of fungi. Nuclei Cell wall Cytoplasm Cross wall Cytoplasm Nuclei Cell wall Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Without Cross Walls 2. 3. Mycelium – tangled mass of hyphae. This is the “feeding” network of a fungus. Fruiting body- the reproductive structure that produces the spores. This is the part you see above ground. Label this in your notes! Hyphae Fruiting body Mycelium Fungi Reproduction 1. In their life cycle, most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. 2. They can produce spores that can spread (think of them like fungus seeds) and grow into a new fungus. Bark beetle wing pit fungi Fungal spores Aspergillus fumigatus (found on pillows) Nidula niveotomentosa (Bird’s nest fungus) Penicillium Types of Fungi Common Name: Common Molds Phylum: Zygomycota Characteristics Can grow on foods such as meat, cheese, and bread. They appear fuzzy and can be different colors. 19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A • Bread molds are often found on spoiled food. – form zygospores during reproduction – mycorrhizae belong to this group Characteristics: Reproduce asexually by producing haploid spores on the sporangium atop long supportive hyphae called a sporangiophore. Example: • bread mold • black mold • bleu cheese mold Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus Section 21-2 Zygospore (2N) FERTILIZATION Sporangium Gametangia MEIOSIS Sporangium Spores (N) Zygospore (2N) Spores (N) Stolons + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) Sporangiophore Asexual Reproduction Rhizoids Sexual Reproduction Diploid Haploid Types of Fungi Common Name: Sac Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Characteristics: • In a moist, warm, anaerobic (without oxygen) environment, yeast will rapidly divide and perform alcoholic fermentation. • Saccharomyces in the presence of sugar will perform alcoholic fermentation converting sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol. • This is what makes bread rise (CO2 makes the “holes” in the bread, and the alcohol evaporates) and alcoholic beverages alcoholic (alcohol stays there and CO2 make beverages bubble) More Sac Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Example: • yeast • cup fungus Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Section 21-2 Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Ascus (N + N) Diploid Zygote (2N) Haploid Hyphae (N) Gametangia Asci FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE MEIOSIS + Mating type (N) Sexual Reproduction - Mating type (N) Ascus Conidia (N) Hypha (N) Conidiophore Hypha (N) Asexual Reproduction 8 Ascospores (N) More Sac Fungi Common Name: Sac Fungi Example: morels, truffles Morels Yeast Truffles Types of Fungi Common Name: Club Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Characteristics: The fruiting body resembles a club, that has basidia (spore-bearing part) on the underside of the club part. Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete Section 21-2 Fruiting body (N + N) Gills lined with basidia Cap Button Gills Stalk Base Basidia (N + N) Secondary mycelium (N + N) FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE Primary mycelium (N) Zygote (2N) - Mating type (N) Haploid + Mating type (N) MEIOSIS Diploid Basidiospores (N) More on Club Fungi Club FungiThese are the ones we eat, but most are poisonous. Never pick and eat a wild mushroom, they can kill you!!! Examples: Mushrooms, puffballs Poisonous Medicinal Types of Fungi Common Name: Imperfect Fungi Phylum: Deuteromycota Characteristics: They do not appear to go through a sexual reproductive stage. *Includes all the fungi that scientists cannot place into the other phyla because they have never observed a sexual phase in the life cycle. More on Imperfect Fungi Common Name: Imperfect Fungi Example: Penicillium is a mold that grows on fruit- it is the source of penicillin (an antibiotic). Diverse Roles of Fungi • Fungi are not all gross (like we sometimes assume) • What do we already know about fungi and their niche (role in the ecosystem) – What are some good fungi? – What are some bad fungi? Diverse roles of fungi 1. Pathogens a. Plant pathogens: smut and rusts Corn smut Rust fungi Melamspora Diverse roles of fungi 1. Pathogens b. Animal pathogens: i. Some species can kill insects and use their body as food (see page 539) Planet Earth time:27:00 Diverse roles of fungi 1. Pathogens b. Animal pathogens: ii. Fungi known as dermatophytes cause athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm **The fungus forms a mycelium within the outer layers of the skin. Athlete’s Foot Ringworm Diverse roles of fungi 1. Pathogens b. Animal pathogens: iii. The fungus Candida albicans causes thrush (mouth infection), diaper rash, and yeast infections in the female reproductive tract. Thrush Diverse roles of fungi 2. Decomposer: breaking down dead material & returning the organic material to the soil. Diverse roles of fungi 3. Food Source: mushrooms, bleu cheese, production of soy sauce Edible mushrooms Soy sauce Diverse roles of fungi 4. Some Poisonous: can cause destruction of cells and organ failure, neurological symptoms, and gastrointestinal irritation “Angel of Death” Amanita Muscaria Diverse roles of fungi 5. Medicinal purposes a. Penicillin: toxin produced by the mold Penicillium notatum kills some bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize the cell wall. Penicillium produces a substance that is toxic to some bacteria- discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. penicillin bacteria Diverse roles of fungi 5. Medicinal purposes b. Cyclosporine: an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ transplant patients to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system to decrease the risk of organ rejection. Tolypocladium inflatum Cyclosporine Diverse roles of fungi 6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships a. Lichens: Lichens are not a single organism, but rather a combination of two organisms, an alga and a fungus. i. The alga provides energy by photosynthesis and the fungus provides water and minerals to the algae. Lichen: fungus & alga Diverse roles of fungi 6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships b. Mycorrhizae are plant roots entangled with fungal hyphae. The fungus releases nutrients from the soil and aids in the absorption of water by the plant roots, and the plant provides energy by photosynthesis to the fungus. Mycorrhizae: Plant Root & Fungus Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom! Let’s see if we can identify the type… Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Ascomycota Deuteromycota Microscopy Photographs