1
Week 6
October 3
• SQL: Joins, Set Operations, Aggregation Functions,
Subqueries ANY/ALL and EXIST/NOT EXIST,
Table Insert, Delete and Drop
• Oracle: Format Models,
Substring, Truncation and Modulus Functions
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Using DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT(manfuacturer_code)
FROM products
Result: The non-duplicated manufacturer_codes will be
retrieved.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
2
select distinct(manufacturer_code) from products;
MAN
--AIW
BOS
CRV
DA
GMI
HVC
JBL
JVC
MIT
PAN
PIN
PIO
SAM
SHE
SON
TEA
TEC
THN
YAM
19 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
3
Equi-Join
4
R
R.aj  S.bj S
• A resulting relation that contains tuples satisfying the
predicate of equality between two attributes of the same
domain from the Cartesian product of R and S
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Equi-Join
SQL>
2
3
4
5
select product_code, p.manufacturer_code,
m.manufacturer_code
Aliases
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO
---------RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
MAN
--INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
MAN
--INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
Products
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
6 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Manufacturers
INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
ADV Advent
BOS Bose
INF Infinity
Outer Joins in Oracle
• An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join condition
and those rows from one table for which no rows from the
other satisfy the join condition.
– Such rows are not returned by a simple join.
– To perform an outer join of tables A and B and return
all rows from A, apply the outer join operator (+) to all
columns of B in the join condition.
– For all rows in A that have no matching rows in B, a
NULL is returned for any select list expressions
containing columns of B.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
6
Left Outer Join
7
• All rows on the left table (i.e., products) are kept
SQL>
2
3
4
select product_code, product_description,
p.manufacturer_code, m.manufacturer_code
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code(+);
PRODUCT_CO
---------100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
6 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
MAN
--BOS
BOS
BOS
INF
INF
INF
MAN
--BOS
BOS
BOS
INF
INF
INF
Right Outer Join
8
• All rows on the right table (i.e., manufacturers) are kept
SQL>
2
3
4
select product_code, product_description,
p.manufacturer_code, m.manufacturer_code
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code(+) = m.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
MAN MAN
---------- ----------------------------------- --- --ADV
100
Compact Speakers
BOS BOS
201-IV
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
BOS BOS
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker
BOS BOS
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF INF
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF INF
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF INF
7 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento

Cartesian Product
9
SQL> select * from products, manufacturers;
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
18 rows
selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D.
• MIS • California State University, Sacramento
INF
188 PR ADV Advent
INF
205 PR ADV Advent
INF
164 EA ADV Advent
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
BOS 116.96 EA ADV Advent
INF
188 PR INF Infinity
INF
205 PR INF Infinity
INF
164 EA INF Infinity
BOS
205 PR INF Infinity
BOS
205 PR INF Infinity
BOS 116.96 EA INF Infinity
INF
188 PR BOS Bose
INF
205 PR BOS Bose
INF
164 EA BOS Bose
BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
BOS 116.96 EA BOS Bose
Cartesian Product
10
SQL> select * from products, manufacturers;
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF
188 PR ADV Advent
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF
205 PR ADV Advent
I

J
rows
(tuples)
,
N
+
M
columns
(attributes)
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA ADV Advent
100
Compact Speakers
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
201-IV Products
Direct/Reflecting Speakers BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
VS-100 RS1B Center 2-way
Channel
Mini Speaker
BOS 116.96
Bookshelf
Speakers
INF EA ADV
188 Advent
PR
RS1B SM1652-way Bookshelf
Speakers
INF
188
Bookshelf-sized
Speakers
INF PR INF
205 Infinity
PR
SM165 CC1M Bookshelf-sized
Speakers
INF
205
PR
INF
Infinity
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA
CC1M 100 Center Compact
Channel Speakers
Speaker
INF
164
EA
INF
BOS
205 Infinity
PR
100
Compact
Speakers
BOS
205
PR
INF
Infinity
201-IV
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
BOS
205 PR
201-IV VS-100
Direct/Reflecting
Speakers
BOS
205
PR
INF
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 Infinity
EA
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 EA INF Infinity
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF
188 PR BOS Bose
Manufacturers
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF
205 PR BOS Bose
ADV
Advent
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA BOS Bose
INF Infinity
3 x 6 = 18
100
Compact Speakers
BOS
205rows
PR BOS Bose
201-IV BOS Bose
Direct/Reflecting Speakers BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 EA BOS Bose
R. Ching, Ph.D.
• MIS • California State University, Sacramento
18 rows
selected.
Union, Intersection, Set Difference
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) { | |-}attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SELECT colunn-name1, ..., column-namen
FROM table1
{UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS}
SELECT column-name1, ..., column-namen
FROM table2
Columns must correspond to one another
R RS
S
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
11
Example Tables
12
TEAC_200_products;
W-410C
W-525R
V-370
V-390CHX
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
Double Cassette Deck
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Remote CD Player
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
89.96
170.96
63.86
89.96
62.96
116.96
152.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
TEA
TEA
TEA
170.96 EA
224.96 EA
152.96 EA
7 Rows
TEAC_150_250_products
W-525R
W-585R
PD-C400
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Double Cassette Deck
Remote CD Player
3 Rows
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Union
13
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 union
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
W-525R
W-585R
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Remote CD Player
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Double Cassette Deck
8 rows selected.
No duplicates
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
62.96
116.96
152.96
63.86
89.96
89.96
170.96
224.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Intersection
14
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 intersect
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
PD-C400
W-525R
Remote CD Player
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
TEA
TEA
Common between the two tables
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
152.96 EA
170.96 EA
Set Difference
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
• Performed on two union compatible tables (i.e., same
columns)
• Displays the rows unique to one of the two tables (i.e.,
found in one but not the other)
– The order of the tables matters!
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
15
Set Difference
16
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 minus
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
EQA-3
PD-555
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
62.96
116.96
63.86
89.96
89.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Why?
SQL> select * from teac_150_250_products
2 minus
3 select * from teac_200_products;
W-585R
Double Cassette Deck
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEA
224.96 EA
Set Difference
17
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
TEAC_200_products;
2 minus
W-410C
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
W-525R
V-370
EQA-3
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
TEA
62.96 EA
7 Rows
V-390CHX116.96
PD-555
CD Player
TEA
EA
EQA-3
V-370
Cassette Deck
TEA
63.86 EA
PD-555 89.96 EA
V-390CHX
Cassette Deck
TEA
Duplicates
PD-C400 89.96
W-410C
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
EA
These rows are unique to
TEAC_200_products
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEAC_150_250_products
W-525R
W-585R
PD-C400
3 Rows
Set Difference
18
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_150_250_productsTEAC_150_250_products
2 minus
W-525R
3 select * from teac_200_products;
W-585R
3 Rows
PD-C400
W-585R
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
224.96 EA
TEAC_200_products;
This rows is unique to
TEAC_150_250_products
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
W-410C
W-525R
V-370
V-390CHX
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
Duplicates
7 Rows
Calculation and Format Models (Masks)
19
Concatenation
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
select product_code,
Alias
manufacturer_name || ' - ' || product_description
as "Description",
number_on_hand as "Stock on Hand",
to_char(product_retail_price,'$9,990.00') as "Selling Price",
to_char(number_on_hand * product_retail_price,'$9,990.00')
as "Inventory Value"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
and product_retail_price < 100;
Format
model
Converts numeric or date data type to character
(required for a format mask)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Calculation and Format Models (Masks)
(Results)
PRODUCT_CO
---------XL-BD10
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
SH-8017
SL-BD20
EQA-3
CD-1000C
20
Description
Stock on Hand Selling Pr Inventory
--------------------------------------------- ------------Gemini - Semi-Auto Belt-Dr Turntable
1 $80.96
$80.96
Teac - Cassette Deck
1 $63.86
$63.86
Teac - Cassette Deck
1 $89.96
$89.96
Teac - Double Cassette Deck
1 $89.96
$89.96
Technics - Graphic Equalizer
1 $62.96
$62.96
Technics - Belt-Drive Semi-Auto Turntabl 1 $89.96
$89.96
Teac - Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
1 $62.96
$62.96
Sherwood - Compact Disc Changer
1 $89.96
$89.96
8 rows selected.
(Edited to fit the slide)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Applicable Columns
21
SQL> describe products;
Name
Null?
--------------------------------------- -------PRODUCT_CODE
NOT NULL
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST
PRODUCT_MSRP
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
RETAIL_UNIT
MANUFACTURER_CODE
ACTIVE_DATE
NUMBER_ON_HAND
NUMBER_ON_ORDER
NUMBER_COMMITTED
INACTIVE_DATE
Type
------------VARCHAR2(10)
VARCHAR2(35)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
CHAR(2)
CHAR(3)
DATE
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
DATE
SQL> describe manufacturers;
Name
--------------------------------------MANUFACTURER_CODE
MANUFACTURER_NAME
Type
------------CHAR(3)
VARCHAR2(30)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Null?
-------NOT NULL
NOT NULL
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
select manufacturer_name, sum(number_on_hand),
max(product_retail_price),min(product_retail_price),
avg(product_retail_price),count(product_code)
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
22
MANUFACTURER_NAME
SUM(NUMBER_ON_HAND) MAX(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE)
-------------------- ------------------- ------------------------MIN(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) AVG(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) COUNT(PRODUCT_CODE)
------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------JVC
30
1266
116.96
417.31867
30
Polk
26
135
Sony
1614
427.07692
68
116.96
Technics
2474
561.34426
32
62.96
26
68
629.96
200.97625
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
32
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
select manufacturer_name manufacturer,
to_char(sum(number_on_hand),'9,990')"Total on Hand",
to_char(max(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Max Price",
23
to_char(min(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Min Price",
to_char(avg(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00')
"Average Price",
to_char(count(product_code),'9,990') "Total Products"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
MANUFACTURER
Total Max Price Min Price Average Pr Total
----------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- -----JVC
30 $1,266.00
$116.96
$417.32
30
Polk
26 $1,614.00
$135.00
$427.08
26
Sony
68 $2,474.00
$116.96
$561.34
68
Technics
32
$629.96
$62.96
$200.98
32
Output edited to fit slide
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Et cetera: Changing Column Titles
Using a Column Alias
SQL>
2
3
4
5
24
select po_number as "PO",
to_char(po_date,'fmMonth dd, yyyy') as "PO Date",
to_char(total_amount,'999,990.00') as "Total Amount"
from purchase_orders
where po_date > (sysdate - 45);
PO
----10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
PO Date
Total Amoun
------------------ ----------September 11, 1999
36,189.05
September 18, 1999
5,394.40
September 25, 1999
15,313.65
October 2, 1999
25,470.15
October 9, 1999
1,949.70
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Substring, Truncation, Modulus:
SUBSTR, TRUN, MOD
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
25
select product_code,
substr(manufacturer_name||' - '||product_description,
1,35) as "Product",
substr(to_char(active_date,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
as "Active Date",
substr(to_char(sysdate,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
as "Current Date",
trunc((sysdate-active_date)/365.25,0) as "Years",
trunc(mod(sysdate-active_date,365.25)/30,0)
as "Months"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code=m.manufacturer_code
and lower(product_description) like '%cd%';
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Substring, Truncation, Modulus:
SUBSTR, TRUN, MOD
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
26
select product_code,
substr(manufacturer_name||' - '||product_description,
1,35) as "Product",
substr(to_char(active_date,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
as "Active Date",
substr(to_char(sysdate,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
as "Current Date",
SUBSTR (substring): Selects a portionas "Years",
trunc((sysdate-active_date)/365.25,0)
trunc(mod(sysdate-active_date,365.25)/30,0)
of the string as specified by the
as
"Months"
beginning
position and length arguments
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code=m.manufacturer_code
SUBSTR(string,begin-position
,length
)
and lower(product_description)
like
'%cd%';
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Substring, Truncation, Modulus:
SUBSTR, TRUN, MOD
27
SQL> select product_code,
2 substr(manufacturer_name||' - '||product_description,
3
1,35) as "Product",
4 substr(to_char(active_date,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
5
as "Active Date",
6 substr(to_char(sysdate,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
7
as "Current Date",
8 trunc((sysdate-active_date)/365.25,0) as "Years",
9 trunc(mod(sysdate-active_date,365.25)/30,0)
10
as "Months"
11 from products p, manufacturers m
Prevents rounding in arithmetic operations.
12TRUNC
where (truncate):
p.manufacturer_code=m.manufacturer_code
13 and lower(product_description) like '%cd%';
TRUNC(arithmetic-operation,decimal-places)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Substring, Truncation, Modulus:
SUBSTR, TRUN, MOD
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
28
select
MODproduct_code,
(modulus): Retains the remainder in division.
substr(manufacturer_name||' - '||product_description,
1,35) as "Product",
MOD(numerator,denominator)yyyy'),1,12)
substr(to_char(active_date,'fmMonth
as "Active Date",
substr(to_char(sysdate,'fmMonth yyyy'),1,12)
as "Current Date",
trunc((sysdate-active_date)/365.25,0) as "Years",
trunc(mod(sysdate-active_date,365.25)/30,0)
as "Months"
from products p, manufacturers m
Part of TRUNC argument
where p.manufacturer_code=m.manufacturer_code
and lower(product_description) like '%cd%';
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
PRODUCT_CO
---------DVD-A110
DV-505
XV-1000BK
DVL-909
DVP-S7000
DVP-S3000
DVP-S500D
SC-TC430
CCS-350
CCS-450
CCS-550
CDP-C225
CDP-C325
CDP-C425
CDP-C525
PD-F907
PD-F957
CDC-502
CDC-902
XL-F154
XL-F254
XL-MC222
XL-MC334
CD-223M
CD-224M
SL-PD788
SL-PD888
SL-PD988
.
.
.
Product
----------------------------------Panasonic - DVD/CD Player
Pioneer - DVD/CD Player
JVC - DVD/CD Player
Pioneer - DVD/CD/Laserdisc Player
Sony - DVD/CD Player
Sony - DVD/CD Player
Sony - DVD/CD Player
Panasonic - Compact System w/CD Cha
Pioneer - Compact System w/CD Playe
Pioneer - Compact System w/CD Playe
Pioneer - 75-watt System w/CD Chang
Sony - Disc Jockey CD Changer
Sony - Disc Jockey CD Changer
Sony - Disc Jockey CD Changer
Sony - Disc Jockey CD Changer
Pioneer - 100+1 Disc CD Changer
Pioneer - 100+1 Disc CD Changer
Yamaha - 5-Disc Carousel CD Changer
Yamaha - 5-Disc Carousel CD Changer
JVC - 5-Disc CD Changer
JVC - 5-Disc CD Changer
JVC - 200-Disc CD Changer
JVC - 200-Disc CD Changer
Kenwood - 200-Disc CD Changer
Kenwood - 200-Disc CD Changer
Technics - 5-Disc CD Changer
Technics - 5-Disc CD Changer
Technics - 5-Disc CD Changer
Active Date
-----------May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
August 1996
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
Current Date
Years
Months
------------ --------- --------March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
4
6
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
March 2001
2
10
PD-F407
PD-F507
PD-F607
Pioneer - 25-Disc CD Changer
Pioneer - 25-Disc CD Changer
Pioneer - 25-Disc CD Changer
May 1998
May 1998
May 1998
March 2001
March 2001
March 2001
48 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
2
2
2
10
10
10
29
Applicable Columns
30
SQL> describe products;
Name
Null?
--------------------------------------- -------PRODUCT_CODE
NOT NULL
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST
PRODUCT_MSRP
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
RETAIL_UNIT
MANUFACTURER_CODE
ACTIVE_DATE
NUMBER_ON_HAND
NUMBER_ON_ORDER
NUMBER_COMMITTED
INACTIVE_DATE
Type
------------VARCHAR2(10)
VARCHAR2(35)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
CHAR(2)
CHAR(3)
DATE
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
DATE
SQL> describe manufacturers;
Name
--------------------------------------MANUFACTURER_CODE
MANUFACTURER_NAME
Type
------------CHAR(3)
VARCHAR2(30)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Null?
-------NOT NULL
NOT NULL
Aggregation Functions
•
•
•
•
•
Summation (SUM)
Count (COUNT)
Average value (AVG)
Maximum value (MAX)
Minimum value (MIN)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
31
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
select manufacturer_name, sum(number_on_hand),
max(product_retail_price),min(product_retail_price),
avg(product_retail_price),count(product_code)
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
32
MANUFACTURER_NAME
SUM(NUMBER_ON_HAND) MAX(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE)
-------------------- ------------------- ------------------------MIN(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) AVG(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) COUNT(PRODUCT_CODE)
------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------JVC
30
1266
116.96
417.31867
30
Polk
26
135
Sony
1614
427.07692
68
116.96
Technics
2474
561.34426
32
62.96
26
68
629.96
200.97625
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
32
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
select manufacturer_name manufacturer,
to_char(sum(number_on_hand),'9,990')"Total on Hand",
to_char(max(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Max Price",
33
to_char(min(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Min Price",
to_char(avg(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00')
"Average Price",
to_char(count(product_code),'9,990') "Total Products"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
MANUFACTURER
Total Max Price Min Price Average Pr Total
----------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- -----JVC
30 $1,266.00
$116.96
$417.32
30
Polk
26 $1,614.00
$135.00
$427.08
26
Sony
68 $2,474.00
$116.96
$561.34
68
Technics
32
$629.96
$62.96
$200.98
32
Output edited to fit slide
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Subquery
• Embeds a complete SELECT statement (inner query)
within another SELECT statement (outer query)
• Subquery types:
– Scalar - returns a single column and row (i.e., single
value)
– Row - returns multiple columns, but a single row
– Table - returns one or more columns and multiple rows
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
34
Scalar Subquery
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
select product_code, product_description
from products
where manufacturer_code =
(select manufacturer_code
Returns only one
from manufacturers
value (i.e., one
where manufacturer_name = 'Bose');
manufacturer_code)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
35
As Single Queries
SQL> select manufacturer_code
2 from manufacturers
3 where manufacturer_name = 'Bose';
MAN
--BOS
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
36
SQL> select product_code, product_description
2 from products
3 where manufacturer_code = 'BOS';
37
PRODUCT_CO
---------VS-100
301-III
901Classic
AM3
AM5
AM7
AM5II
AM6
AM10
LS5
LS12
LS25
100
201-IV
301-IV
501-V
701
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Center Channel Mini Speaker
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speaker System
Acoustimass Speaker System
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
Accoustimass-5 Series II Speakers
Accoustimass-6 Speaker System
Accoustimass-10 Speaker System
Lifestyle 5 II Speaker System
Lifestyle 12 Compact Speaker System
Lifestyle 25 Home Theater Speakers
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Floor Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Tower Speakers
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL>
Outer 2
query 3
4
Inner 5
query 6
select product_code, product_description
from products
where manufacturer_code =
(select manufacturer_code
from manufacturers
where manufacturer_name = 'Bose');
PRODUCT_CO
---------VS-100
301-III
901Classic
AM3
AM5
AM7
AM5II
AM6
AM10
LS5
LS12
LS25
100
201-IV
301-IV
501-V
701
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Center Channel Mini Speaker
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speaker System
Acoustimass Speaker System
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
Accoustimass-5 Series II Speakers
Accoustimass-6 Speaker System
Accoustimass-10 Speaker System
Lifestyle 5 II Speaker System
Lifestyle 12 Compact Speaker System
Lifestyle 25 Home Theater Speakers
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Floor Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Tower Speakers
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Results of
the inner
query are
38
‘fed’ to the
outer query
All Bose
products
Non-scalar Subquery
SQL> select product_code, product_description
2 from products
3 where manufacturer_code =
4 (select manufacturer_code
5 from manufacturers
6 where manufacturer_name in ('Bose','JBL','Advent'));
(select manufacturer_code
*
Returns more than one value
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
39
Table Subqueries
• EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
– EXISTS - at least east one row exists in the subset
returned by the subquery
– NOT EXISTS - all rows that do not exist in the subset
returned by the subquery
• ANY/SOME and ALL
– ANY - any value produced by the subquery (i.e., one or
more rows) can be satisfied
– ALL - all values of the subquery must be satisfied
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
40
NOT EXISTS versus EXISTS
41
NOT EXISTS
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p
where not exists
(select * from manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
and manufacturer_code > 'C')
order by p.manufacturer_code;
EXISTS
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p where EXISTS
(select * from manufacturers m
where manufacturer_name like 'C%' and
p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code)
order by p.manufacturer_code, product_code;
Note. These queries can also be accomplished without the subquery.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p
where not exists
(select * from manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
Table 42
and manufacturer_code > 'C')
Subquery
order by p.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO
---------XK-S9000
NSX-D2
310HOB
310HOM
310HOC
266HOB
266HOM
266HOC
•••
LS12
LS25
DISC
S/H
CA TAX
Creates MAN
a subset of rows
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------for all manufacturers
with
Cassette Deck
AIW
code greater
Mini Component System
AIW than “C”
High-output Tower Speakers, Black
AR
High-output Tower Speakers, Maple
AR
High-output Tower Speakers, Cherry AR
2-way Tower Speakers, Black
AR
2-way Tower Speakers, Maple
AR
2-way Tower Speakers, Cherry
AR
Lifestyle 12 Compact Speaker System
Lifestyle 25 Home Theater Speakers
Discount
Shipping and Handling
California Sales Tax
BOS
BOS
DIS
S/H
TAX
Not found in
Manufacturers
44 rows selected.
Note. This query can also be accomplished without the subquery.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p
where not exists
(select * from manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
Table 43
and manufacturer_code > 'C')
Subquery
order by p.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
MAN
---------- ----------------------------------- --XK-S9000
Cassette Deck
AIW
NSX-D2
Mini Component System
AIW
310HOB
High-output Tower Speakers, Black
AR
Exists Set
Not
Exists
Set
310HOM
High-output Tower Speakers, Maple
AR
310HOC
High-output Tower Speakers, Cherry AR
266HOB
2-way Tower Speakers, Black
AR
266HOM
2-way Tower Speakers, Maple
AR
All AR
266HOC
2-way Tower Speakers, Cherry
All rows are drawn from
manufacturer
•••
LS12
Lifestyle
names BOS
> ‘C’
the not
exists set12 Compact Speaker System
LS25
Lifestyle 25 Home Theater Speakers BOS
DISC
Discount
DIS
Not found in
S/H
Shipping and Handling
S/H
Manufacturers
All manufacturer TAX
names <=
‘C’
CA TAX
California Sales Tax
44 rows selected.
Note. This query can also be accomplished without the subquery.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
44
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p where EXISTS
(select * from manufacturers m
where manufacturer_name like 'C%' and
p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code)
order by p.manufacturer_code, product_code;
PRODUCT_CO
---------AT-10
AT-15
SW-12B
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Loudspeakers
Three-way Speaker
Subwoofer Speaker System
MAN
--CRV
CRV
CRV
Note. This query can also be accomplished without the subquery.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
select product_code, product_description, manufacturer_code
from products p where EXISTS
45
(select * from manufacturers m
where manufacturer_name like 'C%' and
p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code)
order by p.manufacturer_code, product_code;
PRODUCT_CO
---------AT-10
AT-15
SW-12B
All
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION Not Exists Set MANExists
----------------------------------- --Loudspeakers
CRV
Three-way Speaker
CRV
Subwoofer Speaker System
CRV
All
rows are drawn from
manufacturer
names like ‘C’
the not exists set
Set
All manufacturer names not like ‘C’
Note. This query can also be accomplished without the subquery.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
select product_code, product_description
from products p
where exists
(select manufacturer_code
from manufacturers m
where manufacturer_name in ('Bose', 'JBL', 'Advent')
and p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code);
PRODUCT_CO
---------VS-100
PROIIIPLUS
301-III
3800
4312
901Classic
AM3
AM5
AM7
AM5II
•••
301-IV
501-V
701
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Center Channel Mini Speaker
Pro III Plus Mini Speaker System
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Three-way Speaker System
Studio Monitors
Direct/Reflecting Speaker System
Acoustimass Speaker System
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
Accoustimass-5 Series II Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Floor Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Tower Speakers
20 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
From
scalar
46
example
Exists Set
Bose, JBL,
Advent
Not Exists Set
ANY vs. ALL Example
47
Set of all products whose manufacturer_code = ‘PAN’
SQL> select product_code, product_description,
2 product_retail_price
3 from products where manufacturer_code = 'PAN';
PRODUCT_CO
---------CT-27G33
CT-32G23
CT-32G33
CT-32S35
DVD-A110
PV-2201
PV-4210
PV-4250
SC-T095
SC-TC430
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
-------------------------------- -------------------27" 2-Tuner PIP TV
467
32" 1-Tuner PIP TV
637
32" 2-Tuner PIP TV
722
32" Super-flat Tube TV
934
DVD/CD Player
382
HQ VHS Video Cassette Recorder
206.96
4-Head VHS Video Cass Recorder
269.96
HiFi VHS Video Cass Recorder
314.96
Compact Stereo System
125.96
Compact System w/CD Changer
386.96
10 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
ANY vs. ALL Example
48
Set of all entities (rows) whose manufacturer_code = ‘TEA’
SQL> select product_code, product_description,
2 product_retail_price
3 from products where manufacturer_code = 'TEA';
PRODUCT_CO
---------W-410C
W-525R
W-585R
V-370
V-390CHX
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
-------------------------------- -------------------Double Cassette Deck
89.96
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
170.96
Double Cassette Deck
224.96
Cassette Deck
63.86
Cassette Deck
89.96
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
62.96
CD Player
116.96
Remote CD Player
152.96
8 rows selected.
Highest and lowest prices
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
ALL
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
49
select product_code, product_retail_price
from products
where manufacturer_code = 'PAN' and
product_retail_price > ALL
(select product_retail_price from products
where manufacturer_code = 'TEA');
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
---------- -------------------CT-27G33
467
CT-32G23
637
CT-32G33
722
CT-32S35
934
DVD-A110
382
PV-4210
269.96
PV-4250
314.96
SC-TC430
386.96
8 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Returned set of ‘PAN’ products
with product_retail_price > ALL
‘TEA’ product_product _price
(i.e., all ‘PAN’ prices exceed
every ‘TEA’ price or the highest
‘TEA’price)
ANY
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
50
select product_code, product_retail_price
from products
where manufacturer_code = 'PAN' and
product_retail_price > ANY
(select product_retail_price from products
where manufacturer_code = 'TEA');
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
---------- -------------------CT-27G33
467
CT-32G23
637
CT-32G33
722
CT-32S35
934
DVD-A110
382
PV-2201
206.96
PV-4210
269.96
PV-4250
314.96
SC-T095
125.96
SC-TC430
386.96
10 R.rows
selected.
Ching, Ph.D.
• MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Returned set of ‘PAN’ products
with product_retail_price > ANY
‘TEA’ product_product _price
(i.e., any ‘PAN’ prices that
exceeds a ‘TEA’ price or the
lowest ‘TEA’ price)
IN
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
51
select product_code "Code",
product_description "Product Description",
to_char(product_retail_price,'$9,999.00') "Price"
from products p
where p.manufacturer_code IN
(select m.manufacturer_code
from manufacturers m
where upper(manufacturer_name) like '%'||'OS'||'%');
Code
---------VS-100
301-III
901Classic
AM3
AM5
AM7
...
701
Product Description
Price
----------------------------------- ---------Center Channel Mini Speaker
$116.96
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
$286.20
Direct/Reflecting Speaker System
$1,259.90
Acoustimass Speaker System
$629.96
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
$674.96
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
$809.96
Tower Speakers
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
$732.00
Views
• A dynamic result of one or more relational operations
operating on the base relations to produce another relation.
A view is a virtual relation that does not actually exist in
the database but is produced upon request by a particular
user, at the time of request.
• General syntax:
CREATE VIEW view-name AS
SELECT ...
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
52
Horizontal vs. Vertical Views
• Horizontal view
– Equivalent to a selection
create view view-name as
select * from table-name where condition
• Vertical view
– Equivalent to a projection or a projection on a selection
create view view-name as
select column-list from table-name where condition
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
53
Creating a View
54
Horizontal View
SQL> create view Sony_products as
2 (select * from products where manufacturer_code = 'SON');
View created.
Vertical View
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
create view economy_priced_products as
(select product_code, product_description,
product_retail_price, retail_unit,
manufacturer_code, product_MSRP
from products
where product_retail_price <= 300);
View created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Retrieving from a View
55
Creating a join between a view and table
SQL>
2
3
4
5
select product_code, manufacturer_name||' - '||
product_description, product_retail_price
from economy_priced_products e, manufacturers m
where e.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
and product_retail_price between 250 and 260;
CS275
PD-F907
CS-13RX
PS-8c
Polk - Center Channel Speaker
254
Pioneer - 100+1 Disc CD Changer
255
Mitsubishi - 13" Color TV
251.96
Design Acoustics - Point Source Speaker Sytem 251.96
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Advantages of Views
• Data independence - external/conceptual mapping provides
logical independence
• Currency
• Security
• Reduced complexity
• Convenience
• Customization
• Data integrity
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
56
Disadvantages of Views
• Update restriction - limited to one base table
• Structure restriction - cannot be altered
• Performance - can be slow
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
57
Updating the Database
• Modifying the data in the database
– Insert - Add a new row to a table
– Update - Modify existing data in a row or rows
– Delete - Remove a row or rows from a table
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
58
INSERT
• Insert
– Adds a rows into a table
INSERT INTO table-name
(column-name1, ..., column-namen)
VALUES (value1, ..., valuen)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
59
SQL> describe products;
Name
Null?
------------------------------- -------PRODUCT_CODE
NOT NULL
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST
PRODUCT_MSRP
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
RETAIL_UNIT
MANUFACTURER_CODE
ACTIVE_DATE
NUMBER_ON_HAND
NUMBER_ON_ORDER
NUMBER_COMMITTED
INACTIVE_DATE
SQL>
2
3
4
5
Type
---CHAR(10)
VARCHAR2(35)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
CHAR(2)
CHAR(3)
DATE
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
DATE
60
insert into products
(product_code, product_description,
product_retail_price, retail_unit, active_date)
values ('NEW','New product',599.99,'EA',
to_date('10-08-99','mm-dd-yy'));
1 row created.
Values MUST correspond to the column names!
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Insert
SQL> select * from products
2 where product_code = 'NEW';
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST PRODUCT_MSRP PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE RE MAN
---------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------- -- --ACTIVE_DA NUMBER_ON_HAND NUMBER_ON_ORDER NUMBER_COMMITTED
INACTIVE_
--------- -------------- --------------- -----------------------NEW
New product
599.99 EA
08-OCT-99
0
0
0
All columns that are not assigned a value by the INSERT are
assigned null values UNLESS a default value was specified
when the table was created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
61
UPDATE
• Update
– Modifies column values in the table
UPDATE table-name
SET column-name = {expression | literal}
[WHERE condition]
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
62
Updating a Single Row
SQL> update products
2 set number_on_hand = 25
3 where product_code = 'NEW';
1 row updated.
SQL> select product_code, number_on_hand
2 from products where product_code = 'NEW';
PRODUCT_CO NUMBER_ON_HAND
---------- -------------NEW
25
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
63
Updating Multiple Rows
Using a Recursive Arithmetic Operation
64
SQL> update products
2 set product_retail_price = product_retail_price * 1.1
3 where manufacturer_code = 'BOS';
17 rows updated.
Product retail prices for all Bose (BOS) products are increased
by 10 percent.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Deleting a Table
65
• Delete (not be confused with Drop)
– Delete rows from a table
DELETE table-name
SQL> delete products;
319 rows deleted.
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
Rollback returns the database to its
previous committed state.
SQL> select count(*) from products;
COUNT(*)
--------319
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Deleting a Row from a Table
66
DELETE table-name
WHERE condition
SQL> delete products
2 where product_code = 'NEW';
1 row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
Commit permanently commits all
changes (i.e., inserts, updates, deletes) to
the database.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Et cetera: Changing Column Titles
Using a Column Alias
SQL>
2
3
4
5
67
select po_number as "PO",
to_char(po_date,'fmMonth dd, yyyy') as "PO Date",
to_char(total_amount,'999,990.00') as "Total Amount"
from purchase_orders
where po_date > (sysdate - 45);
PO
----10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
PO Date
Total Amoun
------------------ ----------September 11, 1999
36,189.05
September 18, 1999
5,394.40
September 25, 1999
15,313.65
October 2, 1999
25,470.15
October 9, 1999
1,949.70
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Embedded SQL
• For programming languages (3GL, 4GL)
• SQL statements encapsulated in EXECs
EXEC SQL
SQL command
END EXEC
• Three sections (in most cases)
– Host variables - retains values passed to and from the
columns of a table
– SQLCA (communications area) - retains codes and
messages sent between the application and DBMS
– Processing (e.g., procedure division in COBOL)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
68
Host Variables
69
In COBOL
*
*
Declare Host Variables
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION END-EXEC.
*
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
USERNAME
PASSWORD
PRODUCT-CODE
PRODUCT-DESCRIPTION
RETAIL-PRICE
MSRP
COST
RETAIL-UNIT
NUMBER-ON-HAND
MANUFACTURER-CODE
MANUFACTURER-NAME
*
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
X(20)
X(20)
X(10).
X(35).
VALUE "mis108".
VALUE "mis108".
COMP-1.
COMP-1.
COMP-1.
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
X(02).
S9(09)
X(03).
X(30).
COMP-5.
SQLCA (Inserted by Precompiler)
70
*
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA END-EXEC.
*
*
*
$Header: sqlca.cob 7010200.1 93/11/30 13:59:57 snataraj >
*
*****************************************************************
*
*
*
S Q L C A
*
* (This file in ANSI format. Do NOT bse it).
*
*
*
* MODIFIED
*
*
Clare
12/06/84 - Ch SQLCA to not be an EXTERNAL.
*
*****************************************************************
01 SQLCA.
05 SQLCAID
PIC X(8).
05 SQLCABC
PIC S9(9) COMP-5.
05 SQLCODE
PIC S9(9) COMP-5.
05 SQLERRM.
49 SQLERRML
PIC S9(4) COMP-5.
49 SQLERRMC
PIC X(70).
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQLCA
71
Cont.
05
05
05
05
SQLERRP
PIC
SQLERRD OCCURS 6 TIMES
PIC
SQLWARN.
10 SQLWARN0
PIC
10 SQLWARN1
PIC
10 SQLWARN2
PIC
10 SQLWARN3
PIC
10 SQLWARN4
PIC
10 SQLWARN5
PIC
10 SQLWARN6
PIC
10 SQLWARN7
PIC
SQLEXT
PIC
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
X(8).
S9(9) COMP-5.
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(1).
X(8).
Embedded SQL
72
EXEC SQL
SELECT MANUFACTURER_NAME
Host variables
INTO :MANUFACTURER-NAME
FROM MANUFACTURERS
WHERE MANUFACTURER_CODE =
(SELECT MANUFACTURER_CODE
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE PRODUCT_CODE = :PRODUCT-CODE)
END-EXEC.
Note. Host variables are preceded by colon (:)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Sequentially Retrieving Rows
Defines
a cursor
*
EXEC SQL
DECLARE PCURSOR CURSOR FOR
SELECT PRODUCT_CODE, PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION,
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE, RETAIL_UNIT,
NUMBER_ON_HAND
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE MANUFACTURER_CODE = 'SON'
END-EXEC.
*
EXEC SQL
OPEN PCURSOR
END-EXEC.
Places the cursor at the beginning
row of the SELECT
*
PERFORM 1000-RETRIEVE-ROWS
UNTIL SQLCODE NOT = 0.
*
EXEC SQL
CLOSE PCURSOR
END-EXEC.
Closes the cursor
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
73
74
1000-RETRIEVE-ROWS.
*
EXEC SQL
FETCH PCURSOR
INTO :PRODUCT-CODE, :PRODUCT-DESCRIPTION,
:RETAIL-PRICE, :RETAIL-UNIT,
:NUMBER-ON-HAND
END-EXEC.
*
IF SQLCODE = 0
DISPLAY PRODUCT-CODE "."
Sequentially retrieves rows from the table based upon
the SELECT defined in the DECLARE CURSOR
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
EXEC SQL
DECLARE PCURSOR CURSOR FOR
SELECT PRODUCT_CODE, PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION,
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE, RETAIL_UNIT,
NUMBER_ON_HAND
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE MANUFACTURER_CODE = 'SON'
END-EXEC.
EXEC SQL
OPEN PCURSOR
END-EXEC.
CALL
MOVE
MOVE
CALL
"_SQLADR" USING SQ0001 SQL-STMT
1 TO SQL-ITERS
36 TO SQL-OFFSET
"_SQLADR" USING
After precompiling the
SQLCUD
SQL-CUD
COBOL program
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
SQLCA
SQL-SQLEST
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQLETY
CALL "_SQLBEX" USING
SQLCTX
SQLEXD
SQLFPN
.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
75
SQL
*
*
*
*
*
*
EXEC SQL
FETCH PCURSOR
INTO :PRODUCT-CODE, :PRODUCT-DESCRIPTION,
:RETAIL-PRICE, :RETAIL-UNIT, :NUMBER-ON-HAND
END-EXEC.
76
MOVE 1 TO SQL-ITERS
MOVE 80 TO SQL-OFFSET
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
SQLCUD
SQL-CUD
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
SQLCA
SQL-SQLEST
Precompiler (Oracle’s Pro*COBOL)
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQLETY
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
converts SQL to COBOL code
PRODUCT-CODE
SQL-SQHSTV(1)
MOVE 10 TO SQL-SQHSTL(1)
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQINDV(1)
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQHARM(1)
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
PRODUCT-DESCRIPTION
SQL-SQHSTV(2)
MOVE 35 TO SQL-SQHSTL(2)
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQINDV(2)
MOVE 0 TO SQL-SQHARM(2)
CALL "_SQLADR" USING
RETAIL-PRICE
SQL-SQHSTV(3)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
MOVE 3 TO SQL-SQHSTL(3)
77
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento