Memory 2 - LTM
PERTEMUAN 5
5.1 Ebbinghouse (1885),and the
1st LTM experiment
5.2 Episodic and Semantic Memory
Tulving (1972)
• episodic memory
– Memory for specific episodes and events from
personal experience, occurring in a particular context
of time and place
• semantic memory.
– In contrast, there are occasions where we are
required to do a context free retrieval, a general
knowledge about some item without reference to any
specific context or event
– For example, if you were asked to explain what a
‘dog’ is, or whether it has four legs and a tail.
Implicit memory and Implicit
Learning
• Implicit memory is revealed when
performance on a task is facilitated in the
absence of conscious recollection.
• Memory whose influence can be detected
by some indirect test of task performance,
but which the subject is unable to report
deliberately and consciously
implicit learning
• learning complex information without
complete verbalisable knowledge of what
is learned
Context-dependent memory
State-dependent and mooddependent memory
• A phenomenon related to context-dependent
learning where retrieval can be assisted by the
reinstatement of a particular mental state at
retrieval which was also present at the learning
stage.
• For example
– subjects who were in a state of alcoholic intoxication
at the learning stage of the experiment would recall
the test items more readily if they were again
intoxicated during the recall test (Lowe, 1981).
5.3 Retrieval Cues and Feature
Overlap
The Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)
• Tulving (1972) proposed:
– retrieval of an item from memory depended on the
availability of retrieval cues which matched up with
some aspects of the stored memory trace.
– the chance of retrieving a memory trace depends on
the amount of feature overlap between input and
retrieval information,which is the extent to which
features of the trace stored at input match those
available at retrieval.
5.4 Autobiographical memory
• How much can you remember about the
events in your life up to now?
• How well can you remember your school
days?
• How many of your teachers and
schoolmates can you name?
• Autobiographical memory is concerned
with our memory for events from our own
lives.
5.5 Memorable Memory
• Self Reference effect
• Flashbulb memory
5.6 Anterograde and Retrograde
Amnesia
• Anterograde amnesia (AA)
– refers to the impairment of memory for events
and experiences which have occurred since
the onset of an amnesic illness.
• Retrograde amnesia (RA)
– is an impaired ability to remember events and
experiences which occurred before the onset
of the amnesic illness.
Korsakoff’s syndrome
• patients who have become amnesic
because of chronic alcohol abuse
Memory functions preserved in
amnesia
• Declarative memory is impaired in amnesics but
procedural memory remains intact (Cohen and
Squire, 1980).
• Explicit memory is impaired in amnesics but
implicit memory remains intact (Graft et al.,
1984).
• Context recollection is impaired in amnesics but
familiarity judgements are unimpaired (Huppert
and Piercy, 1976;
• Mandler, 1989).