The Direction
of Progress?
old refrains
topical chimes
new riffs…
STEPS
SLRG
DiscGo
security
diversity
SEG
MCM
CGG
MDET
reflexivity
presentation to Freeman Centre Seminar,
SPRU, University of Sussex
22nd March 2013
Andy Stirling
Progress without Choice
“you can’t stop progress” …
- The Economist
“we'll restore science to its rightful place”…
PROGRESS
- President Obama
“Our hope … relies on scientific and
technological progress”
- Premier Wen Jiabao
“One can not impede scientific progress.”
- President Ahmadinejad
all innovation is progress…
TECHNOLOGY
Lisbon Strategy for: “pro-innovation action”
- EU Council of Ministers
“we need more pro-innovation policies”
- PM Gordon Brown
“… the Government’s strategy is …
pro-innovation”
- PM David Cameron
SCIENCE
The One-Track, Hard-Wired Innovation Race
PROGRESS
TECHNOLOGY
Lord Alec Broers, President, RAEng
…“history is a race to
advance technology”
Technology:
“will determine the future
of the human race’”
The challenge of government:
“to strive to stay
in the race”…
The role of the public:
“to give technology
the status it deserves”…
The One-Track, Hard-Wired Innovation Race
PROGRESS
TECHNOLOGY
Treats innovation as homogeneous: no distinctions … no alternatives…
no politics
… no choice !
The One-Track, Hard-Wired Innovation Race
PROGRESS
TECHNOLOGY
Treats innovation as homogeneous:
no distinctions … no alternatives …
no politics
… no choice !
Scope for debate restricted to:
yes or no?
how fast?
… how much?
… who leads?
The One-Track, Hard-Wired Innovation Race
PROGRESS
TECHNOLOGY
Treats innovation as homogeneous:
no distinctions … no alternatives …
no politics
… no choice !
Scope for debate restricted to:
yes or no?
how fast?’
Seriously neglects questions over:
which way?
says who?
… how much?
… who leads?
…what alternatives?
…why?
Diverse Directions for Innovation
“low carbon energy”
Not all that is scientifically realistic, technically practicable,
economically feasible, socially viable, will be historically realisable
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
social
studies:
shaping (Bijker, 85)
expectations (Brown, 03)
co-construction (Misa, 03)
imaginations (Jasanoff, 05)
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
history:
contingency (Mokyr, 92)
path-dependence (David, 85)
momentum (Hughes 83)
path creation (Karnoe, 01)
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
philosophy:
/politics
autonomy (Winner, 77)
entrapment (Walker, 01)
closure (Feenberg, 91)
alignment (Geels, 02)
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
economics:
homeostasis (Sahal, 85)
regimes (Nelson & Winter, 77)
lock-in (Arthur, 89)
trajectories (Dosi, 82)
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
performance
Politics reduced to risk:
from ends: strategic choices between visions
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
performance
risk
Politics reduced to risk:
from ends: strategic choices between visions
to means: detailed regulation of modalities
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
Sir David King,
former UK Chief Scientist
“We have no alternative
to nuclear power …
Nuclear because: “We
need to do everything…
Politics reduced to risk:
“We need to keep the
from ends: strategic choices
visions
nuclearbetween
option open”
to means: detailed regulation of modalities
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Huge insight from innovation studies: multiple pathways in each sector…
…energy…health…land…food…security…materials…ICT…transport…
Dosi
Fagerberg
Lundvall
Verspagen
Yet ( !) evolutionary and innovation economics tends to emphasise linearity:
- advance (Nelson)
- diffusion (Rogers)
- early movers (Teece)
- first moving
(Lieberman)
(Santangelo)
- latecomers
(Tellis)
Politics
reduced
to risk: - catching
from up
ends:
strategic choices
between
visions
- forging ahead (Abramowicz) - leapfrogging
- falling behind
(Aho)
to means:(Brezis)
detailed regulation
of modalities
Diverse Directions for Innovation
Huge insight from innovation studies: multiple pathways in each sector…
…energy…health…land…food…security…materials…ICT…transport…
Dosi
Fagerberg
Lundvall
Verspagen
Yet ( !) evolutionary and innovation economics tends to emphasise linearity:
- advance (Nelson)
- diffusion (Rogers)
- early movers (Teece)
- first moving
(Lieberman)
(Santangelo)
- latecomers
(Tellis)
Politics
reduced
to risk: - catching
from up
ends:
strategic choices
between
visions
- forging ahead (Abramowicz) - leapfrogging
- falling behind
(Aho)
to means:(Brezis)
detailed regulation
of modalities
The Low-Carbon Transition?
Knowledge is Political
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledge: the reality of ‘framing’
stylised representation
‘scope’
‘focus’
‘system’
‘effect’
‘cause’
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledge: the reality of ‘framing’
subjective framing
picture of the world
‘scope’
environment
‘focus’
‘system’
‘effect’
local people
‘cause’
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledge: the challenge of plurality
plural frames
diverse pictures
‘scope’
environment
‘focus’
‘system’
‘effect’
‘cause’
local people
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledge: the challenge of plurality
plural frames
diverse pictures
‘scope’
‘focus’
‘system’
‘effect’
‘cause’
local people
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledges and Pathways
plural frames
diverse pictures
environment
‘scope’
‘system’
‘focus’
‘pathway’
‘cause’
‘effect’
local people
time
STEPS
under-determined realities
Knowledges and Pathways
CONTEXTS
discourses
STEPS
interacting processes
agencies and structures
social and material
subjects and objects!
practices
imaginations
values
‘system’
‘pathway’
institutions
intentions
physical world
interests
technologies
ecologies
power relations
expectations
a self-reinforcing
trajectory of change
time
reflection over robustness, quality, error
‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’
CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF ALL
CANDIDATE POSSIBILITIES
FOR WHAT IS NORMATIVELY
OR EPISTEMICALLY ‘RIGHT’
KEY
normatively and/or
epistemically right
normatively and/or
epistemically wrong
reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality
‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’
reflection over robustness, quality, error
mainstream fallibilism
“one thing is approximately right”
conditional plurality
reflexivity:
‘right’
answers
& solutions
“contrasting
things
are equally
right…
vary by framings
of is
questions
problems
xxxx…but
much else
just plain&wrong!”
caricature relativism
naïve realism
normatively and/or
epistemically right
normatively and/or
epistemically wrong
“one thing is precisely right”
“all things are equally right”
reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality
Challenges for Research and Appraisal
STEPS
How more reflexively to inform policy and wider innovation governance?
closing down
narrow
INPUTS
expert /
analytic
(things
that
are into
(aspects
taken
taken
intowithin
account)
account
practice of research
Pro
or appraisal)
problems,
options,
pros / cons,
participatory /
issues,deliberative
blems,
options, pros
uncertainties,
/perspectives
cons, issues,
uncertainties,
broad
perspectives
opening up
OUTPUTS
(aspects that are conveyed
outwards into wider discourse)
’Plural conditional’ conclusions…
… if X then A … if Y then B …
Challenges for Research and Appraisal
STEPS
How more reflexively to inform policy and wider innovation governance?
closing down
opening up
narrow
expert /
analytic
decision
analysis
participatory /
deliberative
broad
Challenges for Research and Appraisal
STEPS
How more reflexively to inform policy and wider innovation governance?
closing down
opening up
narrow
expert /
analytic
citizen’s juries
participatory /
deliberative
broad
Challenges for Research and Appraisal
STEPS
How more reflexively to inform policy and wider innovation governance?
closing down
narrow
expert /
analytic
opening up
cost-benefit
analysis
risk
assessment
stakeholder
negotiation
multi-site
ethnographicmethods
open
hearings
structured
interviews
sensitivity
analysis
dissenting
opinions
citizen’s juries
interactive
modelling
participatory /
deliberative
consensus
conference
broad
narrative-based
participant
observation
q-method
decision
analysis
extended
foresight
multi-criteria
participatory
mapping
rural appraisal deliberative
mapping open
scientometric
space
mapping
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal STEPS
Institutions privilege blinkered scope, marginal analysis, incumbent interests
… evidence-basing, liability, insurance, agency remits, fiduciary responsibility
closing down
narrow
expert /
analytic
opening up
multi-site
open
cost-benefit
ethnographichearings
analysis
methods
risk
assessment structured
assessmen
dissenting
interviews
t
stakeholder
sensitivity
opinions
negotiation
analysis
citizen’s juries
interactive
modelling
participatory /
deliberative
consensus
conference
broad
narrative-based
participant
observation
q-method
decision
analysis
extended
foresight
multi-criteria
participatory
mapping
rural appraisal deliberative
mapping open
scientometric
space
mapping
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal STEPS
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
closing down
narrow
expert /
analytic
opening up
cost-benefit
analysis
risk
assessmen
t
stakeholder
negotiation
multi-site
ethnographicmethods
open
hearings
structured
interviews
sensitivity
analysis
dissenting
opinions
citizen’s juries
interactive
modelling
participatory /
deliberative
consensus
conference
broad
narrative-based
participant
observation
q-method
decision
analysis
extended
foresight
multi-criteria
participatory
mapping
rural appraisal deliberative
mapping open
scientometric
space
mapping
Deliberating Pathways
farm strategies in Highland Kenya
Opening up diverse perspectives on alternative innovation pathways
METHODS REPERTOIRE
to help appreciate
alternative pathways
SCOPING
breadth of contexts
STEPS
FOCUSING
LINKING
depth of particularities relations and perspectives
‘Positive’ style
Precautionary appraisal
Resilience analysis
Post-normal science
Monitoring / surveillance Interdisciplinary challenge
Uncertain hazard analysis Transdisciplinary oversight
Natural experiment
Plural conditional advice
Interpretive style
Critical literature review
Influence mapping
Alternatives assessment
Millstone critical realism
Social network analysis
In-depth case study
Discourse analysis
Semantic structures
Top-bottom comparison
Semi-structured IVs
Empathetic role play
In-depth, open IVs
participant observation
MCM interviews
Iterative Q method
Cross-frame interrogation
Interactive style
Group Deliberative style
Open space approaches Ethnographic immersion
Participatory soft systems Targeted focus groups
Participatory appraisal
Iterative questionnaire
Iterative group MCM
Deliberative dissensus
Bring power to powerless
Quantitative style
Open network analysis
Critical systematic review
Agent-based modelling
Repertory grids
Interactive models / GIS
Deliberative polling
Sensitivity analysis
Interval analysis
Diversity mapping
Imaginaries analysis
Visioning / backcasting
Cross-scenario exploring
Temporal dimensions
Historiographic research
Futures literatures
Extended foresight
Accountability process
Critical web access
Participatory design
Dissonance exploration
Reflexive dimensions
Do-it-yourself panels
Power tools
Co-operative research
From Knowledge to Action
STEPS; SLRG
How can innovation governance best respond to dynamics of closure?
Politics reduced to risk:
from ends: strategic choices between visions
to means: detailed regulation of modalities
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
disruptive
“pace of
termination”
gradual
STEPS; SLRG
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
STEPS; SLRG
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
explicit, deliberate, dedicated governance measures
control
(frequently referred)
disruptive
“pace of
termination”
gradual
response
(never mentioned)
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
STEPS; SLRG
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
style of action
(intractable conditions)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
respond
- supply bottlenecks
- price spikes
- engineering failure
- skills gap
- oligopolistic action
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
STABILITY
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
- mandate supply chains
- regulate prices
- public procurement
- niche protection
- infrastructure redundancy
- targeted anti-trust law
- create training capacity
- labour market intervention
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
- market trends
- institutional resistance
- resource depletion
- labour shortage
- regulatory pressures
- political opposition
- environmental change
- geopolitical shifts
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
- market structuring
- resource substitutions
- transition management
- climate change mitigation
- global power projection
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
DURABILITY
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
style of action
control
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
respond
(intractable conditions)
RESILIENCE
- agile supply chains
- price elasticity
- supple infrastructures
- strategic flexibility
- conflict resolution
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
style of action
respond
(intractable conditions)
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
continuity level
driver of change
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
style of action
control
(tractable drivers)
respond
(intractable conditions)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
- foresighted institutions
- responsive demand
- climate adaptation
- supple infrastructures
- diverse dependencies
- reflexive governance
ROBUSTNESS
Heuristics: towards key parameters?
STEPS; SLRG
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
style of action
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
STABILITY
respond
(intractable conditions)
RESILIENCE
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
DURABILITY
ROBUSTNESS
Modes of Continuity?
STEPS; SLRG
Possible useful input from resilience theory?
control
style of action
(tractable drivers)
shock
(transitory
disruption)
temporality
of change
stress
(enduring
disturbance)
respond
(intractable conditions)
STABILITY
RESILIENCE
CONTINUITY
DURABILITY
ROBUSTNESS
Seeing like a State: dynamics of power
Incumbent infrastructure interests favour stability-based strategies
(after JESS / BERR 2006-8)
stability
“co-ordination”
“reliable infrastructures”
incremental innovation”
“maintain asset reliability”
“enforce operational margins”
“promote efficient markets”
“allow effective price signals”
“support social / political stability”
“take preventive action”
“sustain pressure on other states”
“foster domestic self-reliance”
“undertake planning (eg: SYS)”
“forecasting”
“persistent infrastructures”
“directed innovation”“create market incentives”
“establish futures markets”
“develop new sources / carriers“
“extend asset lifetimes”
“deepen engagement with producers”
“substitute obsolete options”
“transition management”
durability
resilience
“vigilance”
“supple infrasatructures”
“agile innovation”
“operational stocks / storage / reserves”
“demand-side response capacity”
“multi- input/fuel refining/generation”
“enhance network connectivity”
“foresight”
“adaptive infrastructures”
“systemic innovation”
robustness
Repertoires for Innovation Governance
Different actions promote contrasting dynamics
stability
durability
resilience
robustness
Repertoires for Innovation Governance
To sustain a particular trajectory – policy attention prioritises…
stability
co-ordination
forecasting
durability
resilience
vigilance
foresight
robustness
Repertoires for Innovation Governance
To sustain and secure a particular trajectory – infrastructures prioritise…
stability
co-ordination
reliability
persistence
resilience
vigilance
flexibility
forecasting
adaptability
foresight
durability
robustness
Repertoires for Innovation Governance
To sustain and secure particular trajectory – research policies focus on…
stability
resilience
co-ordination
vigilance
reliability
flexibility
incremental innovation
directed innovation
agile innovation
systemic innovation
persistence
adaptability
forecasting
foresight
durability
robustness
‘Multivalent’ Strategies
Some institutional practices promote multiple dynamic properties
stability
resilience
co-ordination
reliability
incremental innovation
vigilance
flexibility
agile innovation
plural diversities
directed innovation
persistence
forecasting
durability
systemic innovation
adaptability
foresight
robustness
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock stability
resilience
plural diversities
robustness
stress durability
continuity
discontinuity
control
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock
stability
resilience
transduction
controlling actions
destabilise regime in
targeted ways
stress durability
eg: UK government and
coal power in 1980s; UK
nuclear and renewables inrobustness
2010s
continuity
discontinuity
control
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock
stability
resilience
transduction
stress durability
controlling actions effect
trend towards specific
intended end
robustness
eg: Netherlands Energie
Transitie to low carbon in
2000s
continuity
transition
discontinuity
control
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock
stability
resilience
transduction
transilience
responsive actions exploit
contingent shock to
disrupt regime
eg: Greenpeace et al
move to campaign against
nuclear power after
robustness
Chernobyl, 1986
stress durability
continuity
transition
discontinuity
control
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock
stability
resilience
transduction
responsive actions harness
contingent stress to help
catalyse more open
transformation
robustness
stress durability
eg: grassroots civil society
mobilisation on climate change
‘peak oil’, 2000s
continuity
transition
discontinuity
transilience
control
transformation
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
shock stability
resilience
transduction
transilience
plural diversities
robustness
stress durability
continuity
transition
discontinuity
control
transformation
response
From Continuity to Discontinuity
DiscGo
Why such imbalance on Schumpeter’s creation / destruction dialectic?
stability
resilience
transduction
transilience
robustness
durability
transition
transformation
Again: about framing – the imprint of power in innovation knowledge…
From Continuity to Discontinuity
stability
DiscGo
SLRG
resilience
transduction
transilience
plural diversities
CIVIL SOCIETY
political pressure
robustness
durability
transition
Balance requires emphasis…
transformation
Smith et al
Focusing on Diversity
SEG
Dancing with the quantification devil… what isn’t counted, doesn’t count!
general diversity heuristic
ij (dij)
α
.(pi.pj)
β
Focusing on Diversity
SEG
Dancing with the quantification devil… what isn’t counted, doesn’t count!
general diversity heuristic
ij (dij)
α
.(pi.pj)
β
Yoshizawa, Suzuki, et al
Focusing on Diversity
MDET
Scientometrics of disciplinarity & directionality in research & innovation
Rafols, Porter and Leydesdorff (2010)
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Rosenberg
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Key properties?
Alternity
Rosenberg
individual substitutability
…ignorance
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Key properties?
Alternity
individual substitutability
Complementarity quality of contextual fit
Rosenberg
…ignorance
…sensitivity
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Key properties?
Alternity
individual substitutability
Complementarity quality of contextual fit
Coherence
collective functionality
Rosenberg
…ignorance
…sensitivity
…purpose
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Key properties?
Alternity
Complementarity
Coherence
Synergy
Rosenberg
individual substitutability
quality of contextual fit
collective functionality
mutual generative potential
…ignorance
…sensitivity
…purpose
…innovation
Dynamics of Diversity… beyond ‘lock-in’
From ‘hedging portfolios’ to ‘innovation jamming’
Aoki
Page
Arthur
Saviotti
Llerena
Metcalfe
Kaufmann
Key properties?
Alternity
Complementarity
Coherence
Synergy
Conviviality
Rosenberg
individual substitutability
…ignorance
quality of contextual fit
…sensitivity
collective functionality
…purpose
mutual generative potential
…innovation
addressing different subjectivities…politics
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Explicitly highlight normativities… ‘vector spaces’?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Explicitly highlight normativities… ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Control?
Balance fallacy of control rhetoric: realities of response?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Control?
Balance fallacy of control rhetoric: realities of response?
Conflict?
Roles for contestation, dissent, scepticism, civil society?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Control?
Balance fallacy of control rhetoric: realities of response?
Conflict?
Roles for contestation, dissent, scepticism, civil society?
(Dis)continuity?
Governance for disruption, destabilisation, “sunsetting”?
Researching Directions…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Control?
Balance fallacy of control rhetoric: realities of response?
Conflict?
Roles for contestation, dissent, scepticism, civil society?
(Dis)continuity?
Governance for disruption, destabilisation, “sunsetting”?
Pluralities?
‘Systems’, perspectives, interests, contexts, pathways?
From ‘Systems’ to ‘Cultures’…?
Dimensions?
Disparate, explicitly normative, ‘vector spaces’?
Determinants?
What forces and interactions shape and orient advance?
Agency?
How to articulate deliberate, distributed social intent?
Power?
Explore (and speak of) forms and gradients of power !
Drivers?
Inclusion on inputs: priority interests and knowledges?
Control?
Balance fallacy of control rhetoric: realities of response?
Conflict?
Roles for contestation, dissent, scepticism, civil society?
(Dis)continuity?
Governance for disruption, destabilisation, “sunsetting”?
Pluralities?
‘Systems’, perspectives, interests, contexts, pathways?
Politics?
Innovation democracies: enlightenment to enablement?