Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: T0264/Inteligensia Semu
: Juli 2006
: 2/1
Pertemuan 14
Strong Slot-and-Filler Structures
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• << TIK-99 >>
• << TIK-99>>
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Outline Materi
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Materi 1
Materi 2
Materi 3
Materi 4
Materi 5
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10.1 Conceptual Dependency
• Conceptual Dependency is a theory of how to
represent the kind of knowledge about events that
is usually contained in natural language
sentences.
• The goal is to represent the knowledge in way
that
- Facilitates drawing inferences from the
sentences.
- Is independent of the language in which the
sentences were originally stated.
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Conceptual Dependency
A Simple Conceptual Dependency Representation
“I gave the man a book.”
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Conceptual Dependency
Where the symbol have the following meanings :
• Arrows indicate direction of dependency.
• Double arrow indicates two way link between
actor and action.
• p indicates past tense.
• ATRANS is one of the primitive acts used by the
theory. It indicates transfer of possession.
• o indicates the object case relation.
• R indicates the recipient case relation.
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Conceptual Dependency
CD Primitive Actions
ATRANS
PTRANS
PROPEL
MOVE
GRASP
Transfer of an abstract
relationship (e.g., give)
Transfer of the physical location
of an object (e.g.,go)
Application of physical force to an
object (e.g.,push)
Movement of a body part by its
owner (e.g.,kick)
Grasping of an object by an actor
(e.g.,clutch)
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Conceptual Dependency
INGEST
Ingestion of an object by an animal
(e.g.,eat)
EXPEL
Explusion of something from the
body of an animal (e.g.,cry)
MTRANS
Transfer of mental information
(e.g.,tell)
MBUILD
Building new information out of old
(e.g.,decide)
SPEAK
ATTEND
Production of sounds (e.g.,say)
Focusing of a sense organ toward a
stimulus (e.g.,listen)
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Conceptual Dependency
CD Primitive Conceptual Categories
ACTs
PPS
AAs
Actions
Objects (picture producers)
Modifiers of actions (action
aiders)
AAsPAs Modifiers of PPs (picture
aiders)
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Conceptual Dependency
The Dependencies of CD
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Conceptual Dependency
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Conceptual Dependency
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Conceptual Dependency
CD Conceptual Tense
p
f
t
ts
tf
k
?
/
nil
delta
c
Past
Future
Transition
Start transition
Finished transition
Continuing
Interrogative
Negative
Present
Timeless
Conditional
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Conceptual Dependency
Using Conceptual Tenses
“Since smoking can kill you, I stopped.”
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Conceptual Dependency
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Conceptual Dependency
The CD Representation of a Threat
“Bill threatened John with a broken nose.”
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Conceptual Dependency
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10.2 Scripts
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The Restaurant Script
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The Restaurant Script
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The Restaurant Script
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The Component of a Script
Entry conditions Conditions that must, in
general, be satisfied before the events
described in the script can occur.
Result Conditions that will, in general, be
true after the events described in the script
have occurred.
Props Slots representing objects that are
involved in the event described in the script.
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The Component of a Script
Roles Slots representing people who are
involved in the events described in the
script.
Track The specific variation on a more
general pattern that is represented by the
particular script.
Scenes The actual sequences of events that
occur.
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Triggering and Using Scripts
Susan passed her favorite restaurant on
her way to the museum. She really enjoyed
the new Picasso exhibit.
John went out to a restaurant last night. He
ordered steak. When he paid for it, he
noticed that he was running out of money.
He hurried home since it had started to
rain.
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Triggering and Using Scripts
Susan went out to lunch. She sat down at a
table and called the waitress. The waitress
brought her a menu and she ordered a
hamburger.
John went to a restaurant. He was shown to his
table. He ordered a large steak. He sat there
and waited for a long time. He got mad and left.
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10.3. CYC
• CYC represent a specific theory of how to
describe the world, and it can be used for
AI tasks such as Natural Language
Understanding
• CYC is more comprehensive
• CYC contain representations of event,
objects, attitudes, and so forth.
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CYC
Motivations
Reason to build large knowledge bases
• Brittleness  Specialized knowledge based
system are brittle
• Form an Content  The technical we have seen
so far for representing and using knowledge may
or may not be sufficient for the purpose of AI.
• Shared Knowledge  Small knowledge based
system must make simplifying assumptions about
how to represent thing like space, time, motion
and structure.
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CYC
• CYCL is CYC for representation language. CYCL is a
frame-base system that incorporates most of the
techniques described multiple inheritance.
• Control and Meta-Knowledge, where we saw how to take
information about control out of a production system
interpreter and represent in declaratively using rules.
• Global Ontology, that specifies at a very high level what
kind of thing exist and what their general properties are.
• Tools, user’s modifications to the knowledge base are
transmitted to a central server, where they are checked
and then propagated to other users.
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<< CLOSING>>
End of Pertemuan 14
Good Luck
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