inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c
UC Berkeley CS61C : Machine Structures
Lecture 26
CPU Design: Designing a Single-cycle CPU, pt 2
2008-04-02
TA Omar Akkawi
inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c-to
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CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (1)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
How to Design a Processor: step-by-step
1. Analyze instruction set architecture (ISA)
=> datapath requirements
• meaning of each instruction is given by the
register transfers
• datapath must include storage element for ISA
registers
• datapath must support each register transfer
2. Select set of datapath components and
establish clocking methodology
3. Assemble datapath meeting requirements
4. Analyze implementation of each instruction
to determine setting of control points that
effects the register transfer.
5. Assemble the control logic
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (2)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Clocking Methodology
Clk
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
• Storage elements clocked by same edge
• Being physical devices, flip-flops (FF) and
combinational logic have some delays
• Gates: delay from input change to output change
• Signals at FF D input must be stable before active clock
edge to allow signal to travel within the FF (set-up time),
and we have the usual clock-to-Q delay
• “Critical path” (longest path through logic)
determines length of clock period
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (3)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Register-Register Timing: One complete cycle
Clk
New Value
PC Old Value
Rs, Rt, Rd,
Op, Func
Old Value
ALUctr
Old Value
RegWr
Old Value
busA, B
Old Value
busW
Old Value
Instruction Memory Access Time
New Value
Delay through Control Logic
New Value
New Value
Register File Access
Time New Value
ALU Delay
New Value
ALUctr
RegWr Rd Rs Rt
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
busA
RegFile
busB
clk
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (4)
Register Write
Occurs Here
32
ALU
busW
5
32
32
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3c: Logical Operations with Immediate
• R[rt] = R[rs] op ZeroExt[imm16] ]
31
26
op
31 6 bits
21
rs
16
rt
5 bits
0
immediate
5 bits 16 15
16 bits
0
immediate
0000000000000000
16 bits
16 bits
But we’re writing to Rt register??
ALUctr
RegWr Rd Rs Rt
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
busA
RegFile
busB
clk
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (5)
32
ALU
busW
5
32
32
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3c: Logical Operations with Immediate
• R[rt] = R[rs] op ZeroExt[imm16] ]
31
26
21
op
rs
31 6 bits
RegDst
RegWr
Rs Rt
5
16 bits
0
immediate
16 bits
ALUctr
5
Rw Ra Rb
busA
RegFile
busB
32
16
ZeroExt
clk
imm16
immediate
5 bits 16 15
32
ALU
32
0
What about Rt register read??
0
5
5 bits
rt
0000000000000000
16 bits
Rd Rt
1
16
0
32
1
32
ALUSrc
• Already defined 32-bit MUX; Zero Ext?
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (6)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3d: Load Operations
• R[rt] = Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]
Example: lw rt,rs,imm16
31
26
21
op
16
rs
6 bits
0
rt
5 bits
immediate
5 bits
16 bits
RegDst Rd Rt
1
RegWr
5
Rs Rt
5
ALUctr
5
Rw Ra Rb
busA
RegFile
busB
32
imm16
16
ZeroExt
clk
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (7)
32
0
ALU
32
0
32
1
32
ALUSrc
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3d: Load Operations
• R[rt] = Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]
Example: lw rt,rs,imm16
31
26
21
op
16
rs
6 bits
0
rt
5 bits
immediate
5 bits
16 bits
ALUctr
RegDst Rd Rt
1
RegWr
0
Rs Rt
5
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
RegFile
32
busA
busB
32
imm16
16
Extender
clk
32
0
1
32
ExtOp
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (8)
ALU
busW
MemtoReg
MemWr
? 32
Data In
ALUSrc clk
32
0
WrEn Adr
Data
Memory
1
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3e: Store Operations
• Mem[ R[rs] + SignExt[imm16] ] = R[rt]
Ex.: sw rt, rs, imm16
31
26
21
op
6 bits
16
rs
5 bits
0
rt
5 bits
immediate
16 bits
ALUctr
RegDst Rd Rt
1
RegWr
0
Rs Rt
5
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
RegFile
32
busA
busB
32
imm16
16
Extender
clk
32
0
ALU
busW
MemtoReg
MemWr
32
0
32 WrEn Adr
1
32
ExtOp
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (9)
Data In
ALUSrc clk
Data
Memory
1
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3e: Store Operations
• Mem[ R[rs] + SignExt[imm16] ] = R[rt]
Ex.: sw rt, rs, imm16
31
26
21
op
6 bits
16
rs
5 bits
0
rt
5 bits
immediate
16 bits
ALUctr
RegDst Rd Rt
1
RegWr
0
Rs Rt
5
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
RegFile
32
busA
busB
32
imm16
16
Extender
clk
32
0
ALU
busW
MemtoReg
MemWr
32
0
32 WrEn Adr
1
32
ExtOp
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (10)
Data In
ALUSrc clk
Data
Memory
1
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
3f: The Branch Instruction
31
26
op
6 bits
21
rs
5 bits
16
rt
5 bits
0
immediate
16 bits
beq rs, rt, imm16
• mem[PC] Fetch the instruction from memory
• Equal = R[rs] == R[rt] Calculate branch condition
• if (Equal) Calculate the next instruction’s
address
 PC = PC + 4 + ( SignExt(imm16) x 4 )
else
 PC = PC + 4
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (11)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Datapath for Branch Operations
• beq rs, rt, imm16
Datapath generates condition (equal)
31
26
op
6 bits
21
rs
5 bits
16
0
rt
5 bits
immediate
16 bits
Inst Address
Equal
nPC_sel
Adder
4
00
clk
busW
5
ALUctr
Rs Rt
5
5
Rw Ra Rb
busA
RegFile
busB
clk
32
=
ALU
PC
Mux
Adder
PC Ext
imm16
RegWr
32
32
Already have mux, adder, need special sign
extender for PC, need equal compare (sub?)
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (12)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Putting it All Together:A Single Cycle Datapath
RegDst
32
Equal
0
5
5
5
busA
Rw Ra Rb
RegFile
busB
32
16
Extender
imm16
MemtoReg
MemWr
Rs Rt
clk
clk
ALUctr
32
=
ALU
busW
PC
PC Ext
Adder
Mux
00
RegWr
Adder
4
Rt Rd Imm16
Rd Rt
1
Instruction<31:0>
<0:15>
nPC_sel
Rs
<11:15>
Adr
<16:20>
<21:25>
Inst
Memory
0
32
1
32
Data In
clk
32
0
WrEn Adr
Data
Memory
1
imm16
ExtOp
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (13)
ALUSrc
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
An Abstract View of the Implementation
Ideal
Instruction
Memory
PC
clk
32
Instruction
Rd Rs Rt
5 5
5
Rw Ra Rb
Register
File
clk
Control Signals Conditions
A
32
ALU
Next Address
Instruction
Address
Control
B
32
32
Data
Addr
Ideal
Data
Memory
Data
Out
Data
In clk
Datapath
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (14)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
An Abstract View of the Critical Path
Ideal
Instruction
Memory
PC
clk
32
Instruction
Rd Rs Rt
5 5
5
Rw Ra Rb
Register
File
clk
(Assumes a fast controller)
A
32
ALU
Next Address
Instruction
Address
Critical Path (Load Instruction) =
Delay clock through PC (FFs) +
Instruction Memory’s Access Time +
Register File’s Access Time, +
ALU to Perform a 32-bit Add +
Data Memory Access Time +
Stable Time for Register File Write
B
32
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (15)
32
Data
Addr
Ideal
Data
Memory
Data
In clk
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Administrivia
• Authnews is back up!
• The server for off-campus newsgroup
access was down for a few days, but it’s
back up now, so resume using it.
• Project 1 grading is being looked into.
• Many students have had questions about
grades for project 1, so the TAs in charge
of project 1 are investigating it. Stay
tuned for further announcements.
• Homework 6 due Saturday.
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (16)
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Peer Instruction
A. Our ALU is a synchronous device
B. We should use the main ALU to
compute PC=PC+4
C. The ALU is inactive for memory
reads or writes.
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (17)
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
ABC
FFF
FFT
FTF
FTT
TFF
TFT
TTF
TTT
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB
Summary: A Single Cycle Datapath
Instruction<31:0>
Rs Rt Rd Imm16
ALUctr
MemtoReg
Rd Rt
1
RegWr
0
5
Rs Rt
5
zero
5
busA
Rw Ra Rb
RegFile
32
32
16
Extender
clk
imm16
busB
ExtOp
CS61C L26 CPU Design : Designing a Single-Cycle CPU II (18)
32
MemWr
=
ALU
busW
<0:15>
RegDst
<11:15>
clk
<16:20>
instr
fetch
unit
nPC_sel
<21:25>
• We have
everything
except control
signals
0
32
1
32
Data In
clk
32
0
WrEn Adr
Data
Memory
1
ALUSrc
Garcia, Spring 2007 © UCB