Welcome to Dr.
Rathman’s
Biology 156 Class !!!
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1
March: Part I
Intro. Lecture
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Introductions
Course Syllabus
Rules and Procedures
Lab Safety Notes
Break
2
Introductions
• Myself
• The Class: Biology 156 Human Biology
for Allied Health
• Name Plates
Be Creative !!!
Dr. Rathman
All About Me !!!
Robin J. Rathman, Ph.D.
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania
Education
University of
Delaware
University of Arizona
Washington State
University
Peace Corps Volunteer
Western Samoa
1981 to 1983
Research Scientist
Entomologist
University of
Hawaii
University of
Arizona
2008...present
Biology Teacher at Cienega HS
Adjunct Biology
Instructor
Pima Community
College
East Campus
Introductions
Myself
• The Class: Biology 156
• Index Card Name Plates
Be Creative !!!
Course
Syllabus
Read through Syllabus
On Receipt of Syllabus Page:
Add:
Your Name
Your Major
List Previous Biology Classes
Do You Work Full Time ?
Bio156IN – Human Biology for Allied Health
Section code: CRN# 21289
Saturday, Sunday 8 am – 4.30 pm
Dr Robin Rathman
Email: rrathman@pima.edu
Class website:http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman
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Textbook, Lab worksheets, Lecture notes
and Homework questions
Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th ed.
Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
Textbook:
Lab manual:
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Purchase at Bookstore
YOU MUST BRING THE RELEVANT BLANK LAB WORKSHEET TO CLASS
Lecture notes:
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I will post pdf files of lecture slides to the webpage
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO COME TO CLASS PREPARED…
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Grading
Grading Summary: Your total percentage will be
assigned a grade as follows:
• Exams (3: 25 pts each)
75 pts
• Quizzes (3: 15 pts each
45 pts
• Lab activities (13: 5 pts each)
65 pts
• Written Assignments (13: 5 pts each) 65 pts
• Participation (10 pts per week)
50 pts
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• Total
300 pts
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Communication
1. Class web page:
http://ecc.pima.edu/~rrathman
2. Email:
rrathman@pima.edu
3. Office Hours –
You need to approach me during class to
make arrangements for us to meet before or
after class. I can meet after class for up to 30
mins as needed. I can also meet before class.
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Class Rules
• P1: Be prompt
• P2: Be prepared
• P3: Be polite
Safety
You should:
1. Wear goggles in the lab
2. Wear closed toe shoes in the lab
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Lab Safety Rules
• Video on Lab Safety
• Notes
Summarize
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March 1st: Part 2
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Icebreaker
Science Knowledge Survey
Notes: What Science Is/Is Not
Notes: Hierarchy of Life
Lab 1: Checks Lab
Break
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Icebreaker
• With a partner, communicate 5 things
about yourself without speaking or writing
(drawing pictures is ok). Switch roles.
• Everyone will introduce their partner
verbally. Partner can make corrections
and fill-in missing details
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Science Knowledge Survey
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What is science?
What do you think scientists are like?
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Scientist Stereotypes
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Scientists at U. of Arizona
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What science is not.
Pseudo-science
• is a body of knowledge that claims to be
“scientific” (i.e. provide insight into the physical
world) but fails to comply with the scientific method
• may deliberately deceive the public for political or
financial gain.
• often makes statements that cannot be tested.
• often makes claims without supporting experimental
evidence.
• often ignores contradicting experimental results.
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What science is not.
Examples of pseudo-science
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Extrasensory perception
Astrology
UFO’s & Alien abductions
Creationism
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What is science?
Science is…
• A way of knowing about the natural world & a method for
solving problems
• A process designed to reduce the chance of being misled
so as to find the most probable answer
– Science does not “prove” something to be true…
Different fields ask questions about different types of
natural processes.
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What is biology?
Biology is…
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What is biology?
Biology is…
•The scientific study of
life.
•Biology is defined by
life level’s of
organization, which
extend from tiny
molecules to the entire
living planet.
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The Study of Life
Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Biosphere:
all of the environments on Earth
that support life.
Ecosystem:
all organisms living in a
particular area (i.e.
rainforest ecosystem)
And…
all nonliving physical
components of the
environment that affect the
organisms
(soil, water, air, etc.)
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Community:
all the organisms in an
area
Population:
An interacting group of
individuals of the same
species*
*Species – where’s the dictionary?
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Organism:
An individual living thing
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False
1.
2.
3.
4.
True
Question…
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A saguaro cactus is an organism?
Those goldfish are a population?
We are a population?
Together, the goldfish and we are a
population?
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False
1.
2.
3.
4.
True
Question…
?
A saguaro cactus is an organism? TRUE
Those goldfish are a population? TRUE
We are a population? TRUE
Together, the goldfish and we are a
population? FALSE, a community.
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Organ System:
A group of organs that work
together in performing vital body
functions
Name an organ system in the human body.
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Organ System:
A group of organs that work
together in performing vital body
functions
Human organ systems:
•Nervous
•Cardiovascular
•Urinary
•Skeletal
•Muscular
•Integumentary
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Endocrine
Lymphatic and Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Reproductive
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Organ:
A structure consisting of
several tissues adapted as a
group to perform specific
functions.
Tissue:
A cooperative unit of many
similar cells that perform a
specific function within a
multicellular organism
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Cell:
A basic unit of living matter separated
from its environment by a plasma
membrane; the fundamental structural
unit of life.
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Molecule:
A group of two or more atoms held together
by covalent bonds.
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Life’s Hierarchy from Top to Bottom
Atom:
The smallest
unit of matter
that retains the
properties of an
element
Atom
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The Checks Lab
• Directions: each team will be given an
envelope with 16 checks inside. Do not look
at the checks until I say so
• Remove 4 of the checks and place them on
the lab table…Don’t show the checks to the
other groups
• Read the information on the 4 checks and try
to formulate a tentative hypothesis to explain
the storyline
• This is your original hypothesis. Record on
the worksheet
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The Checks Lab
• Remove 4 more checks and formulate a 2nd
hypothesis…to explain the storyline. Record
this on the worksheet
• Remove 2 final checks and formulate a 3rd
hypothesis… to explain the storyline.
Record this on the worksheet.
• Don’t remove any more checks
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The Checks Lab
• Meet with other groups to compare
data…
• Formulate a final hypothesis based
upon all available data. This
hypothesis should explain all the
events in the life of the person who
wrote the checks
• Share final hypothesis with the class
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Writing Assignment
• Answer questions on the worksheet
and turn in with group member names
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What Have we done ?
How Have we done it ?
• Experienced the true nature of science
• Evidence can be confusing, conflicting,
seemingly random…
• Scientific explanations are only
tentative. New discoveries may cause
us to change our hypotheses
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March 1st: Part III Process of Science
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Scientific Method Notes
Strange Case of BeriBeri
Scientific Method Lab
Break
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The process of science
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Involves:
– critical thinking
– evaluation and assimilation of ideas and information
– observation
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Results in:
– solutions to problems
– explanation of events that occur in nature
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Discovery Science
e.g. sequencing the human genome
• Descriptive
• Observation and measurement
• Inductive reasoning
• the process of thinking in which a conclusion is
made based on observation
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Hypothesis-Driven Science
• The observations of discovery science
stimulate inquiring minds to ask
questions and seek explanations
• A formal process of inquiry based on the
scientific method
• Deductive reasoning
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The Scientific Method
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What is a hypothesis?
• A hypothesis is:
– Based on previous knowledge
– Not fact
– Meant to be tested and challenged
– Meant to be refined
– We all use them in everyday life
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The Scientific Method
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The Scientific Method
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To evaluate a hypothesis you need:
1. Accurate data
2. Method to analyze the data
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What makes a good hypothesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Testable
Unbiased
Verifiable
Account for all available data
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Null and Alternate Hypotheses
• Null hypothesis: assumes that there are
no differences in the outcomes
• Alternate hypothesis: makes a prediction
about the direction of difference in the
outcomes
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Controlled Experiments
• Variables are factors that influence the
outcome of an experiment
• In a controlled experiment there should be
only one experimental variable
• All other variables should be held constant
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Theory
• A theory is a logical explanation or model
based on observation, facts, hypotheses,
experimentation, and reasoning that
attempts to explain a range of natural
phenomena. Theories are constantly
subject to testing, modification, and
refutation as new evidence and ideas
emerge. Theories also have predictive
capabilities that guide further
investigation.
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Scientific Method
• It is essential to understand what is and is not
possible to learn through the process of science
• Science cannot answer questions about morality,
faith or values
• Science can address questions about the natural
world
• We are going to incorporate the scientific process
into our labs throughout the semester
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Scientific Method In Action:
The Strange Case of BeriBeri
How Penicillin Was Discovered
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Scientific Method In Action:
• The Strange Case of BeriBeri
– Problem
– Hypothesis
– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?
– Support or Reject ?
– New Hypothesis
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Scientific Method In Action:
• Alexander Fleming and Penicillium
– Problem
– Hypothesis
– How was the Hypothesis Tested ?
– Support or Reject ?
– New Hypothesis
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Sir Alexander Fleming
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Penicillin
Inhibits Staphylococcus
aureus
Penicillium mold secrets
the antibiotic
penicillin which inhibits the
growth of the bacteria
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Scientific Method Lab Objectives
• Learn the steps of the scientific method and how
they relate to problem solving
• Practice applying the scientific method to a
problem
• Define: observation, hypothesis, experimental
design, analysis, conclusion, bias
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Exercise 1: Using the Scientific
Method
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Results
• Analysis
• Conclusion
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Exercise 2: Designing Your Own
Experiment
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Results
• Analysis
• Conclusion
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Review Question
• In your own words describe the
scientific method
• Which of the 3 statements cannot be
tested with the scientific method ?
• What are the limitations of the
scientific method ?
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Scientific Method & Blood Flow
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Introduction
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In this lab you will form a hypothesis,
conduct experiments and collect and
analyze data
Who was William Harvey ???
William Harvey
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He discovered that blood flowed or
circulated through the human body
Video: Blood Flow Theory
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Summarize in your notebook:
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What was the prevailing theory about
blood flow in the 17th century
Explain the new theory proposed by
William Harvey ?
What implications did this have for
medicine ?
What is your “pulse rate” ?
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A measure of how frequently your heart
is pumping blood through your body
What affects pulse rate ???
Blood Flow Lab
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Measure resting heart rate
Form a hypothesis and test one of the
following:
 Heart rate standing
 Heart rate holding breath
Blood Flow Lab
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Prediction: How does standing up or
holding your breath affect heart rate?
Observations
Explanation !
Materials and Procedure
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Groups of 4 students (Assigned groups)
 All members of lab group need to complete 2
data tables and answers all lab questions (in
notebooks).
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Lab Group Assignments
 Materials- get lab sheets, timer,
calculator
 Research Director Timer
 Clean-up- puts materials away
Questions
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Question 1 (your hypothesis)
Conclusions (Q 1-3)
Rubric
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2 completed data tables
Answers to all questions (complete
sentences)
Class Data
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Resting Heart Rate
Heart Rate Standing
Heart Rate Holding Breath
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The Mystery Box
• Goal: each team is to make a
prediction about what you will see
when you open the box.
• You will have to make hypotheses, run
tests, record results, draw conclusions
and report your predictions to the class
before opening the box…
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Experiments
• Design experiments that will give you
clues as to the content of the box
• Is shaking the box an experiment ???
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Test of a Hypothesis
Example
• Hypothesis: the object is round
• Test Performed: Tilt box, listen as
object moves
• Observations: There is a smooth noise
ending in “tock“ as the object hits the
side of the box.
• Conclusion: The object is round
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Writing Assignment
• Write down your box number
• Work for 5-10 minutes and try to come to an
agreement as to what you will see inside the
box
• Describe your “experiment” using the
“hypothesis”, “test”, “result”, “conclusion”
terminology
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After 5 minutes…
• Trade boxes with another team that
was far away and could not hear your
discussion
• Repeat the experimental process and
again describe your “experiment”
using the “hypothesis”, “test”, “result”,
“conclusion” terminology.
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What Have we done ?
How Have we done it ?
• What are common causes of error ?
• Is luck involved ?
• Did all team members agree on every
conclusion ?
• How is this activity a model for every
properly done scientific study ?
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1st June: Part 3
• Lecture Notes for Chapter 1: The Human Body: An
Orientation
• Reading Assignment/Homework/Lab for
Wednesday
• Scientific Method in Action
• The Check’s Lab
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Notes: Chapter 1
• The Human Body: An Orientation
I. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
II. Levels of Structural Organization
III. Maintaining Life
IV. Homeostasis
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HOMEWORK
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Purchase Textbook $$$ (Edition 8)
Bring Lab Manual to Class
Complete “Scientific Method in Action”
Assigned Reading for Wednesday:
– Chapter 1: The Human Body: An
Orientation (pages 1-11)
– Lab 1: Scientific Method
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Scientific Method In Action:
The Strange Case of BeriBeri
How Penicillin Was Discovered
102