The Skeleton
Chapter 7
I.
Lecture
A. Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Describe the
axial skeleton.
B. Name and describe the cranial fontanels.
C. Explain the following diseases and conditions: kyphosis, lordosis,
scoliosis, cleft palate, and spina bifida.
D. Differentiate between true and false ribs.
E. Describe the os coxa.
F. Describe the various differences between the male and female pelvic
girdle.
G. Describe the hyoid bone and the three ear ossicles.
H. Describe the primary and secondary spinal curvatures.
I. What are sutural bones?
J. What is the significance of the “Turks Saddle”?
K. Be able to describe the different types of vertebrae.
II.
Laboratory for chapters 6 & 7
A. Using a microscope slide of compact bone, locate the following structures:
haversian system, haversian canal, lacuna, osteocyte, canaliculi, and
lamella.
B. Learn the markings associated with the scull (table 6.1)
C. Be able to identify the following bones, processes, openings, etc. on the
human skeleton. Your lab test will utilize the skeleton:
1. Cranium
a. Frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen (facial nerve)
b. Temporal bone
squamous suture
external auditory meatus (external ear canal)
zygomatic process (arch)
squamous region (thin)
mastoid process
mandibular fossa
carotid canal ( carotid artery)
styloid process
petrous region and the three ear ossicles (petrous =
thickened)
jugular foramen (jugular vein)
foramen lacerum
c. Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
d. Occipital bone
Lambdoidal suture
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
e. Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica (“Turks Saddle”)
Optic foramina (optic nerve)
Foramen ovale (trigeminal nerve)
Greater and lesser wings
Foramen rotundum (trigeminal nerve) and spinosum (blood
vessels and nerves)
f. Ethmoid bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate (olfactory nerve foramina)
Conchae (increase surface area for warming and filtering
air)
2.
Facial bones
14 bones: only the mandible and vomer are unpaired
a. Mandibular bone
mandibular condyle
mental foramen
b. Vomer bone
c. Palatine bone
d. Zygomatic bone
e. Lacrimal bone and lacrimal canal
f. Nasal bone
g. Nasal conchae
h. Maxillae
infra-orbital foramen (facial nerve)
3. Hyoid bone
4. Sutural or wormian bone (extra bones in suture lines)
5. Vertebral column
Learn the major I.D. characteristic of each type of vertebrae
a. Cervical vertebra (7 vertebrae)
(transverse foramen I.D. characteristic)
Atlas = C1
Axis = C2 (locate dens)
b. Thoracic vertebra (12 vertebrae)
(Rib facets I.D. characteristic)
c. Lumbar vertebra (5 vertebrae)
(Enlarged dorsal spinous process I.D. characteristic)
d. Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae)
e. Coccyx 305 fused vertebrae
6. Vertebral parts
Intervertebral disc
Transverse process
Body
Spinous process
Intervertebral foramen
7. Thorax
Sternum (manubrium, gladiolus (body), and xiphoid
process)
Ribs (7 true, 5 false – two of which are floating)
8. Shoulder girdle
a. Scapula bone
Coracoid process
Acromion process
Glenoid fossa
b. Clavicle
9. Arms and hands
a. Humerus bone
Greater and lesser tuberosity
Trochlea
Capitulum
Olecranon fossa
b. Radius bone
Styloid process
Radial head
c. Ulna bone
Olecranon process
Styloid process
d. Carpals (8) (individual credit)
e. Metacarpals
f. Phalanges
10. Pelvic girdle
Os coxae (consist of three fused bones: Ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Obturator foramen
Acetabular fossa (acetabulum)
11. Legs and feet
a. Femur bone
greater and lesser trochanters
head, condyles
b. Patella bone (this is the largest sesamoid bone)
c. Tibia bone
Medial malleolus
d. Fibula bone
Lateral malleolus
e. Tarsals (7) (must know talus and calcaneus – other individual
bones extra credit)
f. Metatarsals
g. Phalanges