Matakuliah : U0173 / FOTOGRAFI 1
PHOTOGRAPHY 1
Introduction to Manual Camera
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The 3 most important aspects photography
1. The Camera – The Equipment
2. The Film – Understanding ASA
3. The Light – Lighting Situations
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Camera
Types of Camera :
1. The Range Finder
2. Twin Lens Reflex / TLR
3. Single Lens Reflex / SLR
4. View Camera
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1. Range Finder Camera
viewfinder
lens
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2. Twin Lens Reflex
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3. Single Lens Reflex Camera
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Mirror on SLR
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4. View Camera
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Format x2 Camera
1. Small Format
2. Medium Format
3. Large Format
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Small Format Camera 135 mm
Example:
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Medium Format Camera 6x4.5 cm
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Medium Format Camera 6x6 cm
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Medium Format Camera 6x7 cm
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Large Format Camera
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Components of The Camera
1. The Aperture - lens
2. The Shutter Speed – camera body
3. The Light Meter (TTL) - camera body (Reflective LM)
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1. The Aperture
The Aperture Diaphragm
Aperture : is referred to the lens diaphragm opening inside a lens.
The size of the diaphragm opening in a camera lens regulates the
amount of light passes through onto the film inside the camera and
hence the brightness of the image.
Aperture size is usually calibrated in f-numbers
Diaphragm : System of adjustable metal blades forming
a roughly circular opening of variable diameter,
used to control the aperture of a lens.
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1. The Aperture
f - Numbers
f 1 , f 1.4 , f 2 , f 2.8 , f 4 , f 5.6 , f 8
f 11 , f 16 , f 22 , f 32 , f 45 , f 64 , f 90
- Can you see a repetitive pattern among the numbers ? These Aperture numbers represents 1 f-stop difference between each
number
1 f-stop number represents one time the amount of light either more or
less in quantity.
Meaning to say, f16 will let in 1x the amount of light than a diaphragm
opening of f22
f4.0 will let in 1x lesser than that of f2.8 etc
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1. The Aperture
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F 2,8
smaller f-number, larger
the aperture
F 22
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2. The Shutter Speed
SHUTTER & SHUTTER SPEEDS
Types Of Shutters
 Shutter Speed Numbers

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2. The Shutter Speed
Shutter Speed :
Shutter speed regulates the time duration at which the shutter
curtain open up and close during an exposure process
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2. The Shutter Speed
Types Of Shutters :
- Focal Plane Shutters :
it used almost universally in SLR camera.
- Leaf Shutters :
is built into the lens.
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Focal plane shutters
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Leaf Shutters
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2. The Shutter Speed
Shutter Speed Numbers
1 , ½ , 1/4 , 1/8 , 1/15 , 1/30 , 1/60 , 1/125
1/250 , 1/500 , 1/1000 , 1/2000 , 1/4000 ,
1/8000 ,
These numbers represents how fast / slow the
shutter is opened. (The number representations
are in seconds)
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2. The Shutter Speed
Shutter speed button
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3. The Light Meter
Light Meters :
an instrument to measure light intensity that’s falls on the
film, so we can get a correct exposure.
Types of Light meters :
Reflective light meters : pointed toward the subject and measures the
brightness of the light reflected from the subject.
Incident light meters : the meters measures light falling on the subject
and has to be pointed toward the camera. The most accurate way of
finding the correct exposure
Light meters :
- built in the camera => reflective LM
- handheld
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Handheld Light Meters, examples :
Reflective Spot
Light Meter
Incident Light Meter
Combination Incident
Reflective Light Meter
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Exposure :
defined as the process of how much light is contained in a
frame of film by combining aperture and shutter speed
Bigger the aperture, faster the shutter speed
to obtain a correct/normal exposure
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Correct/normal
exposed
Under
Exposed
Over Exposed
Under exposure
2 stop
Under exposure
1 stop
Normal exposure
Over exposure
1stop
Over exposure
2 stop
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Exposure in Camera Mode
 Manual
 Aperture priority
 Shutter priority
 Auto
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Aperture Priority
Aperture priority means you select the
aperture to determine the depth of field
yourself and the camera will set to the
appropriate shutter speeds to match your
aperture selected for a optimum exposure.
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Shutter Priority
shutter priority will let you select the
preferred shutter speed setting and the camera
will select the matching aperture values to
match your choice.
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