SCB 204.1738,1739
Robyn O’Kane, Ph.D.
Final Lecture Exam
Spring I 2008
Name_________________________________________________________________
Endocrine System
1. All of the following hormones are released from the anterior pituitary EXCEPT
A. corticotropin releasing hormone.
B. prolactin.
C. thyroid stimulating hormone.
D. follicle stimulating hormone.
2. Which of the following is correct regarding hormones?
A. Water soluble hormones activate genes when they bind to their intracellular receptors.
B. Lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane of target cells.
C. Water soluble hormones easily diffuse through cell membranes.
D. Lipid soluble hormones are bound to transport proteins as they travel through the bloodstream.
Answer Questions 3-4 as they relate to epinephrine.
3. Epinephrine causes its effect in cells by
A. decreasing heart rate.
B. activating a G protein.
C. stimulating the adrenal medulla to release its hormones.
D. inhibiting a phosphodiesterase.
4. Binding of epinephrine to its receptor causes
A. the concentration of glucose in the cell to increase.
B. the concentration of glycogen in the cell to increase.
C. the concentration of triglycerides in the cell to increase.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. A and B are correct only.
5. Which hormone(s) stimulates gluconeogenesis?
A. Glucocorticoids
B. Insulin
C. Glucagon
D. A and B are correct.
E. A and C are correct.
6. Which hormone will help a person lose weight?
A. Thyroxine
B. Aldosterone
C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D. Prolactin
1

7. A decrease in blood calcium levels is detected by the
A. anterior pituitary gland cells.
B. parathyroid gland cells.
C. thyroid gland cells.
D. pancreas.
8. To correct this (from previous question), which of the following results will occur?
A. Absorption of calcium from ingested food will decrease.
B. Osteoclast activity will decrease.
C. Parathyroid hormone will stimulate the distal convoluted tubule cells to reabsorb calcium.
D. All of the above will occur.
Digestive System
9. Which of the following is correct regarding the absorption of nutrients across the small intestinal mucosa?
A. Proteins are absorbed into lacteals.
B. Brush border enzymes convert larger molecules into monomer units for easier absorption.
C. Only carbohydrate monomers are absorbed across the small intestinal mucosa.
D. Triglycerides are pulled into the absorptive cells lining the villi via endocytosis.
10. All of the following are a part of the exocrine secretions of the pancreas EXCEPT
A. amylase.
B. juice with a basic pH.
C. ribonuclease.
D. pepsinogen.
11. Which of the following is a correct match between the organic nutrient and the organ of the GI tract in which it is chemically catabolized?
A. Lipids – stomach
B. Carbohydrates – large intestine
C. Proteins – mouth
12. Which of the following is correct?
A. Essential fatty acids are produced within the body.
B. Essential amino acids are produced within the body via transamination reactions.
C. All complete proteins have all 20 amino acids in them.
D. Incomplete proteins are missing some essential amino acids.
13. Which organ of the GI tract skeletal muscle in the muscularis layer of one section and smooth muscle in a different section?
A. Pharynx
B. Esophagus
C. Stomach
D. Small intestine
2

14. Cholecystokinin
A. allows more bile to be released into the small intestine.
B. is produced in the pancreas.
C. causes an increase in acid production in the stomach.
D. triggers stretch receptors in the duodenum.
15. All of the following are correct regarding deamination EXCEPT
A. peptide bonds are formed through this process.
B. ammonia is produced.
C. amino acids are broken down in this process.
D. urea is formed in the liver due to the breakdown products of deamination.
16. Which cranial nerve(s) causes an increase in salivation?
A. Facial
B. Glossopharyngeal
C. Vagus
D. All of the above are correct.
E. A and B are correct only.
17. When chyme distends the duodenum, stretch receptors stimulate ______________ impulses.
A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic
18. Which of the following is true regarding gastric and intestinal glands?
A. They are both essential for the progression of the gastric phase of digestion.
B. They both release hormones into the bloodstream that cause the digestion process to slow down.
C. They both have cells that release intrinsic factor into the lumen.
D. They both have exocrine mucous cells.
For each number, pick from the given answer choices.
After being absorbed across the mucosa of the small intestine, carbohydrates enter the
(19)_____________ capillary to travel towards the (20)_______________. Once there, they can undergo (21)________________________ for storage or they can undergo
(22)_____________________ for anaerobic energy production or they can undergo
(23)_____________________ to produce triglycerides.
19. A. blood
20. A. heart
21. A. glycogenesis
B. lymphatic
B. liver
B. glycogenolysis
22. A. lipolysis B. glycolysis
23. A. gluconeogenesis B. ketogenesis
3

Urinary System
24. Urea
A. is reabsorbed at the collecting duct.
B. causes an increase in water reabsorption.
C. is filtered in the glomerulus.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. A and B are correct only.
25. Which of the following is correct regarding ADH?
A. Its action is responsible for forming a dilute urine.
B. It easily diffuses across the cell membranes of the cells of the collecting ducts.
C. It’s released from the anterior pituitary gland.
D. It increases the reabsorption of water from the nephron.
26. The major substances that are reabsorbed include
A. Na + , Cl , and glucose.
B. Na
+
, Cl
-
, and H
+
.
C. Glucose, amino acids, and ammonia.
D. Glucose, ammonia, and Cl
-
.
27. An increase in net filtration pressure
A. occurs as a result of renin release.
B. causes an increase in glomerular filtration rate.
C. is a result of decreased renal blood flow.
D. occurs when blood colloid osmotic pressure increases.
Reproduction and Genetics
28. All of the following happen in a pregnant woman EXCEPT
A. she gains weight.
B. the bladder enlarges.
C. breathing rate increases.
D. cardiac output increases.
29. The substrate for ATP production in sperm is
A. mucus from the seminal vesicle.
B. fructose from the prostate gland.
C. mucus from the bulbourethral gland.
D. fructose from the seminal vesicle.
30. Which of the following is correct regarding meiosis?
A. Four daughter cells are produced from one meiotic cycle.
B. It occurs in all cells.
C. The main point is to produce two identical daughter cells.
D. It is responsible for the genetic diversity among family members.
4

31. Menstruation is due to
A. coitus.
B. fertilization.
C. decreased estrogen and progesterone production.
D. the LH surge.
32. Human chorionic gonadotropin
A. is the fetal form of luteinizing hormone.
B. is released from the hypothalamus.
C. provides the stimulus to keep the corpus luteum secreting progesterone and estrogen.
D. is no longer needed once implantation begins.
33. During which trimester is the embryo/fetus most vulnerable to cigarette smoking?
A. First B. Second C. Third
34. During which trimester do all organ systems become fully functional?
A. First B. Second C. Third
35. If a couple has sex during the LH surge, will the woman’s secondary oocyte become fertilized?
A. No B. Yes
36. What happens to the uterus during the postovulatory phase?
A. Arterioles constrict.
B. The stratum functionalis sloughs off.
C. Glycogen is secreted by the endometrial glands.
D. The myometrium contracts rhythmically.
37. A person is heterozygous for a Mendelian trait. Which of the following is correct?
A. He doesn’t have a homologous chromosome for that trait.
B. His homologous chromosomes contain identical alleles.
C. He’s homozygous dominant.
D. He has one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
38. As spermatogenesis occurs,
A. spermatids divide their nuclear material to form sperm.
B. the developing sperm move toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
C. primary spermatocytes arrest in prophase I.
D. All of the above are correct.
39. FSH and LH stimulate
A. GnRH release from the hypothalamus.
B. oogonia to undergo meiosis.
C. meiosis I to complete in primary oocytes.
D. the corpus luteum to degenerate into a corpus albicans.
5

40. What process occurs immediately before cleavage?
A. Spermatogenesis B. Implantation C. Parturition
41. Parturition is due to
A. the perimetrium becoming the broad ligament.
B. the monthly sloughing off of the stratum functionalis.
C. contraction of the myometrium.
D. uterine glands growing into the endometrium.
42. Which of the following is correct for BOTH mitosis and meiosis?
A. Tetrads separate to opposite poles during anaphase.
B. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
C. Interphase occurs before each cycle.
D. Haploid daughter cells are formed.
D. Fertilization
43. Sertoli cells are important for _________________ and Leydig cells are important for _________________.
A. releasing hormones into the bloodstream; supporting developing sperm.
B. supporting developing sperm; producing testosterone
C. producing testosterone; releasing sperm into the lumen.
D. releasing FSH; releasing LH.
44. All of the following occur after a sperm enters a secondary oocyte EXCEPT
A. capacitation.
B. slow block to polyspermy.
C. completion of meiosis II in the secondary oocyte.
D. a diploid nucleus is formed.
45. All of the following are correct about the blastocyst EXCEPT
A. it burrows into the endometrial lining.
B. it hatches from the zona pellucida.
C. it is formed approximately 30 hours after fertilization.
D. it has a cavity filled with fluid.
Match the following terms with the appropriate description.
46. Ectoderm A. Forms during gastrulation.
47. Trilaminar disc B. Eventually becomes the embryo/fetus/baby.
48. Placenta C. Part of it develops from the trophoblast.
49. Inner cell mass D. Part of it eventually forms the nervous system.
6

SCB 204.1738, 1739
Short Answer Questions
Name___________________________________________________________________
1. What hormone is released during hyperglycemia?
2. From where is this hormone released?
3. Explain what processes this hormone triggers in its target cells and what the end result is. Give one specific example of what its target cell is.
7

Extra credit short answer questions:
1. Briefly explain the main physiological issue with people who have Type 1 diabetes.
2. Why are these people at a higher risk of developing ketoacidosis?
3. Briefly explain the relationship between obesity and diabetes.
4. Circle A or B: An obese person with Type 2 diabetes would be classified as having
A. metabolic obesity
B. regulatory obesity.
8