List of Tables, Illustrations and Boxes ix
Preface xi
Abbreviations xv
Part I: Conceptual Considerations
1 Intergovernmental Organisations and Their Role in
David M. Law
2 Overview and Typology of IGO Norms for Security
Sector Reform and Governance
Oksana Myshlovska
3 Cooperation among SSR-Relevant IGOs
David M. Law
3
25
43
Part II: SSR Implementation
4 From Policy to Practice: Gauging the OECD’s Evolving
Role in Security Sector Reform
Alan Bryden
5 Security Sector Reform and EU Norm Implementation
Andrew Sherriff
6 From USSR to SSR: The Rise and (Partial) Demise of
NATO in Security Sector Reform
David G. Haglund
65
85
103

7 The OSCE’s SSR Operational Activities: A Piecemeal
Approach with Limited Results
Victor-Yves Ghebali
123
8 World Bank/IMF: Financial and Programme Support for SSR 137
Nicole Ball
9 Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector
Governance: Towards a Common ECOWAS Agenda
Adedeji Ebo
157
Part III: Patterns of IGO Cooperation
181 10 Challenges of Integration: Cooperation on
SSR within the UN System and Beyond
Vincenza Scherrer
11 Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police
Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe
Ursula C. Schroeder
12 NATO, SSR and Afghanistan
Candace Karp and Richard Ponzio
Part IV: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
13 Taking Stock, Moving Forward
David M. Law
197
219
239
List of Contributors
About DCAF
293
295

Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 2.1
Typology of IGO Engagement in SSR
IGO SSR Profiles
SSR Field Activities
General SSR/G Norms
9
18
19
33
Table 2.2 IGOs’ Involvement in Norm Formation Regarding the 36
Role of Security Sector Actors
Illustration 3.1 Clusters within the Family of SSR-Relevant IGOs
Table 3.1 Main Principles of Cooperation for
54
55
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
IGO Cooperation Techniques
IGO Strategies and Tactics
Table 4.1 The Evolution of OECD DAC Norms and
Principles for SSR
Table 7.1 SSR-Related Police Activities in the Caucasus and
56
59
69
131
Box 8.1 Ministerial Statement on SSR Principles
Box 8.2 Lessons from the Afghanistan PFM Review of the
Box 8.3 Promoting Greater Transparency and Accountability in the Indonesian Military Budget
138
145
149

x
Table 8.1 Bank and Fund Adherence to SSR Norms
Table 9.1 Normative Basis for ECOWAS Democratic
Security Governance: The Protocol on
Democracy and Good Governance
Box 9.1 SSR Activities in the Draft ECPF
Table 10.1 UN Capacity for Post-Conflict SSR
Table 10.2 Typology of Cooperation/Coordination Patterns
Table 11.1 Typology of Organisational Interaction
Table 11.2 Who Does What
Table 13.1 IGO Strong and Weak Points
Box 13.1 Decalogue of Key SSR Norms
151
162
171
184
193
198
201
246
248

The DCAF Yearly Book series is designed to review recent research findings and field experience on themes in the area of security reform (SSR) and security sector governance (SSG) that have assumed a certain importance in the SSR/G policy and research community or can be expected to do so over the short to medium term. Thus, the 2003 and maiden version of the Yearly
Book ( Challenges of Security Sector Governance ) addressed the issue of security sector governance in the Euro-Atlantic and global contexts. The
2004 volume ( Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector ) contrasted the tasks involved in reforming an existing security sector with those that need to be engaged in reconstructing a security sector that has been destroyed by conflict. The 2005 Yearly Book ( Security Governance in Post-
Conflict Peacebuilding) went on to examine the distinct programme features of SSR/G in post-conflict settings. Last year’s volume ( Private Actors and
Security Governance ) addressed the role of private, non-statutory security sector actors and the challenges associated with their oversight and regulation. As all these studies have underlined, intergovernmental organisations
(IGOs) play a leading role in the development of thinking about SSR/G and the delivery of programmes in the field. The 2007 Yearly Book will have this dimension as its overriding theme.
A great many IGOs are involved in SSR or in SSR-related activities.
This volume looks at a selection of organisations that have taken the lead in the SSR field and/or have the potential for significantly developing their
SSR agendas in the future. These IGOs are the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union (EU), the
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe (CoE), the Economic Organisation of West African States (ECOWAS), the World Bank
(WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
This year’s volume examines the SSR/G role of these organisations under four headings. Part I focuses on conceptual issues that set the stage for the chapters that follow. The first chapter discusses why and how some IGOs have come to recognise SSR/G as a policy framework for their activities in the area of security and/or development, why others may follow their example and the policy implications that are raised by this trend. The second

xii chapter maps out the norms and standards for SSR/G that various IGOs have elaborated and offers a framework for categorising and comparing norm development across institutions. The third chapter analyses the commitments that IGOs have undertaken as well as the mechanisms that they have adopted to guide their cooperation with one another in programme implementation.
Part II offers case studies on how IGOs have implemented SSR in programme areas that are particularly representative of their overall action.
Thus, the chapter on the OECD reviews the organisation’s role in identifying
SSR/G best practices and in disseminating them among practitioners. The implementation of SSR/G norms in crisis management and prevention activities is the focus of the chapter on the EU. The chapter on the OSCE looks at some of the key SSR/G components of its field missions. The role of SSR/G norms in NATO’s partnership and enlargement programmes provides the substance for the chapter on the alliance. The central theme in the examination of the role of the WB and the IMF is their support for SSR/G implementation through financial and other programme activity and the normative dimensions of this activity as it pertains to SSR/G. Part II concludes with an analysis of ECOWAS, its evolving SSR-related normative framework and the prospects of the organisation developing a regional approach to SSR.
Part III of the Yearly Book offers three case studies on the way various actors, primarily but not exclusively IGOs, have worked together to implement and support the implementation of SSR. Its first chapter looks at
IGO cooperation in supporting reform of the public security sector in Eastern and Central Europe. The second chapter examines how the UN has worked with other actors in supporting SSR in integrated missions where the UN has had a prominent status. The issue of inter-institutional cooperation in SSR programmes in Afghanistan is the focus of a chapter focussing on NATO’s leading role in this theatre.
Part IV brings together the conclusions that can be drawn from the various case studies and puts forward policy recommendations for future
IGO work in the area of SSR/G.
The DCAF Yearly Book is produced against an extremely tight schedule.
This volume would not have been successfully completed without the invaluable support of a number of people. In particular, I would like to thank
Katie Meline and Oksana Myshlovska for their assistance in researching,

xiii compiling and editing this publication. I am also grateful to James Stocker for his excellent copy- and technical-editing assistance. Tim Donais, Herbert
Wulf and Funmi Olonisakin provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Veit D. Hopf of LIT Verlag again guided us through the publication process with patience and encouragement. My thanks go in particular to the contributors, who agreed to write under considerable time pressure, and to DCAF colleagues Alan Bryden and Heiner Hänggi, whose experience as editors of previous Yearly Books has proven most useful in supporting this year’s effort. Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge the inputs of members of the DCAF International Advisory Board who in May
2007 participated in a Writers’ Workshop that brought together most of the contributing authors, a highly useful meeting at which surfaced many of the insights and policy recommendations that have gone into the present volume.
The Editor
Geneva, September 2007

ABP
Afghanistan Border Police
CPA
CPC
CPDC
CRP
CSCE
CSPWG
CSTC-A
DAC
DCAF
DDA
DDR
DFID
DIAG
BCPR
BiH
BINUB
CARDS
CARPO
CEE
CFSP
CIDA
CIS
CNPF
CoC
CoE
COMISAF
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (UNDP)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bureau Intégré des Nations Unies au Burundi
Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (EU – Western Balkans)
CARDS Regional Police Project (CoE/EC)
Central and Eastern Europe
Common Security and Foreign Policy (EU)
Canadian International Development Agency
Commonwealth of Independent States
Counter Narcotics Police Force (Afghanistan)
Code of Conduct
Council of Europe
Commander, International Security Assistance Force in
Afghanistan
Cotonou Partnership Agreement
Conflict Prevention Centre (OSCE)
Network on Conflict, Peace and Development
Cooperation (OECD)
Critical Review Panel (OECD)
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
Common Security Policy Working Group
Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan
(USA)
Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed
Forces
Department for Disarmament Affairs (UN)
Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
UK Department for International Development
Disarmament of illegal armed groups

xvi
DPA
DRC
DSRSG
EAR
ECJHAT
ECOMOG
ECOWAS
ECPF
ESDI
ESDP
ESP
ETT
Department of Political Affairs (UN)
Democratic Republic of Congo
Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General
(UN)
European Agency for Reconstruction (EU)
European Commission Justice and Home Affairs Team
ECOWAS Monitoring Group
Economic Community of West African States
ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework
European Security and Defence Identity
European Security and Defence Policy
ECOWAS Standby Force
Embedded Training Team (Afghanistan)
EUPAT
EUPM
European Union Police Advisory Team in the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
EUPOL European Union Police Mission
EUPOL COPPS European Union Police Mission in the Palestinian
EUSEC
EUSR
FSC
FYROM
GAC
Territories
European Union Security Sector Reform Mission in the
DRC
European Union Special Representative in BiH
Forum for Security Co-operation (OSCE)
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Governance and anti-corruption (World Bank)
GWOT
HCNM
Global war on terror
High Commissioner on National Minorities (OSCE)
HIPC Highly indebted poor countries
HQs Headquarters
IBRD
ICI
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

ICRC
IDDRS
IFI
IF-SRR xvii
International Committee of the Red Cross
Integrated Disarmament, Demobilisation and
Reintegration Standards (UN)
International financial institution
Implementation Framework for Security Sector Reform
(OECD)
IOM
IPA
IPTF
ISAF
JCMB
JRC
JSSR
KFOR
KPS
LEOP
MAP
MDRP
MENA
MINUSTAH
MOJPS
MONUC
MPRI
MSC
NAC
NACC
NATO
NEPAD
NFP
International Organisation for Migration
Instrument for Pre-Accession (EU)
International Police Task Force (UN – Bosnia)
International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
(NATO)
Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board (Afghanistan)
Judicial Reform Commission (Afghanistan)
Justice and security sector reform
Kosovo Force (NATO)
Kosovo Police Force
Law Enforcement Officer Program on Combating Hate
Crime (OSCE)
Membership Action Plan (NATO)
Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration
Program
Middle East and North Africa
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
Minister of Justice and Public Security (Burundi)
United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of
Congo
Military Professional Resources International
Mediation and Security Council (ECOWAS)
North Atlantic Council
North Atlantic Cooperation Council
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
New Partnership for Africa’s Development
National Focal Point (OSCE)

xviii
ODIHR
OECD
OECD DAC
OHCHR
OLA
OMLT
ONUB
OSCE
OSCR
PACE
PAG
PAP-DIB
PER
PFM
PfP
PIC
PMSC
POLIS
PRGF
PRSP
PROXIMA
PRS
PRT
PSC
PSO
RCC
ROSC
SAA
SALW
SAP
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
(OSCE)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights
Office of Legal Affairs (UN)
Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (NATO –
Afghanistan)
Opération des Nations Unies au Burundi
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Office of the Senior Civilian Representative (NATO –
Afghanistan)
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
Policy Action Group (NATO – Afghanistan)
Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building
(NATO)
Public expenditure review (World Bank)
Public finance management (World Bank)
Partnership for Peace (NATO)
Peace Implementation Council for Bosnia-Herzegovina
Private military and security company
Policing OnLine Information System (OSCE)
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (IMF)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IMF)
European Union Police Mission in the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Provincial Reconstruction Team (NATO)
Private security company
Peace support operations
Regional Cooperation Council
Report on Observance of Standards and Codes (IMF)
Stabilisation and Association Agreement (EU)
Small arms and light weapons
Stabilisation and Association Process (EU)

SCR
SEE
SEECP
SEESP
SPAI
SPMU
SPOC
SRSG
Senior Civilian Representative (NATO)
South-East Europe, South Eastern Europe
South-East European Cooperation Process
Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
Anti-Corruption Initiative (Stability Pact)
Strategic Police Matters Unit (OSCE)
Stability Pact Initiative against Organised Crime
Special Representative of the Secretary-General (UN –
Kosovo) xix
UNAMA
UNAMI
UNDP
UNDPKO
UNFPA
UNHCR
UNICEF
UNIFEM
UNIOSIL
UNLIREC
UNMIBH
UNMIK
UNOCI
UNODC
UNOG
UNOPS
UNOWA
UNSC
USAID
United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations
United Nations Population Fund
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations Children's Fund
United Nations Development Fund for Women
United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone
United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
United Nations Mission in Bosnia Herzegovina
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in
Kosovo
United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
United Nations Office in Geneva
United Nations Office for Project Services
United Nations Office for West Africa
United Nations Security Council
United States Agency for International Development
WMD
WTO
Weapons of mass destruction
Warsaw Treaty Organisation