GENEVA CENTRE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES (DCAF)
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GENEVA CENTRE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES (DCAF) OCCASIONAL PAPER - #5 SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri (DCAF) miznobrivi dokumenti # 5 The Parliamentary Dimension of Defence Procurement Requirements, Production, Cooperation and Acquisition Tavdacvis momaragebis saparlamento ganzomileba moTxovnebi, warmoeba, TanamSromloba da Sesyidva Dr. Willem F. van Eekelen doqtori uilem f. van ekeleni Geneva, March 2005 Jeneva, 2005 wlis marti About the Author Dr. Willem F. van Eekelen started his career as a member of the Netherlands Foreign Service. He was elected to Parliament in 1977 and served as State Secretary for Defence, for European Affairs, and as Minister of Defence. He was Secretary General of the Western European Union (1989-1994) and subsequently was a Senator in the Netherlands Parliament for 8 years. He is a member of the governing boards of SIPRI and CESS and of the advisory board of DCAF. He is chairman of the European Movement in the Netherlands. avtoris Sesaxeb doqtori uilem f. van ekelenma Tavisi kariera niderlandebis sagareo samsaxurSi daiwyo. 1977 wels igi parlamentis wevrad airCies da muSaobda Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivnad, evropis saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivnad da Tavdacvis ministrad. igi gaxldaT aRmosavleT evropis kavSiris generaluri mdivani (1989-1994 ww.), xolo momdevno 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi — niderlandebis parlamentis senatori. igi aris SIPRI-isa da CESSis mmarTveli sabWoebis wevri da SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis sakonsultacio sabWos wevri. igi aris niderlandebSi evropuli moZraobis Tavmjdomare. DCAF Policy Papers are essays contributing to the policy dialogue on issues of increasing relevance to the core mission of DCAF. These essays are commissioned by DCAF. The views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of DCAF. SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris strategiuli dokumentebi aris narkvevTa krebuli, romelic xels uwyobs dialogs Jenevis centris ZiriTad miznebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. es narkvevebi momzadebulia SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris mier. Tumca masSi asaxuli Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi avtors (avtorebs) ekuTvnis da, SesaZlebelia, centris Sexedulebebs ar gamoxatavdnen. Table of Contents List of Acronyms Introduction ........................................................................... 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Characteristics of Defence Procurement .................................. 4 1.1. The Role of Governments ........................................................ 5 1.2. Compensation Transactions ...................................................... 6 1.3. Resource Allocation ................................................................ 7 The Role of Parliament ....................................................... 10 2.1. A Model Sequence ................................................................ 10 2.2. Obtaining Parliamentary Approval ............................................. 12 Consolidation and Cooperation ............................................. 15 3.1. The American Situation ......................................................... 15 3.2. The Wishes of European Industry .............................................. 20 3.3. European Armaments Cooperation ............................................ 24 3.4. Towards a European Security and Defence Policy ........................... 30 What For? ........................................................................ 40 4.1. European Scenarios .............................................................. 40 4.2. American Scenarios .............................................................. 44 4.3. A European Armaments Agency at Last? ..................................... 47 4.4. The Role of the European Commission ....................................... 52 4.5. National Adjustments ............................................................ 57 Parliamentary Oversight ...................................................... 63 Conclusion ............................................................................ 67 Annexes ................................................................................ 73 1.Consultation of the European Parliament by the Foreign Minister ............ 73 2. The Common Security and Defence Policy ........................................ 74 3. Financial Provisions .................................................................... 77 4. Protocol on permanent structured cooperation ................................. 79 4. What You Can Do as a Parliamentarian ........................................... 81 5. Oversight of defence procurement in selected NATO Member State ........ 83 References ............................................................................ 84 List of Acronyms akronimebis CamonaTvali AAF Air-to-air refuelling haerSi sawvavis damateba AGS Alliance Ground Surveillance (NATO) aliansis saxmeleTo TvalTvali (nato) C3 Command, Control and Communications xelmZRvaneloba, kontroli da komunikaciebi CAPS Conventional Armaments Planning System Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis dagegmvis sistema CASA Construcciones Aeronáuticas S.A. (Spain) aeronavtikis mSenebloba (espaneTi) CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (weapons) qimiuri, biologiuri, radiologiuri an birTvuli (iaraRi) CBS Columbia Broadcasting System (US) kolumbiis samauwyeblo sistema (aSS) CentCom Central Command (US) centraluri xelmZRvaneloba (aSS) CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika CIS Command and Information Systems meTaurobisa da sainformacio sistemebi CNAD Conference of National Armaments Directors erovnuli SeiaraRebis direqtorTa konferencia COARM Council Working Group on Arms Exports (EU) sabWos samuSao jgufi SeiaraRebis eqsportis sakiTxebze (ek) COSAC Conference of European Affairs Committees evropul saqmeTa komitetebis konferencia CSAR Combat Search and Rescue sabrZolo saZiebo da samaSvelo CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis konferencia CTNSP Center for Technology and National Security Policy (US) teqnologiisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis centri (aSS) DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (US) Tavdacvis mowinave kvlevebis saproeqto saagento (aSS) DASA DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (Germany) daimlerkraisler aerospeisi (germania) DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri DCI Defence Capability Initiative (NATO) Tavdacvis simZlavreTa iniciativa (nato) DITB European Domestic Defence Equipment Market evropis SeiaraRebis teqnikis adgilobrivi bazari EACC European Airlift Coordination Cell evropis aviamzidebis sakoordinacio jgufi EADS European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company evropis aeronavtikis Tavdacvisa da kosmosis kompania EC European Community evropis Tanamegobroba ECAP European Capability Action Plan evropis SesaZleblobaTa samoqmedo gegma EDA European Defence Agency evropis Tavdacvis saagento EDC European Defence Community evropis Tavdacvis Tanamegobroba EDEM European Defence Equipment Market evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis bazari EDIG European Defence Industries Group evropis Tavdacvis mrewvelTa jgufi EPC European Political Cooperation evropis politikuri TanamSromloba ESDP European Security and Defence Policy evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika ESRP European Security Research Programme evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevebis programa EU European Union evropis kavSiri EUCLID European Programme for defence technology evropis Tavdacvis teqnologiis programa EURONAD Eurogroup of National Armament Directors SeiaraRebis erovnul direqtorTa evrojgufi FA WEU Forces Answerable to Western European Union dasavleT evropis kavSiris winaSe angariSvaldebuli Zalebi FREMM Les frégates européennes multimissions (France/Italy) mravaldaniSnulebis mqone evropuli fregatebi (safrangeTi/italia) GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade satarifo da savaWro saerTo SeTanxmeba GDP Gross Domestic Product mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) HALE High Altitude Long Endurance didi simaRlis xangrZlivi mdgradobis HDW Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (Germany) hovaldsverke-doiCe verft (germania) HFC Helsinki Force Catalogue helsinkis ZalTa katalogi HHC Helsinki Headline Goal Catalogue helsinkis mowinave miznebis katalogi HPC Helsinki Progress Catalogue helsinkis progresis katalogi IDRMS Integrated Defence Resource Management System integrirebuli Tavdacvis resursebis menejmentis sistema iEPG independent European Programme Group evropuli programis damoukidebeli jgufi IFOR Implementation Force (NATO led) ganmaxorcielebeli Zala (nato) IGC Inter-Governmental Conference mTavrobaTSorisi konferencia IGO Intergovernmental Organisation mTavrobaTSorisi organizacia IISS International Institute of Strategic Studies (UK) strategiul kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso instituti (gaerTianebuli samefo) International Monetary Fund saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi IMF IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri ISAF International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan (NATO led) avRaneTSi saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mxardamWeri Zala (natos xelmZRvanelobiT) ISTAR Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance dazverva, TvalTvali, miznis dapyroba da rekognoscireba ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations iaraRiT saerTaSoriso trafikis regulaciebi JSF Joint Strike Fighter erToblivi moieriSe KFOR Kosovo Force (NATO led) kosovos Zala (natos xelmZRvanelobiT) KKR Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts & CO. (US) kolbergi, kravisi, robertsi da kompania (aSS) LoI Letter of Intent ganzraxvaTa werili MALE Medium Altitude Long Endurance saSualo simaRlis xangrZlivi mdgradobis MBDA Matra BAE-Dynamics Alenia (joint venture) matra bae-dinamiks alenia (erToblivi sawarmo) MEADS Medium Extended Air Defence System saSualo gavrcelebis sahaero Tavdacvis sistema MoD Ministry of Defence (UK) Tavdacvis ministri (gaerTianebuli samefo) MoU Memorandum of Understanding urTierTgagebis memorandumi MTU Motoren und Turbinen-Union (Germany) Zravebisa da turbinebis kavSiri (germania) NAD National Armament Director erovnuli SeiaraRebis direqtori NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US) erovnuli aeronavtikisa da kosmosis administracia (aSS) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis qveynebi NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri NDU National Defense University (US) erovnuli Tavdacvis universiteti (aSS) NGO Nongovernmental Organisation arasamTavrobo organizacia NIAG NATO Industrial Advisory Group (NATO) natos industriul mrCevelTa jgufi (nato) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (US) standartebisa da teqnologiis erovnuli instituti (aSS) NPA NATO Parliamentary Assembly natos saparlamento asamblea NSF National Science Foundation (US) erovnuli samecniero fondi (aSS) OCCAR (European) Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (evropis) erToblivi SeiaraRebis TanamSromlobis organizacia OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia PARP Planning and Review Process (NATO) dagegmvisa da gadasinjvis procesi (nato) PASR Preparatory Action on Security Research (EU) usafrTxoebis kvlevebis mosamzadebeli qmedeba (ek) PGM Precision Guided Munitions zusti mimarTulebis Wurvebi POLARM Working Group on Armaments Policy (EU) SeiaraRebis politikis samuSao jgufi (ek) PPBS Planning, programming and budgeting system dagegmvis, programirebisa da sabiujeto sistema PSC Political and Security Committee (EU) politikuri da usafrTxoebis komiteti (ek) QMV qualified majority voting kvalificiuri umravlesobis kenWisyra R&D Research and Development kvlevebi da ganviTareba RAF Royal Air Force (UK) samefo sahaero Zalebi (gaerTianebuli samefo) RITA Reseau Integre de Transmissions Automatique (France) avtomaturi gadacemis integrirebuli qseli (safrangeTi) ROC Required Operational Capabilities saWiro operatiuli saSualebebi ROOT Responsible Ownership of Technology teqnologiis pasuxismgebeli mflobeli SAGEM Société d’Application Générale d’Electricité et de Mécanique (France) eleqtronikisa da meqanikis gamoyenebis sazogadoeba (safrangeTi) S&R Search and Rescue saZiebo da samaSvelo SHARC Swedish Highly Advanced Research Configuration (Sweden) SvedeTis mowinave kvlevebis konfiguracia (SvedeTi) SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sweden) SvedeTis mSvidobis kvlevebis saerTaSoriso instituti (SvedeTi) SNECMA Société Nationale d’Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d’Avions (France) TviTmfrinavebis Zravebis konstruirebisa da kvlevis erovnuli saagento (safrangeTi) TBMD Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence balistikuri saraketo Tavdacva TCAR Transatlantic Cooperative AGS Radar transatlantikuri kooperatiuli AGS radari TEC Treaty Establishing the European Community evropis Tanamegobrobis damfuZnebeli xelSekruleba TEU Treaty of the European Union evrokavSiris xelSekruleba TIPS Transatlantic Industrial Proposed Solution SemoTavazebuli gadawyveta transatlantikuri industriis sferoSi TRP Technology Reinvestment Project (US) teqnologiuri reinvesticiis proeqti (aSS) UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles upiloto safreni aparatebi UK United Kingdom gaerTianebuli samefo UN United Nations gaero US United States of America amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi (aSS) WEAG Western European Armaments Group dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis jgufi WEAO Western European Armaments Organisation dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis organizacia WEU Western European Union dasavleT evropis kavSiri Weapons of Mass Destruction masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi WMD SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri (DCAF) miznobrivi dokumenti # 5 Tavdacvis momaragebis saparlamento ganzomileba moTxovnebi, warmoeba, TanamSromloba da Sesyidva doqtori uilem f. van ekeleni Jeneva, 2005 wlis marti 87 qarTuli nawilis Sinaarsi Sesavali ............................................................................................................... 89 1. Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis maxasiaTeblebi .......................................... 92 1.1. mTavrobis roli .................................................................................... 94 1.2. kompensaciis SeTanxmebebi ................................................................. 95 1.3. resursebis ganTavseba ........................................................................ 97 2. parlamentis roli ................................................................................... 100 2.1. Tanmimdevrobis modeli ..................................................................... 100 2.2. saparlamento damtkicebis miReba ................................................... 102 3. konsolidacia da TanamSromloba .................................................... 106 3.1. viTareba amerikaSi ............................................................................... 106 3.2. evropuli industriis survilebi ..................................................... 113 3.3. evropuli SeiaraRebis TanamSromloba .......................................... 117 3.4. svla evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikisaken ...... 124 4. risTvis? ....................................................................................................... 137 4.1. evropuli scenarebi ............................................................................ 137 4.2. amerikuli scenarebi ........................................................................... 142 4.3. sabolood, SeiaraRebis evropis saagento? ................................... 145 4.4. evrokomisiis roli .............................................................................. 153 4.5. erovnuli regulireba ........................................................................ 158 5. saparlamento zedamxedveloba ......................................................... 166 daskvna ................................................................................................................. 171 danarTebi ............................................................................................................ 177 1. sagareo saqmeTa ministris konsultacia evropis parlamentTan . 177 2. saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika ................................ 178 3. finansuri debulebebi .............................................................................. 181 4. oqmi mudmivad struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb .......... 183 5. ra SegiZliaT gakeTeba Tqven, rogorc parlamentarma .................. 186 6. Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis zedamxedveloba natos zogierT wevr saxelmwifoSi .............................................................................................. 188 gamoyenebuli masala ........................................................................................ 189 88 Tavdacvis momaragebis saparlamento ganzomileba moTxovnebi, warmoeba, TanamSromloba da Sesyidva doqtori uilem f. van ekeleni Sesavali SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris miznobrivi dokumentis mizania Tanamedrove politikur-samxedro sistemaSi Tavdacvis momaragebis sakiTxebis ganxilva. berlinis kedlis dangrevis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobisaTvis maTi teritoriis dacva da damoukidebloba iseT uzenaes prioritets aRar warmoadgens, rogorc es civi omis dros iyo. mniSvnelovnad Seicvala SeiaraRebuli Zalebis roli. koleqtiuri dacva orientirebulia ‘arsebuli Zalebis’ saimedo simZlavreebze da efeqtur mobilizaciaze, xolo natos SemTxvevaSi — integrirebul dagegmvasa da samxedro struqturebze. dRes axali ganzomileba SeiZina teroristuli Tavdasxmebisagan saxelmwifos teritoriis dacvam, xolo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SemTxvevaSi — saraketo dacvam. Sida da gare usafrTxoebas Soris kavSiri yvelgan ufro mWidro xdeba. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kooperatiuli gamoyeneba sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis mniSvnelovan iaraRad rCeba. maT mier qveynebis gareT Catarebul operaciaTa umravlesoba samxedro profesiis adamianebisaTvis saSiSi gaxda. samxedroTa mier ucxoeTSi ganxorcielebuli funqciebis umravlesoba maT sakuTar qveyanaSi policiis sferos miekuTvneba: isini Semakavebel faqtors warmoadgenen TavianTi arsebobiT, SeuZliaT da survili aqvT imoqmedon da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielon saWiro RonisZieba. dasavleli samxedroebi ara mxolod am axal amocanebs axorcieleben, aramed urTierTobebs afuZneben sxva saxelmwifoebTan da daxmarebas uweven maT TavianTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gardaqmnaSi. strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso institutma ‘Tavdacvis diplomatiis saxecvlilebas’ adelfis dokumenti miuZRvna, sadac gamokveTilia saqmianobaTa axali speqtri, maT Soris mosamsaxureTa gacvla, treningis jgufebi da samxedro teqnikiT uzrunvelyofa.1 samSvidobo da mSvidobis ganmtkicebis operaciebi Carevis moralisa da legitimurobis axal sakiTxebs warmoSobs. adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi suvereniteti ukve aRar warmoadgens Carevis absolutur xelSemSlel faqtors. am axal garemoSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia Tavis rols eZebs da mosalodnelia, rom generaluri mdivani, kofi anani, Tavis mosaz- adelfis dokumenti 365, ‘Tavdacvis diplomatiis gardaqmna: axali rolebi samxedro TanamSromlobisa da daxmarebisaTvis’, endriu koti da entoni forsteri. IISS, 2004 wlis aprili. 1 89 rebas gamoTqvams safrTxeebis, gamowvevebisa da cvlilebebis Sesaxeb maRali donis eqspertTa moxsenebasTan dakavSirebiT 2005 wlis gazafxulze.2 samxedroTa treningebiT unda moxdes axali maxasiaTeblebis swavleba, im tradiciul samxedro unar-CvevebTan erTad, romlebic kvlav mniSvnelovan faqtorad rCeba, radgan konfliqtebi SeiZleba gaRvivdes kvlav da moiTxovos Tavdacvis an zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebi. warsulSi parlamentarebi Tavdacvis sferoSi Semaval umniSvnelo raodenobis sakiTxs uyridnen kenWs. zogi maTgani wuxda Tavdacvis industriaSi maTi amomrCevlebis mier samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram strategiul da Tavdacvis dagegmvis sakiTxebs Cveulebriv ramdenime specialists andobdnen. dRes samSvidobo operaciebSi monawileoba sayovelTao interess warmoadgens, romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebTan. qveynis farglebs gareT stabilurobam, adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemam da genocidis winaaRmdeg brZolam politikur dRis wesrigSi sagulisxmo adgili daikava. media maTze dauyovneblad reagirebs, xolo parlamentSi xSirad ganxilvis sagani xdeba. demokratiuli mTavrobebi cdiloben fexi auwyon arsebul situacias. isini adgenen Tavdacvis TeTr dokumentebs, romlebic maTi usafrTxoebis politikis, erovnuli strategiisa da TanamSromlobis mravalmxriv formebSi monawileobis safuZvels warmoadgenen. yoveli maTgani eZebs SesaZleblobaTa Sereuli formis swor gadawyvetas, magram maT umravlesobas uZneldeba nabiji auwyos movlenaTa ganviTarebis temps. mobilurobisa da moqnilobis cneba farTodaa gavrcelebuli, magram saxelmwifoTa mxolod mcire ricxvma SeZlo am koncefciebze moergo Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. moqmed armiaTa didi umravlesoba kvlav zedmetad statikuria da intervenciis tipis operaciebis moTxovnebze qmediTi reagirebis unari ara aqvs. bolodroindeli gamowvevis magaliTia qselur-centrul saomar moqmedebebze gadasvla, romelic aSS-Si ganxorcielda. SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebisaken mowodeba gamarTlebulia, magram aucilebeli ar aris igi Tavdacvis biujetis gazrdas iwvevdes. saqme SeiZleba gakeTdes Tanxebis ufro gonivruli xarjviT, mkafio prioritetebis Sesabamisad da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT mokavSireebsa da partniorebs. mravali parlamentari SesaZloa gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi Caayenos im tempma, romliTac mimdinareobs SesaZleblobaTa cvlilebis moTxovnebi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, teroristuli Tavdasxmebisa da avRaneTSi Talibebis winaaRmdeg operaciis Semdeg, specialuri Zalebisa da upiloto safreni aparatebis gamoyenebas moiTxovdnen, romlebsac Tavdacvis adreul gegmebSi dabali prioriteti hqondaT miniWebuli. aseve saWiroa Stabebisa da patrulis jariskacTa ukeTesi dacva TviTmkvleli teroristebis Tavdasxmebisagan. generaluri asambleis dokumenti A/59/565 *0460231*, 2004 wlis 29 noemberi. ix. agreTve gareT evansi (jgufis wevri) ‘When is it right to fight?’ gamocemaSi Survival, t. 46, #3, 2004 wlis Semodgoma, gv. 59-82; winaswari ganxilva JurnalSi The Economist, 20.11.2004, gv. 23-25. 2 90 saparlamento debatebis umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa im riskebisadmi yuradRebis miqceva, romlis winaSec operaciebSi CarTuli jariskacebi dganan, rac xSirad misiis mniSvnelobisa da saWiroebis Sefasebas aWarbebs. ucnauria — operacia sarisko rom ar yofiliyo, maSin samxedro Zalebis gagzavnac ar iqneboda aucilebeli. es garkveulwilad gasagebia, radgan intervenciis tipis operaciebSi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxis Sefaseba gansxvavdeba im Sefasebisagan, romelic mas Tavdacvis operaciebSi eZleva. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bevri moeloda, rom mravalerovan SenaerTebze mzardi aqcentis gadatana standartizaciis mZlavri faqtori gaxdeboda, magram movlenaTa ganviTarebam garkveuli imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. SesaZloa imis gamo, rom samSvidobo misiaTa umravlesoba dabali intensivobis operaciebiT iyo SezRuduli da maT sabrZolo moqmedebebi ar moeTxovebodaT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli SenaerTebi damoukideblad moqmedebdnen, Tavad uzrunvelyofdnen sakuTar saqmianobas da damokidebulni ar iyvnen mezobel Zalebze. am miznobriv dokumentSi moTxrobilia sxvadasxva iniciativebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mizani sabrZolo teqnikis warmoebisa da momaragebis sferoSi ukeTesi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaa. mraval SemTxvevaSi axali iniciativa ganxorcielda swored maSin, roca wina iniciativa ukve gzmakvlevad iyo miCneuli. mravals awuxebda kiTxva, iyo Tu ara sakmarisi politikuri neba, romelic daZlevda viwro erovnul interesebs. am kiTxvaze pasuxi kvlav gaurkvevelia. SeiaraRebis evropulma saagentom, romelic sabolood 2004 wels amoqmedda, SeiZleba skeptikosTa Secdoma daadasturos, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifoebi mzad arian ganaxorcielon masTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi da erTiani ZalisxmeviT gamoiyenon maTi kvleviTi resursebi da fondebi. amerikis Tavdacvis biujetis uzarmazari zrdis fonze evropelebs Zalze gauWirdebaT, Tundac odnav miuaxlovdnen SeerTebuli Statebis Zalisxmevas. transatlantikurma gafarToebam SeiZleba laqa daasvas suraTs. ekonomikisa da dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT aseTi dajgufeba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes, Tumca igi evropul avtonomias daakninebs. mTlianobaSi, evropis kavSiris mier Tavdacvis teqnologiuri da industriuli bazis ganviTarebis saWiroebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis interesad gacnobierebam suraTi Secvala. savaraudoa, rom kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis karg garemos Seqmnis lisabonis dRis wesrigis aqcentebi inovaciebsa da konkurentunarianobaze, maT Soris Tavdacvis sferoSic. imavdroulad moxda evropis Tavdacvis industriis konsolidireba, Tavdapirvelad — erovnul doneze, xolo SemdgomSi — saxelmwifoTa Soris. dabolos, ramdenime sagulisxmo sityva statistikis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc samxedro balansis strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso instituti mudmivad aRniSnavs, samxedro xarjebis moxsenebis sistemaSi gamWvirvaloba ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgens.3 ‘gaeros wevri qveynebis mTavrobaTa 3 samxedro balansi 2003-2004, gv. 10-11. 91 mxolod mcire raodenoba warudgens Tavdacvis xarjebs Tavis amomrCevels, gaeros, saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da sxva organizaciebs... zogi mTavroba Tavdacvis xarjebs mxolod mravali wlis gavlis Semdeg aqveynebs, xolo zogi TavianT moxsenebebSi Semcirebuli odenobiT uCvenebs. ... biujetiT manipulireba an falsifikacia xSiria iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa Sesyidvebi, kvleviTi da ganviTarebis sfero, Tavdacvis mrewvelobis investiciebi, faruli iaraRis programebi, pensiaze gasuli samxedroebisa da samoqalaqo pirTa sapensio anazRaureba, gasamxedroebuli Zalebi da samxedro sferos arasabiujeto Semosavlebi, romlebsac maT sakuTrebaSi myofi samrewvelo obieqtebi, sxva saxis sakuTreba da miwa iZleva’. ase rom, parlamentarebo, iyaviT frTxilad! es aris miznobrivi dokumentis ZiriTadi gzavnili. zogadad, Tavdacvis sakiTxebi, xolo kerZod — Sesyidvebi, xSirad moklebulia gamWvrivalobas da maTi kontroli Znelia. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs raime informacia (xSirad misi mopoveba Ria wyaroebidanac xdeba), didi gamocdilebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom gaerkve mravalricxovan pretenziebsa da kontrpretenziebSi, mikerZoebasa da miukerZoeblobaSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen debatebze. parlamentarebi kritikulni unda iyvnen da SeZlebisamebr gamoiyenon profesionalebi, daeyrdnon mecnierTa midgomebs da konsultaciebi gamarTon arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan. momdevno gverdebze vcdilobT parlamentarebs yuradReba mivapyrobinoT mimdinare procesebze da davexmaroT poziciis gamomuSavebaSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebsa da maTi qveynis SesaZleblobebze, raTa ikisron pasuxismgebloba mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi. saTanado momentSi maT unda SeeZloT Tqvan — ‘ehei, moicadeT erTi wuTiT!’. dokumenti iwyeba Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis maxasiaTebelTa analiziT, mTavrobis rolis da resursebis ganawilebis procesis CaTvliT. me-2 TavSi ganxilulia parlamentis roli da aRwerilia parlamentis mxridan damtkicebis Tanmimdevrobis modeli. me-3 TavSi erTmaneTTanaa Sedarebuli SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis Zalisxmeva Tavdacvis mrewvelobis konsolidirebasa da mravalerovnul TanamSromlobaSi. igi warmodgenas iZleva evropaSi SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis rTuli gzidan evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. me-4 Tavi aris mcdeloba pasuxi gaeces Tanamedrove usafrTxoebis garemoSi Tavdacvis SesaZleblobebis rTul SekiTxvas — ‘risTvis?’. masSi ganxilulia evropuli da amerikuli scenarebi da CarTulia axladSeqmnili evropuli Tavdacvis saagentos Sexedulebebi da wevri qveynebis mosazrebebi ufro moqnili da advilad gansalagebeli Zalebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. TiToeul TavSi xazgasmulia misi Sesabamisoba saparlamento kontrolTan. me-5 Tavi, romelic saparlamento zedamxedvelobas exeba, maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da igi sruldeba specifikuri SekiTxvebiT, romlebic SeiZleba parlamentarebs gauCndeT. 1. Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis maxasiaTeblebi Tavdacvis teqnikis mopovebas TavisTavad mravali maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia, romelic mas sxva saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisagan gamoyofs. sxva romelime Sesyidva ar imsaxurebs sazogadoebis esoden interess da ar iwvevs amgvar farTo debatebs 92 parlamentSi Tu mis gareT. bunebrivia, rom yvelaze did interess ZviradRirebuli Sesyidvebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, axali tipis TviTmfrinavebi Tu sabrZolo tankebi, an axali Taobis sazRvao xomaldebi. asobiT ufro mcire kontraqti SedarebiT SeumCnevlad Caivlis xolme. miuxedavad amisa, Tavdacvis Sesyidvebi zogadad garkveuli saxis Semowmebasa da monitorings eqvemdebareba, romelic samoqalaqo seqtoris did kontraqtebze ar xorcieldeba. amas mravali mizezi aqvs. Tavdacvis bazarze monopolias myidveli flobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom mimwodebeli mravalia, xolo myidveli — mxolod erTi. policia, sanapiro dacva da usafrTxoebis kerZo kompaniebi SeiZleba SeuerTdnen bazris nawils, magram ZiriTadi SeiaraRebis sistemis erTaderTi momxmarebeli Tavdacvis saministroa. aqedan gamomdinare, mrewveloba mgrZnobiare xdeba Tavdacvis dagegmvis cvlilebaTa mimarT, radgan misTvis Znelia misi produqciis gasaRebis alternatiuli bazris moZebna. Tavdacvis biujetis SemcirebiT, da, misgan gamomdinare, Tavdacvis teqnikis bazris SeviwroebiT, am sferoSi aqtiurad moRvawe kompaniebi dasustdnen da dasabami mieca konsolidaciis process jer SeerTebul StatebSi, xolo mogvianebiT evropaSi. Tavdacvis mier moxmarebuli fuli gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fulia da misma xarjvam sargebloba unda moutanos erovnul ekonomikas yvelgan, sadac es SesaZlebelia. mraval SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis sakiTxi yuradRebis centrSi dgas da teritoriuli erTeulebis warmomadgeneli politikosebi cdiloben lobireba gauwion samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas an maT SenarCunebas. SedarebiT patara saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebsac Tavdacvis industriis sruli sistema ara aqvT, mniSvnelovania Tanawarmoebisa da kompensaciis sqemebis arseboba, raTa maT nawilobriv mainc amoiRon TavianTi gare xarjebi. Tavdacvis teqnologia sagulisxmoa qveynis kvlevebisa da warmoebis bazisaTvis. wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tavdacvisa da samoqalaqo teqnologiebs Soris kavSiri ufro mWidro gaxda. inovaciebs pirveli safuZveli Tavdacvisa da kosmosurma warmoebam Cauyara. kosmosurma teqnoligiam Zlieri stimuli misca miniaturizacias, rac SemdgomSi sxva maRali teqnologiebis sferoebSi da medicinaSi iqna gamoyenebuli. dReisaTvis Tavdacvisa da samxedro teqnologiebi da samoqalaqo mrewveloba ormxrivi gzaa, sadac erTurTis miRwevebiT orive mxare sargeblobs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia mobiluri telefoni, sadac samoqalaqo qseli iseve kargad funqciobs, SeiZleba ukeTac, rogorc samxedro sistema, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sareleo sadgurebma SeiZleba krizisis drosac ganagrZon muSaoba. arsebiTi gansxvaveba dakavSirebulia gasaidumloebasTan; SeiaraRebis sistemebis maxasiaTeblebi cnobili ar unda gaxdes potenciuri mtrisTvis, visac misi gamoyeneba SeuZlia sakuTari TavdasxmiTi SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad an Tavdacvis SesaniRbad. gasaidumloeba exeba teqnikur maxasiaTeblebs, romelic samxedroebma unda daicvan, magram agreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia samrewvelo saidumloebis dacva mimwodebelTa mxridan. zogjer SeiaraRebis sistemebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi iyideba, romlebsac teqnologiuri gamocdilebis sxvadasxva done aqvT, rac uaxlesi miRwevis dasacavadaa saWiro. ucxouri Sesyidvebisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sferoSi teqnologiis gadacemis farglebi erTerTi mgrZnobiare sakiTxia. 93 dabolos, teqnikuri eqspertiza mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sxvadasxva industriuli SeTavazebebis maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibebasa da SefasebaSi. gamWvirvalobisa da demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis TvalsazrisiT profesiuli eqspertizis zusti Sefaseba rTul process warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom profesiul JurnalSi SeiZleba mocemuli iyos iaraRis maxasiaTeblebis nebismieri detali, bunebrivia, iqneba gadaxrebi da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebic ki. kontrSemowmeba yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli da yvela SemTxvevaSi igi xarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. amitom, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa ndobis gansakuTrebuli xarisxi yvela CarTul mxares, politikur xelmZRvanelobas, samxedro saqmis profesionalebsa da saparlamento komitetebs Soris, romelic dagegmili SenaZenis Semowmebas axdens. 1.1. mTavrobis roli Tavdacvis SesyidvebSi mTavrobas wamyvani roli akisria. yvela qveyanaSi mTavroba: · aris Tavdacvis teqnikis erTaderTi erovnuli momxmarebeli; an uaryofs Tavisi qveynis teritoriaze SeiaraRebis RonisZiebebs, · eTanxmeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens Tavisi Tavdacvis industriis nebismieri restruqturizaciis procesze, kompaniis samarTlebrivi statusis miuxedavad; miwodebis usafrTxoebiT, anu ucxouri qveynebis mier · dainteresebulia miwodebuli samxedro masalebis vargisianobiT, romelmac unda daakmayofilos myidvelis Tavdacvis moTxovnebi; miwodebis wyaroebs, rac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes sxva qveynebis usa· irCevs frTxoebis sistemebs; samxedro moTxovnebisa da produqciis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvriT · Tavisi adgens bazris pirobebs; gadawyvetilebas programebis moculobasa da raodenobasTan, miwodebis · iRebs TariRebTan da produqciis fasebTan dakavSirebiT. TiToeul sferoSi programebs Soris drois xangrZlivi periodia, rac SeuZlebels xdis aseTi xangrZlivi intervalis ganmavlobaSi kvlevebis warmoebas da jgufebis Seqmnas sufTa komerciuli mosazrebebiT; dakavSirebiT mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirebs · SesyidvebTan safrTxeebis ganaxlebul Sefasebebs, ramac, SesaZloa, saerTo programirebaSi prioritetebis Secvla gamoiwvios. es cvlilebebi disproporciul zemoqmedebas moaxdens Tavdacvis industriaze, romelic veRar SeZlebs bazris saimedo prognozirebas, rogorc es sxva saxis samrewvelo bazarze xdeba; moiTxovs mravali wlis manZilze ganaxorcielos winaswari · mimwodeblebisagan kvlevebi, ganviTareba, produqciis warmoeba, adgilze momsaxurebaSi daxmareba da ganaxlebis samuSaoebi; 94 unda daafinansos kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis sawarmoo · mniSvnelovanwilad danaxarjebi, rac zogjer mTeli programebis Rirebulebis 30%-ze metia da amrigad, mrewvelobis yvela sxva seqtoris xarjebs bevrad aWarbebs; Tavdacvis teqnikis eqsportirebis sakiTxebs. Tu mas erovnuli · amtkicebs SeiaraRebuli Zalebi iyenebs, sazRvargareT marketings ‘dasturis beWdis’ upiratesoba eniWeba, rasac xSirad kidev ufro ganamtkicebs perspeqtiul Semsyidvel qveynebSi mTavrobis mxardaWera. 4 garda amisa, mTavrobebs SeuZliaT gadawyviton, TviTon ganaxorcielon garkveuli amocanebi Tu kerZo kompaniebs gadaabaron saqme. ZiriTadad es lojistikur da sameurneo saqmianobas exeba, rac xSirad privatizebulia. zog qveyanaSi piriqiT xdeba, rodesac Tavdacvis departamentebis damxmareebi mwarmoeblis funqcias asruleben, rasac Cveulebriv mrewveloba axorcielebs xolme. zemoT miTiTebuli Tavdacvis mrewvelobis evropuli jgufis (EDIG) dokumentSi gakeTebulia daskvna, rom yvela qveyanaSi Tavdacvis mrewvelobis Zliereba mis erovnul bazarze iyo damokidebuli. am bazris Seviwrovebis Semdeg evropulma mrewvelobam intensiuri restruqturizacia gaiara, magram 1996 wlisaTvis es ZiriTadad erovnul bazaze ganxorcielda. EDIG acxadebs, rom axla mniSvnelovani iyo Semdgomi konsolidacia evropul doneze, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyo Tavdacvis Sidaevropuli bazris organizebiT. erovnulma mTavrobebma unda SeimuSavon saTanado politika. Tumca konsolidireba moxda samTavrobo politikis miuxedavad. 2000 wlisaTvis ZiriTadi nabijebi iqna gadadgmuli evropuli konsolidaciisaTvis, magram ZiriTadad kosmosur da saraketo sferoebSi. 1980 wlisaTvis arsebuli 20 kompaniidan mxolod 4 iqna SenarCunebuli: EADS (romelSic gaerTianda Aerospatiale, Matra, Dassault Aviation, DASA da CASA), Thales (Thomson CSF da RACAL), Finmeccanica Alenia, da BAE Systems (romelSic gaerTianda British Aerospace da GEC Marconi). pirveli ori WeSmaritad evropuli transnacionaluri kompania gaxldaT, xolo momdevno ori — konsolidirebuli mowinave erovnuli kompaniebi. samwuxaro aRmoCnda, rom British Aerospace ar SeuerTda EADSs da arCia Marconi-is wilis SeZena GEC-Si, riTac erovnuli donis mowinave kompaniad darCa. maTi umravlesoba erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magaliTad, EADS, BAE Systems da Finmeccanica, romlebic MBDA-is saraketo kompaniis aqciaTa sam mflobels warmoadgenen. 1.2. kompensaciis SeTanxmebebi mTavrobaTa mier samoqalaqo sferoSi ucxour mimwodeblebTan didi kontraqtebis gaformeba adgilobrivi warmoebisaTvis kompensaciis micemis moTxovnebs aRebulia evropis Tavdacvis industriis jgufis komunikedan, 1996 wlis 23 aprili, ‘The European Defence Industry views on the Communication from the Commission on the Establishment of a European Defence Domestic Market’. 4 95 arasdros wamoWris. xidebis, matareblebis Tu samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebis SeZena pirdapiri saqmiani garigebebiT xdeba maSinac ki, Tu klienti saxelmwifo organizaciaa. Tavdacvis sferoSi kompensacia Cveulebrivi, xolo xSirad, savaldebulo moTxovnacaa, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac sakuTari ZiriTadi Tavdacvis mrewveloba Zalze umniSvneloa an sulac ar gaaCniaT. sazRvargareT gaweulma xarjebma Sin Sesabamisi dasaqmebis Sedegi unda iqonios. kompensaciis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs. 1976 wels SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam uari ganacxada kvlavac mieRo monawileoba aseT garigebebSi. evropaSi isini xSirad warmoadgenen SeTanxmebis nawils. amis Sedegad, amerikelma mimwodeblebma kompensaciis sxva gzebi unda gamoZebnon klientis qveyanaSi samuSaoTa moculobis gadatanis gziT, es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samrewvelo partniorebis moZiebiT, romlebsac SeeZlebaT garkveuli nawilebis miwodeba an mTeli sawarmoo ciklis uzrunvelyofa, an im raodenobis uzrunvelyofa, romelsac misi mTavroba SeiZens. es ukanaskneli pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro ekonomiuria. kidev erT gamosavals warmoadgens calke saamwyobo xazebis mowyoba, sadac myidvels, an imave regionis sxva momxmareblebs SezRuduli gamoyenebis arCevani eqnebaT. bolo SesaZleblobas warmoadgens dakveTebis sxvadasxva sferoSi ganlageba, romelic ZiriTad kontraqtTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli. aSkaraa, rom amis organizeba ufro rTuli iqneba, magram aSS-Si arsebul did konglomeratebs, romlebic rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedro bazris produqcias qmnian, saintereso paketebis erTmaneTTan efeqturi SeTavseba ar gasWirvebiaT. momxmarebel qveyanaSi moxda maTi teqnologiuri Rirebulebisa da maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelis Sromis Sefaseba. magaliTebi yvela kategoriasTan mimarTebiT mravladaa da xSirad isini sxvadasxva arCevanTan arian dajgufebulni. SeerTebuli Statebis TviTmfrinavebis, rogoricaa F-104, xolo mogvianebiT, F-16, amwyobi xazebi evropaSi iyo, iseve rogorc piradi Semadgenlobis M113 javSanmzidisa da misi Semdgomi tipebis. garkveuli nawilebi myidvel qveyanaSi mzaddeboda. niderlandebis gemTmSenebelma britanuli Rolls Royce-is motori SeiZina, xolo gaerTianebulma samefom — Dutch Goalkeeper-is maRalsaimedo sahaero Tavdacvis sistema. mravali sxva mTavrobis msgavsad, niderlandebis ekonomikis saministro Zalze mkacrad miudga kompensaciis SekveTebis da maTi Tanmdevi bunebis teqnologiuri arsis Sefasebas. Tavdacvis ministris argumenti — kompensacia ZiriTad produqtsac unda Sexeboda — ver gavida, radgan ver dadasturda Cveulebrivi vaWrobisaTvis misi damatebiTi maxasiaTebeli. kompensacia mTavrobebis mier mxardaWerili mravali samrewvelo garigebis nawili gaxda, rogorc evropul, ise Tavdacvis transatlantikur vaWrobaSi. evropuli garigebebi ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi Sromis ganawilebaze. mTlianobaSi isini ufro xSirad monawileobdnen transatlantikur sqemaSi, ZiriTadad garigebaTa moculobis gamo. 2004 wels garkveulma samrewvelo wreebma zewola ganaxorcieles kongresze da dacvas iTxovdnen. warmomadgenelTa palatis SeiaraRebuli samsaxurebis komitetis Tavmjdomarem, dunkan hanterma (kaliforniis warmomadgeneli) aseTi praqtika Seafasa rogorc ‘daZabuli’, romelic ‘strategiul safrTxes uqmnida Tavdacvis samrewvelo bazas’ da moamzada kanonmdebloba, romelic Tavdacvis departaments saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im qveynebis kompaniebidan SeZenas ukrZalavda, romlebic kompensaciebs moiTxovdnen. vinaidan pentagonis oficialuri pirebi Ciod- 96 nen, rom es yvelas Seexeboda, hanteri da misi kolegebi daTanxmdnen, rom Tavdacvis mdivans SeemuSavebina politika da procedurebi, romelic aRkveTda am usamarTlo vaWrobas, kompensaciis CaTvliT.5 yvelaze cudi Tavidan iqna acilebuli, magram ca kvlav Rrubliani rCeboda, vinaidan qveynebs, romlebsac SeerTebuli Statebis kompaniebisaTvis partniorobis gawevis SesaZleblobis mqone mrewveloba ar gaaCndaT, surdaT darwmunebuliyvnen, rom maTi gadamxdelTa Tanxebi garkveulwilad sakuTar qveyanaSi daixarjeboda. 1.3. resursebis ganTavseba dasavleTis Tavdacvis departamentTa umravlesoba iyenebs resursebis ganawilebis meTodebs, romlebic 1960-ian wlebSi pirvelad amerikelebma SeimuSaves da igi dagegmvis, programirebisa da sabiujeto sistemis (PPBS) saxeliTaa cnobili. mogvianebiT mas Sefasebis elementi daemata. sistemis Rirebuleba gaxldaT procesis sxvadasxva elementebis saTanado diferenciacia, magram imavdroulad danaxarjebsa da Sedegebs Soris kavSiri, an, ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, danaxarjebis realuri resursis fasi ufro specifikur samxedro mwarmoeblobas moiTxovda.6 PPBS-is terminologiiT: · gegma aris ganacxadi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTeba gaqvT mtkiced gadawyvetili; · programa aris gegma, romelsac Tan axlavs vadebi; aris programa, romelsac Tan axlavs fasebi: ra fondebia saWiro da · biujeti rodis. natos wevr qveynebSi dagegmva aTwlian periods moicavda, sadac pirveli xuTi weli ufro mtkice iyo, vidre meore, xolo pirveli weli natos Tavdacvis dagegmvis komitetSi safuZvlian valdebulebas warmoadgenda. ‘win mimaval’ dagegmvis cikls yovelwliurad modevno weli emateboda. Tavdacvis erovnul saministroebs TavianTi Sida procedurebis miRebisa da maTi gamoqveynebisaTvis daaxloebiT 15-22 Tve sWirdebodaT. maT arsebuli finansuri resursebi samxedro moTxovnebisaTvis unda daemTxviaT. gaerTianebul samefoSi Tavdacvis saministro yovelwliurad amzadebs Tavdacvis finansur angariSs TeTri dokumentis saxiT, sadac axsnilia strategia da mocemulia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis RonisZiebaTa angariSi maTze ganpirov- 5 6 Defense News, 204 wlis 11 oqtomberi, gv. 12. ix. devid grinvudi, ‘Tavdacvis resursebis ganawileba da menejmenti: dasavluri modeli’, evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevebis centris saxelmZRvanelos damateba, groningeni, erovnuli usafrTxoebis saganmanaTleblo proeqti, 1995 wlis maisi. dReisaTvis es sistema ganixileba moTxovnili operatiuli SesaZleblobebis (ROC) da Tavdacvis resursebis menejmentis intergrirebuli sistemis (IDRMS) koncefciis ganmartebis konteqstSi, romelic sxva sakiTxebsac moicavs, rogoricaa, lojistika, finansuri menejmenti, auditi, da adamianuri resursebis marTva. IDRMS-is mzaoba sxvadasxva qveynebSi Zalze gansxvavebulia da igi efeqturi mmarTvelobis sazomad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. 97 nebuli rolisa da misiis Sesabamisad, Tavdacvis menejmentis biujeti gaSlili saxiT da jaris erovnuli mowyobis mokle mimoxilva. angariSs Tan axlavs Tavdacvis statistikis krebuli (samrewvelo da regionuli danaxarjebis da ZiriTadi kontraqtorebisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxebis Sesaxeb monacemTa CaTvliT) da ZiriTad proeqtTa angariSi, sadac TanmimdevrobiTaa mocemuli yvela saxis mowyobilobaTa SeZenis angariSebi, mniSvnelovani fasebis Sesaxeb informaciis CaTvliT. parlamentis mxridan mzaddeba komitetis regularuli moxsenebebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia TemTa palatis Tavdacvis komiteti, romelic zogadi politikis Temebs, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqturis sakiTxebs da resursebis menejments exeba. TemTa palatis komiteti mcirericxovania. masSi mxolod TerTmeti wevria. mas ar exeba biujetis detaluri Semowmeba. erovnuli auditis ofisi parlaments warudgens angariSs, romelic Tavdacvis saministros mier gaweuli xarjebis Sesabamisobisa da kanonierebis auditTan erTad mis qmediTobasa da efeqturobasac ganixilavs. safrangeTSi, yovel xuT weliwadSi erTjer, axali samxedro gegma muSavdeba, romelsac parlaments warudgenen, xolo es ukanaskneli mas amtkicebs rogorc programul kanons (loi du programme). gegmas ixilavs erovnuli asambleis rogorc komiteti, ise plenaruli sxdoma, xolo senats aqvs misi detaluri Semowmebis gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba da SeuZlia mousminos ara mxolod Tavdacvis ministrs, aramed agreTve oTxi saxis samxedro samsaxuris Stabebis meTaurebsa da maRali rangis samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebs. asambleis komitetma detaluri mokvleva Caatara bosniis srebrenikas anklavis dacemasTan da frangi oficrebis brZanebaTa jaWvSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier kanonis damtkicebis Semdeg masSi aRniSnuli Tanxebi savaldebulo unda iyos dadgenili periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca arsebobs Sejerebis garkveuli SesaZlebloba, radgan gadasaxadTa asignebebze (crédits de paiement) kenWisyra yovelwliurad tardeba. 2003 wels Tavdacvis komitetSi Seiqmna qvekomiteti, romelsac mimdinare biujetis safuZvelze Tavdacvis danaxarjebis Semowmeba daevala. masSi parlamentis sxvadasxva politikuri jgufidan Tormeti wevri iyo gaerTianebuli. es sainformacio misia (Mission d’information) kvartalSi erTjer ikribeba — an Tavdacvis saministroSi, an sabiujeto saministroSi. pirveli moxseneba 2004 wels gamoqveynda, xolo Semdegi 2005 wels gamoqveyndeba. germania albaT jildos miiRebs biujetis yvelaze ufro detaluri kontrolisaTvis, romelic muxlobrivad amowmebs mas da agreTve akontrolebs teqnikasTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. federaluri biujeti dasamuSaveblad gadaecema sabiujeto komitets da sabolood mas germaniis bundestagi kanonis saxiT Rebulobs. Tavdacvis komitets biujetis kanonze raime formaluri kompetencia ar gaaCnia, magram praqtikaSi sabiujeto komiteti iTvaliswinebs mis mier miRebul rekomendaciebs, romelic biujetis daxvewaze mravali dRis muSaobis Sedegs warmoadgens. Tavdacvis komitets didi gavlena aqvs Tavdacvis biujetis Sesrulebaze. Tavdacvis ministri valdebulia komitets warudginos usafrTxoebisa da samxedro politikis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone Sesyidvebis yvela proeqti, aseve is proeqtebi, romelTa Rirebuleba 25 milion evroze metia. Tavdacvis komitetis gareSe dauSvebelia raime Sesyidvis ganxorcieleba, Tundac igi biujetis kanoniT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. 98 daniaSi, axali mowvevis parlamentis politikuri partiebi cdiloben SeTanxmdnen ‘politikur kompromisze’, raTa gansazRvron Tavdacvis xarjebi maTi sakanonmdeblo vadis ganmavlobaSi. niderlandebSi yovel aT weliwadSi, xolo am bolo periodSi kidev ufro xSirad, parlaments waredgineba ‘Tavdacvis nota’, sadac mocemulia momavali aTi wlisaTvis Tavdacvis dagegmvis sqema, magram monacemebi mtkice valdebulebas ar warmoadgenen da biujeti yovelwliurad mtkicdeba. 99 2. parlamentis roli 2.1. Tanmimdevrobis modeli Sesyidvis yoveli cikli, saqmianobidan gamomdinare, moTxovnis gansazRvriT iwyeba. dRes es ufro rTulia, vidre civi omis dros, roca safrTxeebis Sefaseba SedarebiT mkafio iyo da nakleb kamaTs iwvevda. maSin, roca natos evropeli wevrebis ZiriTadi amocana dasavleT germaniis ‘fenovani namcxvris’ usafrTxoebis seqtoris dacva gaxldaT, naTeli iyo ra sWirdeboda am seqtors sabWoTa kavSirisa da varSavis paqtis masiuri moulodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad. SesaZlebeli iyo safrTxis da aseve Sesabamisi reagirebis raodenobrivi gazomva. dRes safrTxeebi gansxvavebulia, xSirad mravalganzomilebiania, rTulia maTi Sekaveba da maTgan Tavis dacva, xolo maTze reagireba ar SeiZleba mxolod samxedro saSualebebiT Semoifarglos. aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi problema: ra gvWirdeba da ra raodenobiT? sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Tavdacvis dagegmva safrTxeebze orientirebis midgomidan simZlavreebze orientirebul midgomaze gadavida. am dokumentis avtors miaCnia, rom axali safrTxeebis gamoCenis Semdeg saWiro simZlavreebis gansazRvra da organizeba savaraudo scenarebs unda daukavSirdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi, krizisebis marTvis dros ganxorcielebuli qmedeba, yovelTvis dagvianebuli iqneba eskalaciisa da masobrivi msxverplis Tavidan asacileblad. samxedro moTxovnebi im procesis Sedegia, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia potenciuri mtris warsuli gamocdileba, axali strategiuli da taqtikuri suraTi, teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi da simZlavreebi. procesi Cveulebriv konkretuli SeiaraRebuli samsaxuris personalis gegmebiTa da politikiT iwyeba. am personalis integrirebis xarisxidan gamomdinare unda moxdes sxva seqtorebTan SeTanxmeba. xSirad es ganviTarebis jaWvSi sust wertils warmoadgens, xolo warmomadgenelTa palatis operatiul mxaresa da SeiaraRebis direqtorats Soris kavSiri sasurvel mudmiv urTierTqmedebas moklebulia. SeiaraRebis eqspertebs TavianTi wvlilis Setana unda SeeZloT, iseve rogorc, mogvianebiT, sawarmoo SeTavazebebisa da winadadebebis da agreTve saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobaTa SefasebisaTvis operatiuli gamocdilebis CarTvaa saWiro, ramac SesaZloa specifikaciebisa da Canacvlebis gegmebis cvlilebebi gamoiwvios. Sida gamWvirvaloba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gare gamWvirvaloba da arcerTi mxare ar unda iyos Caketili imperia. natos Tavdacvis dagegmvis ciklSi umaRles mokavSireTa meTaurebma SeimuSaves winadadebebi SeiaraRebul ZalebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Seicavda wevri qveynebisadmi problemur moTxovnas _ gaezardaT TavianTi Zalisxmeva maT mier Tavdapirvelad dagegmili sqemis gareT. natos Tavdacvis dagegmvis ciklSi qveynis gegmebis mravalxmrivi Semowmeba ‘mklavebis gadagrexas’ waagavda, sadac erTmaneTSi iyo areuli qeba-dideba, saxelebiT moxsenieba da gakicxva. 1989 wlidan natos wevri qveynebis damoukidebloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgens da maTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis roli samSvidobo da mSvidobis ganmtkicebis misiebiT an TavianTi sakuTari teritoriebis gareT sxva operaciebiT Seicvala. koleqtiuri Tavdacva ‘msurvelTa koaliciis’ inter- 100 venciam Secvala, romlis Semadgenlobac gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis Sesabamisad yalibdeboda. TavianTi mravalmxrivi bunebiT isini koleqtiuri Tavdacvis integrirebul midgomas waagavdnen, magram monawileoba avtomaturad ar xdeboda. mSvidobis mxardamWeri operaciebi samxedro-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxovda, sadac kanonieri mandatis, sxvaTa monawileobis, sakuTari Zalebis winaSe mdgari riskisa da warmatebis SansebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen da xSirad saparlamento debatebis da damtkicebis sagans warmoadgendnen. Tavdacvis politika usafrTxoebis ufro farTo politikis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda, sadac sxva samTavrobo struqturebs, gansakuTrebiT ki sagareo saqmeTa saministros, TavianTi wvlili SehqondaT. cxadia, rom Carevis moTxovnebi Zlier gansxvavdeboda teritoriuli dacvis ufro statikuri aspeqtebisagan da igi arsebiT zegavlenas axdenda dazvervis, transportis, lojistikis da teqnikis sferoebze. moqniloba da mobiluroba axali ZiriTadi cnebebi gaxda, romelsac ar SeeZlo mTlianad Seecvala moTxovnaTa raodenobrivi gazomva. samxedro saWiroebebi eris politikuri miznebis doneze iqna ayvanili da mas survili gauCnda pasuxismgebloba aiRos qmedebebze, romelsac pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs erovnul TavdacvasTan, am sityvis zusti gagebiT. ufro arapirdapiri xasiaTis cnebebma moikides fexi, rogoricaa, stabilurobis SenarCuneba, organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola da ufro mogvianebiT _ terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola. saWiro iyo am cvlilebebis CarTva Tavdacvis axal TeTr dokumentebSi, sadac SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samomavlo amocanebia Camoyalibebuli. amisaTvis saWiro iyo gegmebis SemdgenelTa da, agreTve, maTi politikuri xelmZRvanelebis azrovnebis Secvla. Tanamedrove teqnika axal amocanebze morgebas moiTxovs da saWiroa samxedro personalis swavleba, raTa man SeZlos Secvlil garemoSi axali xelsawyoebis gamoyeneba. Seicvala maTi profesiac da igi ufro saSiSi gaxda, vidre civi omis periodSi iyo, romlis drosac tyvia ar gavardnila. samSvidobo operaciebSi, mSvidobis aRdgenis Semdeg, samxedroebad yvela xelobis warmomadgenlebi modian _ diplomatebi, mediatorebi, administratorebi da infrastruqturis aRmdgenebi. maTi mowyobilobebi axali amocanebis adekvaturi unda iyos, magram, konfliqtis xelaxali eskalaciis SemTxvevaSi imavdroulad tradiciuli samxedro operaciebis uzrunvelyofa unda SeeZloT. Teoriulad teqnika axal samxedro koncefciebsa da TeTr dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi amocanebis Sesrulebis samxedro efeqturobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli, magram, praqtikaSi, es saxelmZRvanelo principi kvlav bundovani rCeba. garemoebaTa cvlilebis magaliTi gaxldaT terorizmis safrTxeebze aqcentis gadatana, ramac axali specialuri Zalebis da ukeTesi dazvervis moTxovnebs misca dasabami. natos generalur mdivani, lordi robertsoni, dauRalavad mouwodebda _ ‘simZlavreebi, simZlavreebi, simZlavreebi’, magram 2001 wlis seqtemberSi al qaidas mier ganxorcielebuli Setevis Semdeg, saWiro simZlavreebi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda wina wlebis simZlavreebisagan. cxadia, rom axali safrTxeebi, romelic Cveulebriv natom da evropis kavSirma gansazRvra rogorc terorizmi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi da arSemdgari saxelmwifoebisa da organizebuli danaSaulis erToblioba, uzarmazar problemas warmoadgens samxedro-politikur dagegmvaSi CarTuli subieqtebisaTvis, xolo Seia- 101 raRebis direqtorebisaTvis igi namdvili koSmaria. maT moeTxovebaT teqnikis SeZena, romelmac 30 weli unda gaZlos, magram ver Rebuloben mkafio moTxovnebs specifikaciisa da saWiro raodenobis TvalsazrisiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro drois xangrZlivobas, maTi amocana namdvilad ar aris SesaSuri. nebismier SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumi, romelic SeiaraRebis sistemebTan momuSave personalis usafrTxoebas exeba. Seni qveynis dacvisas daRupva sul sxva sakiTxia da igi mSvidobis mxardasaWeri Carevis dros daRupvisagan gansxvavdeba. gasakviri ar aris, rom aseTi misiebis damtkicebisas saparlamento debatebSi udidesi yuradReba (zogjer gadaWarbebuli) eniWeba maTTan dakavSirebul riskebs. sarisko rom ar iyos, arc samxedro Zalebis gagzavna iqneboda saWiro. cxadia, rom operaciis gadaudebloba da monawileobis survili unda Sefasdes SesaZlo danakargebis TvalsazrisiT da TiToeuli meTauris movaleobaa misdami daqvemdebarebuli personalis msxverplis minimumamde dayvana. rac ufro xSirad uxdebaT samxedroebs ‘damcveli jariskacis’ funqciis Sesruleba, miT ufro metad evalebaT maT sakuTari Tavis fizikuri dacva. Tumca riskis gaangariSeba da jariskacebisaTvis saTanado gankargulebis micema advili ar aris. samSvidobo operaciebSi mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis gulisa da gonebis mogeba, risTvisac megobruli midgomaa saWiro, riTac mZime javSniT aRWurvili jariskacebis mxridan Zalis demonstrireba minimumamde dadis. Tumca, Tu ajanyebulebi da TviTmkvleli teroristebi xalxSia Sereuli, aucilebelia damcavi RonisZiebebis gaZliereba da saTanado teqnikiT uzrunvelyofa. saboloo politikuri Sefaseba, rac mTavrobebma da parlamentarebma unda ganaxorcielon, erT-erTi erToblivi riskia da krizisis marTvaze erTobliv pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs, rac maTi qveynis Tavdacvaze uSualo zemoqmedebas ar axdens, magram SeiZleba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi seriozuli Sedegebi iqonios mSvidobasa da stabilurobaze. 2.2. saparlamento damtkicebis mopoveba Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis mimdevrobis modeli niderlandebis saparlamento praqtikidanaa aRebuli. am procesSi pirveli informacia parlaments unda miewodos maSin, rodesac zogadad gansazRvrulia operaciuli moTxovnebi: teqnikis saxeoba da saWiro raodenobaze zogadi miTiTeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi axali mowyobiloba naxmar da moZvelebul mowyobilobas cvlis. axali teqnologiebiT SesaZloa Semcirdes moTxovnili mowyobilobebis raodenoba, magram igi agreTve imoqmedebs proeqtis Rirebulebaze. mocemuli unda iyos garkveuli informacia SesyidvebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli fondebis Sesaxeb. parlamentarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia yuradReba gaamaxvilon mTliani biujetis im wilze, romelsac axali gegmebi moixmaren da kiTxvebic swored sxva prioritetebis moTxovnebTan maT Sesabamisobaze uCndebaT. moTxovnis damtkicebis Semdeg, an Tundac mas Semdeg, rac igi uaryofili ar iqneba da ‘komisia cnobad miiRebs warmodgenil dokuments’, mTeli rigi sakiTxebis mosamzadebeli kvleviTi faza dgeba. operatiuli moTxovna unda Camoyalibdes teqnikuri specifikaciis saxiT. unda moxdes bazris Seswavla da Sedges yvela 102 SesaZlo mimwodeblis amomwuravi sia. an, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom uaxloes momavalSi raimes Sovna SeuZlebelia, mrewvelebTan TanamSromlobiT, xolo SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva dainteresebul qveynebTan erTad unda moxdes ganviTarebis fazis gegmebis SemuSaveba. orive SemTxvevaSi unda SemuSavdes Sesyidvis strategia, agreTve dadgindes produqciis warmoebisa da SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis miwodebis vadebi. Semdgomi nabijia dainteresebuli mimwodeblebis mier warmodgenili informaciis detaluri Seswavla. SeuZliaT maT daakmayofilon yvela specifikacia an gvTavazoben isini moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis alternatiul gzebs? iyeneben aRniSnul teqnikas romelime sxva SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da ra gamocdileba aqvT maT am teqnikis moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT? Tanawarmoebisa da kompensaciis ra SesaZleblobebi arsebobs? am kvlevebis safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas alternatiuli produqciis mokle nusxa. mocemuli qveynis saparlamento praqtikidan gamomdinare es informacia sajarod unda gamoqveyndes da igi kompetenturi saparlamento komitetis ganxilvis sagani unda gaxdes. meoTxe fazaSi xdeba SeZenisTvis momzadeba SeTanxmebuli SeTavazebis safuZvelze, rasac SeiZleba Tan sdevdes savele gamocdebi. saboloo Sefasebis misaRebad SeiaraRebis direqtorati kriteriumTa mTel wyebas iyenebs. mas Semdeg rac CaTvlian, rom samxedro moTxovnebs sxvadasxva alternativebi akmayofileben, iwyeba kamaTi sxva faqtorebTan dakavSirebiT. rogoria xelsawyos moqmedebis Rirebuleba; aris gansxvaveba samxedro efeqturobis an personalis usafrTxoebis maCveneblebSi? imavdroulad, ekonomikis saministro an sxva dawesebuleba, romelic adgilobrivi mrewvelobis mier samxedro produqciis gamoSvebazea pasuxismgebeli, molaparakebebs awarmoebs TanawarmoebasTan dakavSirebiT da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs proeqtis farglebs gareT damatebiTi kompensaciis sakiTxs. droTa ganmavlobaSi parlamenti ufro momTxovni xdeba da Tavdacvis miznebisaTvis sazRvargareT daxarjul TiToeul dolarsa Tu evroze Cveulebriv asprocentian kompensacias moiTxovs. imis gamo, rom mimwodeblebi yovelTvis cdiloben maTi sakompensacio saqmianobis suraTi maqsimalurad vardisfer ferebSi warmoadginon, parlamentebi, miznebis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevisaTvis, sanqciebis debulebebis CarTvas iTxoven. Tumca maTi kontraqtSi CarTva advili ar aris, radgan Cveulebriv kompensaciisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli vadis gagrZeleba xdeba da mas SesaZloa aTi welic ki dasWirdes. am dros SeiZleba zogierTma gegmam realizebis unari dakargos an sxva SesaZleblobebi gaCndes. yvela SemTxvevaSi, kontraqts ar moewereba xeli manamde, sanam naTeli ar gaxdeba, rom adgilobrivi mrewveloba saTanadod iqneba CarTuli mis ganxorcielebaSi. am bolo fazas intensiuri lobireba sWirdeba, romelSic media, samecniero wreebi da parlamentarebi arian CarTulni. gadawyvetilebis mimReb subieqtebs iwveven fabrikebis dasaTvaliereblad an demonstraciebze. es is fazaa, sadac gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa am adamianebma ar dauSvan raime sargeblobis miReba, ramac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios maT mier gakeTebul Sefasebaze. arsebobs mravali magaliTi, roca politikosebma isargebles ufaso mogzaurobiT an pirdapir Tanxa aiRes TavisTvis an TavianTi partiis yulabisaTvis. 103 Tavdacvis kontraqtebze xelmoweris uflebamosilebis mopovebis sxvadasxva praqtika arsebobs. zogjer mas win uswrebs sagarantio werili. niderlandebSi es Tanxis raodenobazea damokidebuli. 5 milion evromde Rirebulebis kontraqtebis sakiTxs Sesabamisi samsaxuri wyvets. 25 milion evroze meti Rirebulebis proeqtebi Tavdacvis Stabis ufrosma saerTo Tavdacvis gegmaSi unda Casvas, romelsac ‘korporaciuli damgegmavis’ roli akisria da igi parlaments unda waredginos. 25 milionidan 100 milion evromde moTxovna ciklis dasawyisSive saparlamento komitetis mier unda iyos damtkicebuli, magram misi Semdgomi ganxorcieleba Sesabamisi samsaxuris mier xdeba, Tu proeqts ‘politikurad mgrZnobiare’ kvalifikacia ara aqvs miniWebuli. ufro meti Rirebulebis proeqtebisTvis xelmoweramde parlamentis damtkicebaa saWiro, xolo ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miReba mxolod teqnikaze pasuxismgebel saxelmwifo mdivans (ministris moadgiles) SeuZlia. 250 milion evroze meti Rirebulebis proeqti, parlamentSi wardgenamde, kabinetis srulma Semadgenlobam unda daamtkicos. Tu saparlamento komiteti mas mwvane Suqs ar miscems, wevrebs SeuZliaT sakiTxi debatebisa da kenWisyrisaTvis qveda palatis plenaruli sxdomis dRis wesrigSi Casvan. zemoaRniSnuli mimdevrobis modeli, an sxva msgavsi ram, mxolod natos wevr ramdenime qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba. SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris #2 miznobrivi dokumenti _ ‘SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontroli: erovnuli da saerTaSoriso saparlamento ganzomileba’ _ parlamentis uflebamosilebis SedarebiT cxrils Seicavs, iqneba es plenaruli sxdomis Tu komitetis ganxilvis sagani.7 kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebiT cudi monacemebi ar aris, magram nakleb misasalmebelia aRmasrulebelTa kontrolis mdgomareoba. Tavdacvis ministri valdebulia Tavdacvis komitets informacia miawodos Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb, romelic garkveul Tanxas aRemateba. germaniaSi es aris 25 milioni evro, niderlandebsa da norvegiaSi 50 000 evro, poloneTsa da gaerTianebul samefoSi _ 0.8 milioni evro. yvela aRniSnul qveyanaSi, gaerTianebuli samefos garda, kontraqtis dasadebad Tavdacvis ministrs parlamentis Tanxmoba sWirdeba. axali teqnikis saWiroebis dasadgenad komitetis monawileoba moiTxoveba kanadaSi, CexeTis respublikaSi, safrangeTSi, germaniasa da niderlandebSi; xolo SeTavazebebisa da mwarmoeblis SedarebaSi komiteti monawileobs iRebs CexeTis respublikaSi, niderlandebsa da norvegiaSi. kompensaciebisa da CaTvlebis Sefasebis procesSi monawileobis sqemis Sesaxeb moxseneba mxolod CexeTisa da niderlandebis parlamentebs aqvT warmodgenili. niderlandebis saerTaSoriso saqmeTa mrCevelTa sabWom gamoaqveyna moxseneba damoukidebeli kvlevebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, ramac saparlamento kontrols unda gauwios daxmareba.8 natos wevr yvela qveyanas aqvs Tavdacvis saparlamento komiteti, magram mxolod ramdenime sargeblobs eqspertTa daxmarebiT. isini damoukidebel mecnierTa naklebobas ar ganicdian, magram kvlevebis wamowyeba TviT parlamentis mier iSviaTad xdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis biblio- 7 8 dawerilia doqtor ekelenis mier, Jeneva, 2002 wlis oqtomberi. moxseneba #16, ‘Defensie-onderzoek en parlementaire controle’, 2000 wlis dekemberi. 104 Tekis kvleviTi samsaxuri STambeWdav dokumentebs amzadebs da mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs, magram mas ara aqvs calke Tavdacvis ganyofileba. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi Tvalyurs adevnebs damtkicebuli xarjebis ganxorcielebas. gaerTianebuli samefos parlaments aqvs didi biblioTeka, sadac 200-mde eqsperti muSaobs da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa da Tavdacvis ganyofilebebi funqciobs. Tavdacvis sakiTxebze konkretuli kvleviTi biuro ar arsebobs, magram Tavdacvis SerCevis komitets hyavs Tavisi TanamSromlebi, romlebic konsultaciebisaTvis xSirad mimarTaven eqspertebs. germaniis bundestagSi aris mecnierTa jgufi (Wissenschaftliche Dienst), sadac Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze sami adamiani muSaobs da agreTve kavSiri aqvs damyarebuli mecnierebisa da politikis fondTan (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik). safrangeTis erovnul asambleas aqvs swavlebisa da dokumentaciis samsaxuri (Service des Etudes et de la documentation), sadac 36 adamiani muSaobs, agreTve Tavdacvis komiteti Svidkaciani aparatiT. norvegiaSi aris Tavdacvis kvlevebis sabWo, romelic rCevebs aZlevs mTavrobas. SvedeTis riksdags aqvs kvleviTi samsaxuri 30 kaciani StatiT, romlebic sajaro informacias agroveben. parlaments ufleba aqvs moiTxovos gamokvlevebis Catareba mTavrobis mier subsidirebuli institutebis Sesaxeb, magram amas iSviaTad akeTebs. stokholmis mSvidobis kvlevebis saerTaSoriso instituti STambeWdav yovelwliur krebuls, wignebsa da moxsenebebs aqveynebs, magram mas, londonis saerTaSoriso kvlevebis institutis msgavsad, saerTaSoriso dRis wesrigi aqvs. 105 3. konsolidacia da TanamSromloba 3.1. viTareba amerikaSi meore msoflio omis dros SeerTebulma Statebma SeZlo Tavdacvis industriis arnaxuli ganviTareba da mas Semdeg globaluri SeiaraRebis warmoebaSi tonis mimcemia. adgilobrivi moTxovna imdenad didi iyo, rom Tavdacvis saWiroebaTa mTeli speqtri SeiZleboda qveynis SigniTve dakmayofilebuliyo da konkurent firmebs sakmaod kargi cxovreba hqonodaT. vaSingtonSi Tavdacvis industriis lobireba mniSvnelovan Zalad iqca, imdenad mniSvnelovnad, rom prezidentma eizenhauerma, romelic istoriuli gamoTqmebiT maincdamainc cnobili ar iyo, mas samxedro industriuli kompleqsi uwoda. misma gamoTqmam xangrZlivi gavlena iqonia mecnierebsa da politikosebze, xolo Tavdacvis dawesebulebebi atlantikis orive mxares TavdacviT poziciaSi daayena. Tavdacvis mdivani, maknamara, romelic manqanaTmSeneblobis kompaniidan movida, kritikosebs Tavdacvis dagegmvis sistemuri analizis wardgeniT Sexvda. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, misi ‘vunderkindebi’, ukiduresi arapopularobiT sargeblobdnen samxedro wreebSi. Tumca Tavdacvis mdivani araerTgzis gamoxatavda konkretuli SeiaraRebis sistemis analiziT dadasturdebuli saWiroebis uzrunvelyofaze mzaobas , samxedroebs uxdebodaT pasuxis gacema uamrav kiTxvaze, rasac isini SeCveulni ar iyvnen. mogvianebiT maTdami aseTi yuradReba Sesustda, magram Tavdacvis departamentSi samoqalaqo komponentma mZlavrad moikida fexi. transatlantikur urTierTobebSi teqnologiis gadacema yovelTvis delikatur sakiTxs warmoadgenda. amerikul firmebs evropis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebac SeeZloT da xSirad upiratesobac hqondaT dabali fasebis gamo, rac seriuli warmoebis xangrZlivobisa da ekonomikis masStabebis Sedegi iyo. Tavis mxriv, evropelebs SeeZloT moeTxovaT maRalteqnologiuri sistemebis Tanawarmoeba. saukeTeso gamosavali iqneboda evropaSi amwyobi xazebis Seqmna, rogorc es F104-is, xolo mogvianebiT F 16-is warmoebisas moxda, rac Zalze warmatebiT ganxorcielda ‘fasis gadauWarbeblad’. SeerTebuli Statebis mrewveloba partniorebs evropul firmaTa Soris eZebda, rac saukeTeso gzas warmoadgenda evropaSi kanonieri interesebis dasafuZneblad. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba uSualod ar iyo CarTuli kompensaciis garigebebSi da es SeTanxmebebi mrewvelobas gadauloca. es imas niSnavda, rom Tavdacvis departamentis mier amerikaSi ganxorcielebul ucxour Sesyidvebze kompensaciis imedi ar unda hqonodaT. aseTi Sesyidvebis raodenoba mcire iyo, xolo maT Soris manZili _ didi. SeerTebul StatebSi produqciis gayidvis saukeTeso saSualeba amerikeli partnioris gamoZebna gaxldaT. natoSi mravali wlis manZilze SeerTebuli Statebis uryevi liderobisas, erovnuli SeiaraRebis direqtorTa konferencia (CNAD) evropeli mokavSireebisaTvis teqnikuri informaciis miwodebas warmatebiT axorcielebda. jari, sahaero Zalebi da sazRvao SeiaraRebis jgufebi mxars uWerdnen CNAD-s TavianT Sesabamis sferoebSi. kvlevebisa da teqnologiis sabWom erToblivi programebi ganaxorciela, xolo Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis dagegmvis sistema (CAPS) qveynebs grZelvadian dagegmvasa da TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvraSi exmareboda. arasamxedro 106 kuTxiT natos samecniero komitetma individualur mecnierTa Soris TanamSromlobis programa SeimuSava, xolo, mogvianebiT, ‘TanamSromloba mSvidobisaTvis’ programis farglebSi, partniori qveynebisaTvis infrastruqturiT daxmarebis kvlevebi ganaxorciela. saqmianobis areali farToa, igi moicavs fizikur da sainJinro mecnierebas, teqnologiebs, cocxali organizmebis mecnierebas, garemosa da dedamiwis Semswavlel mecnierebas da ‘usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul samoqalaqo mecnierebasa da teqnologias’.9 SeerTebul StatebSi bevrs saubrobdnen ‘ormxrivi moZraobis gzis’ kriteriumis Sesaxeb, magram, ZiriTadad, es sityvebis fuWi xarjva iyo. SeerTebuli Statebis mrewvelobas yvelafris miwodeba SeeZlo Tavdacvis departamentisaTvis, rasac ki moiTxovda da odnavadac ar iyo dainteresebuli ZiriTad partniorebad ucxouri firmebi exila. mxolod karteris administraciis dros, rodesac Sesyidvebze pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgile uiliam peri gaxldaT, konkretuli nabijebi gadaidga misTvis realuri arsis misaniWeblad. umravles SemTxvevaSi ormxrivi gza warmodgenili iyo rogorc gzatkecili, romelic SeerTebuli Statebidan evropisaken midioda, xolo ukan dasabrunebel gzaze bambukis susti xidi iyo gadebuli. amerikis Tavdacvis industria Tavis zenitSi 1970-iani wlebis bolodan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde imyofeboda, rodesac prezidentma reiganma, romelic breJnevis epoqaSi sabWoTa samxedro sistemisagan Tavs motyuebulad Tvlida, masStaburi xarjebis gawevis gadawyvetileba miiRo, strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis CaTvliT, rac, sabolood, gorbaCovs aiZulebda SeiaraRebaze kontrolis axal RonisZiebebze daTanxmebuliyo. civi omis dasrulebis Sedegad, Tavdacvis biujeti, romelic 1989 wels 400 miliard dolars Seadgenda, 2001 wlisaTvis 281 miliard dolaramde Semcirda. 1993 wels, Tavdacvis mdivanma, les aspinma da misma moadgilem, uiliam perim, mrewvelobis sferos aTobiT aRmasrulebeli miiwvies pentagonSi sadilze. wveulebis bolos stumrebs uTxres, rom isini sufrasTan imaze orjer metni iyvnen, vidre mTavrobas surda biznesSi exila momavali xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. arsebuli saSiSroeba _ ‘gaerTiandi an daiRupe’, mTavrobis politikasTan erTad, romelsac gadawyvetili hqonda gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebuli garkveuli xarjebi daefara, SeerTebuli Statebis industrias racionalizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi daexmara. amis Sedegad konsolidacia SeerTebul StatebSi ufro adre ganxorcielda, vidre evropaSi, sadac mTavrobas aseTi stimuli ar SeuTavazebia da sakiTxTa gadawyveta mxolod kerZo sawarmoebs miando. 1992 wels SeerTebul StatebSi moqmedi Tavdacvis 22 ZiriTadi kompaniidan, 1998 wlisaTvis mxolod 4 SemorCa. isini Tavdapirvelad TviTmfrinavebis warmoebasa da kosmosur da saraketo sistemebze iyvnen orientirebulni, magram bolo wlebSi samxedro da sazRvao seqtorebSic gaaqtiurdnen. 2000 wlisaTvis Tavdacvis sferos kompaniebis msoflio pirvel aTeulSi 7 amerikuli kompania moxvda, sadac pirveli sameuli ase gamoiyureboda: Lockheed ix. ‘natos saxelmZRvanelo’, romlis ganaxlebac regularulad xdeba natos sainformacio da presis ofisis mier, 1110 briuseli, belgia. 9 107 Martin, Boeing da Raytheon. meoTxe adgilze iyo BAE Systems. meSvide adgilze iyo EADS, merveze Thales, romelsac win uswrebdnen General Dynamics da Northrop Grumman (romelmac 2002 wels TRW Inc.-is SeZeniT General Dynamics-s gauswro, xolo manamde meaTe adgili ekava). mecxre adgilze iyo United Technologies. evropuli konsolidaciis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi es mimdevroba SesaZloa dairRves. 2004 wels cnobili gaxda EADS-isa da Thales-is gaerTianebis mcdelobis Sesaxeb, an, alternativis saxiT, EADS-is gaerTianebis Sesaxeb British Aerospace-is garkveul struqturebTan. 1989-90 wlebSi, uiliam taftma, aSS-is mudmivma warmomadgenelma natoSi da Tavdacvis mdivnis yofilma moadgilem, natos GATT-is tipis sistema SesTavaza, romelsac Tavdacvis sferoSi Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis unda Seewyo xeli. natos savaWro jgufma, romelic am winadadebis Sesaswavlad Seiqmna, im droisaTvis natos wevr qveynebs Soris arsebuli Tavisufali da Ria vaWrobidan gadaxvevis Svidi ZiriTadi sfero gamoyo.10 es CamoTvlili iqna rogorc orerovnuli kanonebi, sadac garkveul seqtorebSi konkurencia gamoricxuli iyo: msgavsi araoficialuri saqmianoba kanonmdeblobis uqonlobis dros; sxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobis gagebasTan, mopovebasTan an SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi; gamomricxavi efeqtis mqone erovnuli sertificirebis an Semowmebis procedurebi; ucxoelTa mier mesakuTreobis formebis SezRudvebi; sawarmoebisaTvis eqsportis finansireba da sxva daxmareba; kompensaciis moTxovnebi; teqnologiis gadacemis SezRudvebi da mesame qveynebSi gayidvis kontrolis procesebs Soris gansxvavebebi, da Sidasaxelmwifo usafrTxoeba, ekologiuri an socialuri regulaciebi, rac agreTve xels uSlis vaWrobas. sayvedurTa didi nawili SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, magram evropis xelisufalTa umravlesoba, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis dacvis mizniT, amerikuli importis dasablokad igive saSualebebs iyenebda. faqtiurad, evropelTa umravlesoba taftis iniciativas miiCnevda rogorc Sefarul Zalisxmevas Tavdacvis mrewvelobaSi lideris rolis SesanarCuneblad. proteqcionistuli praqtika vinmes rom ar gaetarebina, SeerTebuli Statebi udavod naxavda sargebels. iq sadac suverenitetis cnebebs kvlav esoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Zneli iqneboda GATT-Tan Sedareba, romelsac Tavdacvis sferoSi davebis gadasaWrelad panelebi gaaCnda. iniciativa qcevis kodeqsis Seqmnis moTxovniT Seicvala, magram maSinve Cakvda, rogorc ki misma mTavarma gmirma natoSi posti datova. man naTeli mohfina zogierT problemas da uCvena, rom arcerTi mxare ar iyo udanaSaulo. Tavis mxriv, evrokomisia amas SeerTebuli Statebis savaWro barierebis Sesaxeb moxsenebiT gamoexmaura, sadac sxva sakiTxTa Soris CarTuli iyo amerikis mxridan ganxorcielebul Sesyidvebze 6%-iani SeRavaTis daweseba, romelic Tavdacvis departamentis Sesyidvebze vrceldeboda telekomunikaciis sferoSi. SeerTebuli Statebis mier evropeli mimwodeblebisagan sruli sistemebis SeZenis ix. gamokvleva ‘evropis Tavdacvis industriis momavali’, momzadebulia organizacia ‘Saferworld’-is mier, gamocemulia briuselis klubis mier, 1994 w., gv. 105. amerikeli myidvelis 10 magaliTi miTiTebulia 106-e gverdze. 108 ramdenime magaliTi arsebobs. aSS-s sazRvao flotma SeiZina British Harrier-is vertikaluri afrenisa da dajdomis reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi, xolo armiam _ franguli RITA-s taqtikuri savele sakomunikacio sistema. am garigebisaTvis saWiro iyo kavSirebis damyareba amerikul kompaniasTan Tanawarmoebis misaRwevad, amerikeli mwarmoeblebis mimarT evropaSi moqmedi kompensaciis sistemis msgavsad. miuxedavad imisa, rom proeqtireba evropelebma ganaxorcieles, amerikelma momxmarebelma specifikaciebis TvalsazrisiT bevri ram Secvala. evropis mxridan esec ar iyo uCveulo da Cveulebriv mniSvnelovnad zrdida Rirebulebas. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axali SeiaraRebis sistemebze moTxovna daeca da igi modificirebisa da ganaxlebis moTxovniT Seicvala. es sasargeblo iyo ukve arsebuli mwarmoeblebisaTvis, magram SezRudul SesaZleblobebs sTavazobda damwyeb mwarmoebels. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semcirebas Teoriulad xeli unda Seewyo Tanamedrove teqnikisaTvis, romelsac adamianTa ufro mcire raodenoba warmarTavda, magram safrTxeebis gaazreba Semcirda da biujetis wnexma am axal ganviTarebas xeli ar Seuwyo. gaZnelda konstruqtorTa jgufebis SenarCuneba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Tavdacvis teqnologiisa da industriuli bazis momavalze zrunva politikur dRis wesrigSi daayena. miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba asignebaTa gamosayofad Tavdacvis konversiisaTvis, muSakTa gadamzadebisaTvis, teqnologiebis gadacemisaTvis, eqsportis xelSewyobis da ‘ormagi gamoyenebis’ teqnologiebis eqspluataciisaTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi ZiriTadi iniciativa gaxldaT teqnologiis reinvesticiis proeqti (TRP), romlis dafinansebac 1994 fiskalur wels daaxloebiT erT miliard dolars Seadgenda da misi mizani iyo ‘... samxedro sferos integraciis da komerciuli industriuli bazis stimulireba’. am proeqtis administrirebas Tavdacvis teqnologiis konversiis sabWo axorcielebda, romelsac Tavdacvis departamentis mowinave kvlevaTa proeqtis saagento (DARPA) xelmZRvanelobda da mas erToblivad axorcielebda energetikis departamentis Tavdacvis programebis ofisi, komerciuli departamentis standartebisa da teqnologiis erovnuli instituti (NIST), erovnuli samecniero fondi (NSF) da erovnuli aeronavtikisa da kosmosis administracia (NASA). TRP-is masStabi da, Sesabamisad, misi Sedegebi Zalze STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. amocanaTa farTo speqtri moicavda teqnologiis ganviTarebas winakonkurentul doneze, romelic iTvaliswinebda: informacias, infrastruqturas, eleqtronul konstruirebasa da warmoebas, masalebs da aeronavtikul infrastruqturas; teqnologiur ganviTarebas _ mcire biznesze orientirebuli momsaxurebis gafarTovebiT, romelic konkurentunarianobis gazrdasa da teqnologiuri kvlevebidan bazarze gadasvlaze iyo orientirebuli; warmoebas, ganaTlebasa da trenings XXI saukunisaTvis maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis mosamzadeblad, rac xels Seuwyobda konkurentunarianobisa da produqtiulobis gazrdas ormagi gamoyenebis sainJinro sferoSi stipendiebis gamoyofiTa da universitetebSi, kolejebsa da profesiul saswavleblebSi teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebis meSveobiT. 2004 wels, rodesac es dokumenti iwereboda, Zalze sainteresoa, Tu raoden swrafad CaerTo aSS axal mimarTulebaSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da varSavis paqtis daSlis 109 Semdeg, maSin roca evropas dResac ki ara aqvs miRebuli fundamenturi gadawyvetilebebi. lisabonis dRis wesrigSi wamoayenes Zalze ambiciuri miswrafeba _ aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonodaT ‘msoflioSi yvelaze konkurentunariani ekonomika’, magram sami wlis Semdeg ukve naTeli gaxda, rom am miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. konkurentunarianobis miRwevis amocana ukve sakmaod rTuli iqneboda, xolo ‘yvelaze konkurentunariani’ araseriozulad JRerda da man ziani miayena evropel liderTa deklaraciuli politikisadmi ndobas. TRP-is SemuSavebisas amerikis xelisuflebam evropis Tanamegobrobis wignebidan erTi furceli amoiRes, romelsac adreul 80-ian wlebSi dawyebuli hqonda Eureka-sa da Brite-is programebi teqnologiis winakonkurentuli kvlevebisaTvis da tradiciuli mrewvelobis ganaxlebisaTvis. es xuTwliani programebi iyo da maT maRali teqnologiebis mimarTulebis Secvla gamoiwvies. dafinanseba kvlav mokrZalebuli rCeboda da igi mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas ver axdenda. mTavari problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mrewvelebi eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen evrokomisiisa da mis mrCevelTa organoebis unars ‘gamarjvebulis amorCevasTan’ dakavSirebiT. SeerTebul StatebSi dafinanseba didi iyo, magram miRebuli 4500 SeTavazebis Rirebuleba rvajer aRemateboda gamoyofil Tanxas. dResac ki DARPA yvela evropels Suris grZnobiT aRavsebs. evrokavSirs Zalze sWirdeba dawesebuleba, romelic mowinave kvleviTi proeqtebis administrirebas ganaxorcielebs. SesaZloa, es funqcia Seasrulos Tavdacvis saagentom, romelic evropuli yrilobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da igi evrosabWom konstituciidan gamoyo da calke iqna damtkicebuli TesalonikSi. SeerTebuli Statebis mniSvnelovnad dawinaurebaze agreTve metyvelebs ‘prototipi plusi’ politikis gamoyeneba mis mier axali SeiaraRebis ganviTarebaSi, maT gamocdasa da Taroze SemodebaSi, romelsac maSinve CauSveben warmoebaSi, rogorc ki amis saWiroeba Seiqmneba. misi upiratesoba iyo SeeZlo konstruqtorTa jgufebis SenarCuneba, magram saWiro iyo imavdroulad warmoebaSi kvalificiuri muSaxelisa da sawarmoo saSualebaTa SenarCunebac. miuxedavad amisa, evropuli industria ufro kmayofili darCeboda misTvis e.w. ‘saCvenebeli proeqtebis’ dakveTiT, rac maTi kvleviTi proeqtebis realizebis unaris damadasturebeli iqneboda. es ganamtkicebda industriis kompetencias, rac maTi konkurentunarianobis winapirobaa. maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri realur safrTxes warmoadgenda, zogadad, natoSi, xolo, konkretulad, Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis sferoSi, aSS-s xelmZRvaneloba dominirebda. amerikuli iaraRi yvelas aRemateboda da evropis qveynebis umravlesoba cdilobda Tanawarmoebis sistemebi daefuZnebina. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia warmatebuli konsorciumi, romelic varskvlavuri omis F-104 sistemas uSvebda. teqnologiis gadacemas mtrisadmi daxmarebis gawevis SiSi zRudavda, xolo strategiuli masalebis eqsportze intensiur kontrols eqsportze mravalmxrivi kontrolis sakoordinacio komiteti, e.w. ‘CoCom’ axorcielebda. dReisaTvis es iseTi teqnologiebis gauvrceleblobas exeba, romelic masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis dasamzadeblad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac terorizmis safrTxe nakleb TvalsaCino iyo, transatlantikuri Tavdacvis industriis gaZlierebul TanamSrolobas mokavSireebi 110 mniSvnelovan berketad miiCnevdnen koaliciis samxedro integraciis ganviTarebis, samxedro saqmeTa aRmavlobisa da konsolidirebuli Tavdacvis bazarze konkurenciisaTvis. garkveuli progresi SeiniSneboda klintonis administraciis dros.11 industriuli TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis mizniT miRebul iqna garkveuli zomebi, gaerTianebul samefosTan da avstraliasTan erTad miRebuli principebis deklaraciis, SeerTebul StatebSi BAE-is SeZenis damtkicebis da Raytheon-isa da Thales-is erToblivi warmoebis CaTvliT. agreTve daiwyo iseTi ZiriTadi programebis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa, erToblivi damrtymeli Zala (JSF), saSualo siSoris saraketo sahaero Tavdacvis sistema da informaciis ganawilebis mravalfunqciuri sistema, romelic Link 16 sistemis Semdgom Taobas warmoadgenda da komunikaciisa da monacemTa gadacemis usafrTxoebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. Tavdacvis vaWrobis usafrTxoebis iniciativa RonisZiebaTa pakets warmoadgenda, romelic licenzirebis reformebs moicavda. buSis administracias am Zalisxmevis gaZliereba surda da erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis me-19 direqtivaze muSaobda, romelic koaliciis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebaze iyo orientirebuli. bialosma da koehlma daaskvnes, rom progress orma faqtorma SeuSala xeli: pirveli, SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis politika kvlav gancalkevebuli rCeboda teqnologiis gadacemis politikisagan (aq SeerTebul StatebSi teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg kongresis opozicia gaizarda) da, meore, maRali rangis liderebis gancxadebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda biurokratiis mier maTi ganxorcielebis praqtikasTan. maTi azriT, arsebul garemoSi Tavdacvis industriis TanamSromlobis ganmtkicebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gatareba rTuli iqneboda. 2005 wlis Tavdacvis uflebamosilebiT aRWurvis aqtis daxvewisas maTi winaswarmetyveleba gamarTlda, rodesac samxedro dafinansebis angariSidan 445,6 miliardi dolari CamoeWraT ITAR-is uarmyofelebs gaerTianebuli samefodan da avstraliidan.12 evropaSi mzardi autarqiis Sedegad mimdinare TanamSromlobis didi nawili JSF programebiT iyo dainteresebuli. ufro pozitiurad JRerda iniciativa, romelic TIPS-ma 2002 wlis aprilSi natos ‘aliansis saxmeleTo meTvalyureobisaTvis’ (AGS) ganaxorciela 19 evropuli da Crdilo-amerikuli kompaniis saxeliT da romlis mizanic iyo sawyisi operatiuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba 2010 wlisaTvis. igi sTavazobda Sereuli meTvalyureobis strategias, romelSic CarTuli iyo saSualo zomis komerciuli reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebi Airbus 320 ojaxidan da didi simaRlis da maRali ix. ‘transatlantikuri transformacia: natos aRWurva 21-e saukunisaTvis’, romelic transatlantikuri urTierTobebis centrma moamzada daniel s. hamiltonis redaqtorobiT; vaSingtoni, 2004 w. (masSi warmodgenilia jefri p. bailosisa da stiuart l. koehlis mosazrebebi amerikuli perspetivis Sesaxeb, xolo evropuli perspeqtivis avtoria endriu jeimsi, gv. 147-189). SIPRI-is 2004 wlis gamocemaSi aris ganyofileba _ ‘teqnologiis gadacemis sakiTxi transatlantikuri Tavdacvis industriis urTierTobebSi’, gv. 409-418, romelsac Tan axlavs danarTi 11a _ ‘100 udidesi iaraRis mwarmoebeli kompania, momTxovni mxaris perspeqtiva’, romlis avtoria amitav maliki. Oxford University Press, 2004. masSi ganxilulia ‘pasuxismgebloba teqnologiis mesakuTreobaze’, sadac mkafiod aris gamokveTili stimulebi pasuxismgeblur qmedebaze da qveynis specifikis profilebis klasifikaciisas motyuebisagan damcavi meqanizmebi. 12 Defense News, 2004, 11 oqtomberi. ‘U.S. Congress Spurns ITAR Waivers’. 11 111 amtanobis upiloto safreni aparatebi (HALE/UAV), romlebic iyeneben Svidi kompaniis mier danergil monacemTa kavSirebsa da transatlantikuri TanamSromlobis AGS Radar-s (TCAR). AGS mniSvnelovani potenciali iqneboda natos axali sapasuxo ZalisaTvis.13 SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebam evrokavSiri ‘evropis citadelis’ mentalitetis gamo daadanaSaula, magram, ‘amerikis Sesyidvis’ aqtebiT TviTonac igive mentaliteti warmoaCina. evropis arabritanuli kompaniebisaTvis faqtiurad SeuZlebelia amerikuli firmebis yidva, xolo gaerTianebuli samefos firmebic ki, romlebic yovelTvis amayoben TavianTi gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebiT SeerTebul StatebTan, sayveduroben, rom SeuZlebelia TanamSromlobis ganviTareba maRali teqnologiebis sferoSi.14 gaerTianebuli samefos mdivnis moadgilem, lordma bahma, romelic pasuxismgebelia Tavdacvis Sesyidvebze, mkacri politikuri miniSneba gaakeTa. man aRniSna, rom Tu kongresi, SeerTebuli Statebis iaraRiT vaWrobis debulebis safuZvelze, dablokavs uflebamosilebis moxsnis miniWebis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs, misma mTavrobam unda gadaxedos aSS-s firmebis Tavisufal xelmisawvdomobas britanul bazarze. man Tqva: ‘mravali adamiani svams SekiTxvas: ras iRebs realurad gaerTianebuli samefo SeerTebul StatebTan Tavdacvis industriis sferoSi am urTierTobebidan?’15 igive SeSfoTeba gamoiTqva niderlandebsa da norvegiaSi, romlebmac fuli daxarjes erToblivi damrtymeli Zalis (JSF) SemuSavebaze, magram warmoebaSi mosalodneli monawileobis realizeba gauZneldaT. sul cota xnis win evropelebma kidev erTi wuxili gamoxates, rac amerikuli kompaniebis mier evropuli firmebis SeZenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. daimlerkraislerma misi Zravis mwarmoebeli MTU sainvesticio kompanias KKR mihyida; xolo Fiat Avio, romelic agreTve Zravis cnobili mwarmoebelia, Avio Holding-is mewile gaxda, sadac 70% Carlyle-s ekuTvnis, xolo 30% _ Finmeccanica-s. General Dynamics-ma Austrian Steyr, Daimler-Puch, SSF group, the Swiss Mowag da the Spanish Santa Barbara kompaniebi SeiZina. United Defence-ma Swedish Bofors iyida. sazRvao sferoSi germanuli gemTmSenebeli firma HDW, misi inovaciuri mowinave teqnologiiT OEP-is sainvesticio fondma SeierTa.16 ix. Tomas endersis statia natos gamocemaSi: NATIONS and Partners for Peace, 3/2003. EADS, Galileo Avionica, General Dynamics Canada, Indra, Northrop Grumman da Thales ZiriTadi partniorebi 13 iyvnen, romlebsac SeuerTdnen firmebi niderlandebidan, gaerTianebuli samefodan, islandiidan, belgiidan, portugaliidan, norvegiidan, daniidan, luqsemburgidan, poloneTidan, CexeTis respublikidan, ungreTidan da TurqeTidan. 14 SeerTebuli Statebis atlantikis sabWo SeSfoTebuli iyo am tendenciiT, romelsac SeeZlo politikuri gamijvna gaeZlierebina da urTierTqmedeba gaerTulebina. ix. ‘mudmivi aliansi? natos praRis samiti da mis miRma’, strategiuli dokumenti, 2001 wlis aprili, sadac momxsenebeli robert l. hatCingsia. SemoTavazebul iqna winadadeba, rom evropelebi CaerToT oTxwliani Tavdacvis ganxilvaSi (Quadrennial Defense Review), raTa maT ukeTesi warmodgena hqonodaT aSS-s Tavdacvis gegmebis Sesaxeb. ix. agreTve The Heritage Foundation-is gamocema Backgrounder No. 1777, 9 ivlisi, 2004, ‘Protectionism compromises America’s homeland security’. 15 Defence News, 2004, 19 ivlisi. 16 emil blankis statia aRniSnul sakiTxze La Tribune-Si, romelic 2004 EuroSatory teqnikis gamofenas exeba, sadac miTiTebuli iyo ‘amerikis Sefarul strategiaze, romelic mZime Sedegebs uqadda evropul avtonomias’. 112 3.2. evropuli industriis survilebi industria sasicocxlod aris dainteresebuli, kargi urTierTobebi hqondes Tavdacvis saministrosTan, erovnuli SeiaraRebis direqtorTan da Sesyidvebze pasuxismgebel oficrebTan da samoqalaqo pirebTan. maT adreul etapzeve sWirdebaT informaciis mopoveba samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb, raTa TavianTi produqcia gegmebs Seusabamon da saukeTeso winadadebebi moamzadon samrewvelo ostatobis mdgomareobisa da mosalodneli teqnologiuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. es ormxrivi moZraobis gzaa, rameTu industrias xSirad ukeTesi saSualebebi aqvs Seafasos teqnologiis realizebis SesaZlebloba samxedro moTxovnebis vadebis gaTvaliswinebiT. industria dainteresebulia warmoebis uwyvetobiT da ekonomiiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi maT SeiZines produqciis dagegmvisa da TanawarmoebaSi muSaxelis ganawilebis sagulisxmo unari, magram Tavdacvis Seviwrovebul bazarze Zalze bevri evropuli firma ibrZoda erTidaimave kontraqtis mosapoveblad. kompetenturobisa da konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebis mizniT industria mTavrobebs Sescqeroda, raTa ganesazRvra ‘saCvenebeli’ proeqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba warmoebaSi ar CaSvebuliyo, magram isini mzad unda yofiliyvnen mis gansaxorcieleblad, roca amis dro momwifdeboda. am gziT ar moxdeboda mkvlevarTa da konstruqtorTa daTxovna, magram produqtiulobis simZlavreebi SeiZleba gamouyenebeli darCeniliyo, xolo mogeba _ dabali. am strategiis praqtikaSi gansaxorcieleblad saWiro iqneboda mTavrobis aqtiuri mxardaWera, magram, samwuxarod, kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis sferoSi evropuli dafinansebis doneebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda amerikul danaxarjebs. mrewvelebi mixvdnen, rom saWiro iyo mTavrobaSi meti gamWvirvalobis lobireba da natos industriul mrCevelTa jgufi (NIAG) Seqmnes, xolo mogvianebiT, dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis jgufis konteqstSi (WEAG), evropuli Tavdacvis industriis jgufi (EDIG) Camoyalibda. orivem moaxerxa mTavrobebs koordinirebuli gziT midgomodnen. Cven ukve vaxseneT EDIG-is analizi mTavrobebis rolis Sesaxeb. mis ZiriTad mrwamss evropuli Tavdacvis adgilobrivi bazari warmoadgenda. amsterdamis xelSekrulebis momzadebisas EDIG-ma mtkice ganacxadi gaakeTa SeiaraRebis saagentos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SeerTebul StatebSi konsolidaciis swraf tempze miTiTebiT, samma adamianma, romlebsac praqtikuli gamocdileba hqondaT am sferoSi, yuradReba miaqcia SeerTebul Statebsa da evropaSi moqmedebis tempebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.17 maSin roca aSS-Si TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi kompaniebis mxolod SezRuduli raodenoba aqtiurobda Tavdacvis teqnikis 70 miliard dolarian bazarze, 39 miliard dolariani evropuli bazari danawevrebuli iyo da didi raodenobis mcire kompaniebs Soris koordinacia ar arsebobda. sasworze ido globalurad konkurentunariani evropuli Tavdacvis industriisa da teqnologiuri bazis gadarCenis sakiTxi, raTa sakuTari Tavdacvis moTxovnebi da, agreTve, saerTo evropuli sagareo da 17 1997 wlis 7 Tebervlis werili evropis Svidi ZiriTadi gazeTisadmi, xelmowerilia dasavleT evropis kavSiris yofili generaluri mdivnis, u. van ekelenis, WEAG-is yofili Tavmjdomaris, e. blankis da EDIG-is yofili generaluri mdivnis, Jan pier rasquinis mier. 113 usafrTxoebis politikis elementebi daekmayofilebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, rom mimdinare saxelmwifoTaSoriso konferecias eRiarebina: upirveles yovlisa, rom evropuli Tavdacvis industriuli da teqnologiuri baza sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Rirebulebaa da misi SenarCuneba saerTo evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis TviTmyofadobis winapirobas warmoadgens; meore, rom saWiroa saTanado moculobis evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis Sida bazari (DITB), raTa evropis Tavdacvis industrias safuZveli Seeqmnas, romelzedac misi globaluri efeqturoba ganmtkicdeba. amisTvis aucilebelia, rom partniorma saxelmwifoebma industriuli da teqnologiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba normad aRiaron; mesame, evropuli Tavdacvis industriisa da teqnologiuri bazis xangrZlivi arsebobisaTvis saWiroa evropaSi fexmokidebuli umniSvnelovanesi teqnologiebi da Sesabamisi programebisaTvis saWiro investiciebi maTi efeqturobis demonstrirebisaTvis. EDIG-isaTvis evrosabWos amsterdamSi Catarebuli sxdoma imedgamacruelebli aRmoCnda. ar iqna aRiarebuli DITB-is sasicocxlo mniSvneloba da evrokavSiris xelSekruleba Semdgomi TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb Seicavda mxolod mcire punqts. muxli J.7-is (yofili J.4) pirvel punqts daemata winadadeba, romelic ucvleli darCa nicaSi miRebuli xelSekrulebis me-17 muxlSi: ‘rogorc wevr saxelmwifoebs miaCniaT, Tavdacvis saerTo politikis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba moxdeba SeiaraRebis sferoSi maTi TanamSromlobiT’. axali SesaZlebloba gaCnda 2002 wels, rodesac evropis yrilobam mxari dauWira samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela seqtorisa da dainteresebuli jgufis monawileobas. EDIG-ma sxvadasxva midgomebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, acxadebda ra, rom evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika (ESDP) mniSvnelovan winapirobas warmoadgenda erTiani SearaRebis politikis ganxorcielebis efeqturi meqanizmebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.18 industria mxars uWerda efeqtur ESDP-s, radgan mas konsolidirebuli bazari sWirdeboda, romlis miRwevac mxolod WeSmariti TanamSromlobiT SeiZleboda da romelic ZiriTadad samxedro moTxovnebis harmonizaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. industriis restruqturizaciis warmatebiT dasruleba harmoniuli wesebisa da procedurebis gansazRvraSi evropis mTavrobaTa aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovda, rac kompaniebs saSualebas miscemda Tavdacvis kontraqtebisaTvis wminda ekonomikuri efeqturobis bazaze ebrZolaT. imavdroulad unda Seiqmnas xelSemwyobi pirobebi, ‘EDIG-is monawileoba yrilobaSi _ evropuli ESDP-is momavali’, romelsac hqonda danarTi _ ‘evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis bazris Seqmna, rogorc evropis Tavdacvis teqnologiuri da industriuli baza’, briuseli, 2002 wlis 18 seqtemberi. erTi wlis Semdeg EDIG daiSala, xolo misi funqciebi gainawiles evropuli aeronavtikis ufro mcire jgufebma. 18 114 raTa kompaniebs gauadvildeT aliansebis Seqmna da maTi sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis konsoldireba. DITB-is ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT unda SemuSavdes masStaburi evropuli kvlevisa da teqnologiis politika da yvela dainteresebuli mxaris monawileobiT unda dadgindes ZiriTad teqnologiaTa nusxa, romelic Tavdacvis ministrebTan iqneba SeTanxmebuli. gadaudebeli iyo eqsportis licenzirebis proceduraTa daaxloveba, sadac aRiarebuli iqneboda saboloo eqsportioris pasuxismgebloba. EDIG-is monawileobiT gansazRvrul iqna oTxi piroba, romelic evropuli Tavdacvis teqnikis bazars funqciobis saSualebas miscems: an mniSvnelovnad Tanxvedrili sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika, · saerTo, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva samxedro moTxovnaTa harmonizacias da produqciis xangrZlivi warmoebis Sedegad miRweuli nayofierebis gamoyenebas. dokumentSi sainteresod iyo miniSnebuli, rom politikuri mgrZnobiarobis es gza Sesustdeboda, radgan saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis SeTanxmebul politikaSi (CFSP) usaTuod iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli erovnuli suvereniteti. SesaZlebeli iqneboda sxvadasxva alternatiuli midgomis gamoyeneba, imedismomcemi seqtorebidan dawyebuli, teqnikuri gadawyvetebiT damTavrebuli, rac qvesistemebis identificirebis gziT SeiZleba moxdes da saerTo gaxdes mravali erovnuli sistemisaTvis. aseve SesaZlebeli iqneboda proaqtiuri procesis warmarTva, sadac prioriteti mieniWeboda im programebs, romelTa ganxorcielebisas TanamSromlobis ganviTareba realuri Canda. am bolo midgomas SeeZlo mudmivmoqmedi komitetis saxe mieRo, romelic Sesyidvebis erovnul gegmebs ganixilavda da Tavdacvis ministrebs erTobliv proeqtebs SesTavazebda. saerTo politika, romelic gansazRvravs savaWro barierebis mox· SeiaraRebis snisaTvis da industriis konsolidaciisaTvis saWiro SeTanxmebul meqanizmebs, romelic urTierTdamokidebulebis Semecnebis principzea dafuZnebuli. es saerTo politika agreTve gansazRvravs evropis Tavdacvis industriis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis sqemas. EDIG-ma aRiara, rom miwodebis usafrTxoebis Zvel argumentebSi mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba iyo, magram maT aRmosafxvrelad CarCo xelSekrulebis ganzraxvaTa werili gamoiyena. saerTo politika, romelic kontraqtorebis SerCevis, dafinan· Sesyidvebis sebis, riskebis gaziarebis da teqnologiis gadacemisaTvis industriul strategias axorcielebs Sesyidvebis SeTanxmebuli da harmonizebuli meqanizmebis meSveobiT. manam sanam TiToeuli saxelmwifo am funqciebs Tavad ganaxorcielebs, Zneli iqneba raimes uzrunvelyofa da es mxolod erovnul doneze iqneba miRweuli. da ganviTarebis saerTo politika, saerTo amocanebiT, romelic · kvlevebisa miznad isaxavs investiciebis optimizacias saxelmwifoTa Soris kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis Sedegebis gaziarebis meSveobiT. EDIG-is mosazrebebi mTavrdeboda rekomendaciaTa CamonaTvaliT, romelic qvemoTaa Sejamebuli: 115 CarTuli unda iyos SeiaraRebis politikis saboloo mizani, · xelSekrulebaSi romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba bazarze xelmisawvdomobis efeqtur urTierTTanamSromlobaze da ‘jerovnad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli SeiaraRebis seqtoris specifika’; saqmianobis moTxovnaTa harmonizeba mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa mo· samxedro mavali progresisaTvis. evropis SeiaraRebis politikas SeuZlia amisaTvis CarCos Seqmna. Cven unda gavagrZeloT wina iniciativebis ganmtkiceba, rogoricaa OCCAR, · LoI da WEAO, sadac saerTo SeiaraRebis saagentos grZelvadiani mizani evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis erTiani bazris (EDEM) Semdgomi ganmtkicebisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli. saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon meti resursebi da ukeTesi koor· wevrma dinacia TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebisa da teqnologiebisaTvis, raTa xeli Seuwyon umaRlesi xarisxis centrebis Seqmnas da gansaxorcieleblad moamzadon centralurad dafinansebuli mravalwliani programebi. mravalwliani TanamSromlobis programebi ar unda daeqvemdebaron stabilurobis paqtis wesebs, romelic biujetis deficitis dasaSveb dones exeba. miReba romelic saerTo Sesyidvebs uzrunvelyofs evrokavSiris · koncefciis operaciebis mxardaWeris mizniT. es rekomendaciebi evropaSi gavrcelebul ganwyobas gamoxatavdnen da Tavisufali Sida bazris saWiroebasTan dakavSirebiT industriis sferoSi miRweulma konsensusma kvlav zemoqmedeba moaxdina, axla ukve evropis yrilobaze gamarTul diskusiebze, sadac xdeboda evropis konstituciis SemuSaveba, da mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebaze _ misi ZalaSi Sesvla evaraudaT evropis SeiaraRebis saagentos Seqmnis saSualebiT. Tumca, kritikuli SeniSvna unda gakeTdes ‘SeiaraRebis seqtoris specifikasTan’ mimarTebiT. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es? evropuli SeiaraRebis industria sulac ar aris homogenuri. ramdenime qveyana awarmoebs Tavdacvis teqnikis farTo speqtrs da maT SeuZliaT sistemebis integrireba da sawarmoo xazebis konstruireba da aRWurva; aseve ramdenimes aqvs warmoebis niSa specifikuri xarisxis produqciisaTvis, xolo danarCenebi mxolod komponentebs awarmoeben. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi interesi konkurentunariani bazris mimarT erTmaneTisagan Zlier gansxvavdeba, sadac komponentebis damamzadeblebi meti enTuziazmiT arian aRvsilni.19 gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi, germania, italia, espaneTi da SvedeTi evropaSi sistemis ZiriTadi integratorebi da sawarmoo xazebis mSeneblebi arian, magram ukiduresad Camouyalibebeli bazari maT problemebs uqmnis. kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis xarjebi didia, potenciur myidvelTa ricxvi mcirea, xolo 19 saintereso analizi SemogvTavaza niderlandebis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mrCevelTa sabWom, ‘Europese militair-industriele samenwerking’, 2001 wlis ivnisi. 116 kontraqtis mopovebis SesaZlebloba iSviaTia. riski maRalia, samuSao adgilebiT daintereseba didia da amitom maT sWirdebaT garkveuli garantiebi sakuTarebi mTavrobis mxridan. maTTvis erovnuli bazari upirvelesad darCeba Tu isini, mTavrobis mxardaWeriT, ver moaxerxeben konsolidirebas an kavSirebis Seqmnas sxva qveynebis firmebTan, romlebic potenciuri myidvelebi arian. evropis ufro patara qveynebi _ patara Tavdacvis sakuTari warmoebis SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT _ specifikuri teqnologiebiTa da specializebuli produqciiT arian dainteresebulni, romlisTvisac isini msoflio bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis iRvwian. maSin, roca did qveynebs SeerTebul StatebSi TavianTi produqciis gayidvis mcire Sansebi aqvT, ufro patara qveynebi, amerikul bazarze Sesvlis mizniT, transatlantikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas cdiloben, ZiriTadad aSS-is kompaniebis meSveobiT. maTi mizania kompensaciis garigebebis konteqstSi Tanawarmoebis miRweva da licenzirebis da saagentosTan xelSekrulebis mopoveba. qvekontraqtorTa raodenoba sistemis integratorebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT metia da konkurentunarian bazarze Sesvla maTTvis mniSvnelovani iqneboda. erTaderT gamafrTxilebel faqtors aq warmoadgens rogorc evropuli, ise transatlantikuri ZiriTadi kompaniebis mzardi tendencia _ grZelvadiani xelSekrulebebi gaaformon ‘sasurvel mimwodeblebTan’ (zogjer ganviTarebis xarjebs maT akisreben), rac mudmivobis TvalsazrisiT orive mxarisTvis xelsayrelia, magram zRudavs konkurencias. Sedegad miRebuli situacia paradoqsulad gamoiyureba. ufro mozrdili kompaniebi, romlebic Cveulebriv unda umklavdebodnen sabazro Zalebs, mTavrobis gegmebsa da gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli, xolo ufro mcire da daucveli firmebi Tavisufali bazriT sargebloben. suraTi kidev ufro rTulia, radgan xelisufleba, romelsac Tavdacvis Zlieri kompaniebi ara aqvs, Sesyidvebis SerCevas Riad awarmoebs da xSirad kooperatiul valdebulebebs ‘Tarodan CamoRebul’ Sesyidvas amjobinebs. momaval evropis Tavdacvis saagentos mZime samuSao elis, rameTu man erTmaneTTan unda Seajeros es gansxvavebuli interesebi. am axali institutis dafuZnebamde Cven unda gadavxedoT evropis SeiaraRebis TanamSromlobis Wrel istorias. 3.3. evropis SeiaraRebis TanamSromloba evropis SeiaraRebis TanamSromlobas xangrZlivi, magram movlenebiT mwiri istoria aqvs.20 sxvadasxva organizaciebi erTmaneTs cvlidnen, magram konkretuli Sedegebis miRweva ver xerxdeboda. pirveli mcdeloba 1950 wels ganxorcielda, rodesac safrangeTma evropuli Tavdacvis TanamegobrobisaTvis plevenis gegma wamoiwyo. es gaxldaT franguli gza germaniis kvlav SeiaraRebis amocanis gada- 20 1998 wlamde movlenebis ganxilva ix. uilem van ekeleni, evropis usafrTxoebis debatebi 1948-1998. Sdu Publishers, The Hague and Centre for European Policy Studies, briuseli, 1998, gv. 282290. Semdgomi movlenebis ganxilva ix. burkard smiti, 2003 wlis aprilis dokumenti #59 _ ‘ evropuli SeiaraRebis TanamSromloba, ZiriTadi dokumenti’ , da 2003 wlis agvistos dokumenti #63 _ ‘evropis kavSiri da SeiaraReba, mzardi dartyma evroze’. 117 saWrelad, rac sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan mzardi saSiSroebiT iyo gamowveuli, magram igi natoSi germaniisTvis Tanabari statusis miniWebas ar iTvaliswinebda. paradoqsulia, magram gegma safrangeTis parlamentSi Cavarda da britaneTma (romelic EDC-is SemadgenlobaSi ar iyo) lideroba aiRo briuselis 1948 wlis xelSekrulebis (romelic britaneTs, safrangeTsa da beneluqsis sam qveyanas Soris daido) dasavleT evropis kavSirad gardaqmnaze, romelsac germania da italia SeuerTdnen. evropis qvanaxSirisa da liTonis Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Semdeg EDC aRmasrulebel komisiad gardaiqmna, romelsac zenacionaluri uflebamosileba hqonda. 1950 wlis 24 oqtombris deklaraciaSi, romliTac plevenma Tavisi gegma wamoiwyo, naxsenebi iyo evropis Tavdacvis ministri, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo ministrTa sabWoze, saerTo asambleasa da saerTo biujetze. teqnikisa da standartizaciis sakiTxebi farTo Zalauflebis mqone SeiaraRebis saagentos unda gadaewyvita. dasavleT evropis kavSirSi es funqcia SeiaraRebis mTavrobaTaSoris mudmivmoqmed komitetamde davida, sadac saxelmwifoebs informaciis gacvla SeeZloT. 1958 wlis TebervalSi safrangeTma, germaniam da italiam natos da dasavleT evropis kavSirs acnobes TavianTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, romelic samZalauflebiani sameTvalyureo komiteti Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. igi SearCevda iaraRis tipebs, romelTa kvlevebsa da warmoebas isini erToblivad ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTi uzrunvelyofda teqnikuri gamocdis centrs axali organizaciisaTvis da saraketo gamocdis centrs aliansisaTvis. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg maT natos da dasavleT evropis kavSiris partniorebs proeqtTa nusxa SesTavazes, sadac CarTuli iyo 30 toniani tankebis ganviTareba, taqtikuri satransporto saSualebebis standartizacia, taqtikuri mxardaWeris TviTmfrinavebis ganviTareba, tanksawinaaRmdego distanciuri iaraRis ganviTareba, SeerTebuli Statebis miwa-haeris ‘Hawk’-is tipis sazenito raketebis erToblivi warmoeba da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT TanamSromloba, Zalze dabal simaRleze mfrinavi saSualebebis sawinaaRmdego iaraRis ganviTareba da 2800 kilometrze moqmedi birTvuli sabrZolo qobinis matarebeli balistikuri raketebis ganviTareba. zogi proeqti realizebadi aRmoCnda, magaliTad, Jaguar-isa da Transall-is TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba, Roland-is saraketo sistema da safrangeTisa da gaerTianebuli samefos erToblivi kvlevebisa da warmoebis centri Gazelle-is, Lynx-isa da Pumas tipis SveulmfrenebisTvis, magram organizacia ver ganviTarda. 1968 wels adgili hqonda ufro sistemuri midgomis mcdelobas, rodesac evrojgufi Seiqmna. es gaxldaT gaerTianebuli samefos maSindeli Tavdacvis mdivnis, demis hileis iniciativa, romelsac ormagi mizani hqonda: SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom evropis Zalisxmeva Tavdacvis sferoSi ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre maT miaCndaT, da xeli SeewyoT Tavdacvis mrewvelobaSi Sidaevropuli TanamSromlobisaTvis. 1975 wlamde SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobas EURONAD-is qvejgufi warmarTavda, romlis SemadgenlobaSi saxelmwifoTa SeiaraRebis direqtorebi Sediodnen. safrangeTma masTan SeerTebaze uari ganacxada, rameTu Tvlida, rom evrojgufi Zalze mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli natosTan. safrangeTis gareSe ki teqnikis sferoSi TanamSromloba praqtikulad moklebuli iyo azrs. 1975 wels germaniisa da niderlandebis Tavdacvis minist- 118 rebma, leberma da vredelingma, safrangeTis damoukidebeli evropuli programebis jgufSi (IEPG) CarTva SeZles, xolo 1976 wels EURONAD-ma funqcionireba Sewyvita. verc IEPG-is mimarT arsebuli didi imedebi gamarTlda. holandielebi cdilobdnen daefuZnebinaT midgoma, romelic Canacvlebis gegmebs Tavsebads gaxdida vadebisa da moTxovnebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca praqtikaSi SerCeul iqna xuTi konkretuli proeqti, magram mxolod erTi aRmoCnda warmatebuli. aseve warmatebiT ganxorcielda naRmsaZiebo sistemis sammxrivi proeqti, romelSic belgia, safrangeTi da niderlandebi monawileobdnen, magram es iniciativa IEPGis funqciobis dawyebamde ganxorcielda. SeerTebul Statebsa da evropas Soris ormxrivi gzis dafuZnebaze evrojgufis kidev erTi RonisZieba iyo koncentrirebuli, rasac Tan mohyva ormxrivi gagebis memorandumTa mTeli wyeba, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis bazarze xelmisawvdomobis xelSesawyobad iyo gamiznuli. IEPG-is TvalsaCino Sedegi gaxldaT EUCLID-is programis Seqmna, romelic konkurentunarianobis kvlevebs iTvaliswinebda da samoqalaqo sferoSi moqmedi EUREKA programis msgavsi iyo. maastrixtis mosamzadebel periodSi interesi agreTve gaizarda evropaSi Tavdacvis warmoebis xelSewyobisadmi. evropuli sabWos Sexvedraze, romelic 1990 wlis 14-15 dekembers romSi Catarda, usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferos sakiTxTa Soris SeiaraRebis sferoSi ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri TanamSromlobis da iaraRis eqsportis politikis koordinaciis saWiroeba gamoikveTa, romlisTvisac IGC-s gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqcia. dasavleT evropis kavSiris maastrixtis deklaraciis erT-erT ganyofilebaSi, romelic kavSiris operatiul rols exeboda, CarTul iqna winadadeba ‘evropuli SeiaraRebis saagentos Seqmnis mizniT SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis ganmtkicebis’ Sesaxeb, romelic mogvianebiT iqneboda Seswavlili. es winadadeba prezident miteranisa da kancler kolis 1991 wlis 4 oqtombers wamoyenebuli erToblivi iniciativis nawili gaxldaT. orma qveyanam ganaviTara NADS-is Sexvedraze gakeTebuli erToblivi gancxadeba, romelic IEPG-is dasavleT evropis kavSirSi CarTvas iTvaliswinebda. amas garkveuli dro dasWirda, magram 1992 wlis 4 dekembers bonSi gamarTul Sexvedraze cameti saxelmwifo Tavdacvis ministrebi SeTanxmdnen, rom IEPG-is funqciebi dasavleT evropis kavSirs gadascemoda, magram im pirobiT, rom IEPG-is yvela wevrs SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis nebismier forumze sruli monawileobis ufleba da igive uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi eqnebodaT. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo norvegiisa da TurqeTisaTvis, rolebic dasavleT evropis kavSiris ‘asocirebuli wevrebi’ iyvnen da agreTve daniisTvis, romelsac mxolod ‘damkvirveblis’ statusi hqonda da cdilobda SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromloba dasavleT evropis kavSiris institutebisagan garkveul distanciaze SeenarCunebina. am RonisZiebaTa axali saxelwodeba iqneboda dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis jgufi (WEAG). maTi Sexvedrebis Semdgom deklaraciebSi ministrebi WEAG-s sul ufro mzard yuradRebas aqcevdnen. 1994 wlis noemberSi, nordvikSi, isini SeTanxmdnen EUCLID-is programis mxardaWeris mizniT kvleviTi jgufi SeeqmnaT. maT moiwones germaniis winadadeba evrokavSiris da dasavleT evropis kavSiris eqspertTa araformaluri jgufis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic eevropuli SeiaraRebis 119 politikis alternativebs Seiswavlida, magram uaryofiTi daskvna miiRes evropuli SeiaraRebis saagentosagan: im droisaTvis ar arsebobda pirobebi saagentos Sesaqmnelad, romelic wevri saxelmwifoebis saxeliT Sesyidvebis RonisZiebebs ganaxorcielebda. Tumca isini pozitiurad afasebdnen frangul-germanul iniciativas SeiaraRebis TanamSromlobis axali struqturis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic briuselis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze damxmare organos funqcias Seasrulebda. ministrebi _ leotardi da riuhe _ mzad iyvnen TavianTi ormxrivi TanamSromloba dasavleT evropis kavSiris CarCoSi moeqciaT da TavianT kolegebsac urCevdnen amgvarad moqceuliyvnen. am iniciativis farglebi drois sagulisxmo periodSi gaurkveveli rCeboda. mxolod 1996 wlis 12 noembers erToblivi SeiaraRebis TanamSromlobis struqturas xeli moaweres safrangeTma, germaniam, italiam da gaerTianebulma samefom, romelic cnobilia misi franguli akronimiT _ OCCAR. 1995 wels, madridSi, ministrebma mxari dauWires WEAG-sa da operatiul momxmareblebs Soris dialogis ganmtkicebas, raTa SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromloba kidev ufro mWidrod yofiliyo damokidebuli saerTo samxedro moTxovnebze. generaluri mdivnis winadadebiT EUROLONGTERM-s am sferoSi Tavisi roli unda Seesrulebina, rac Stabebis ufrosebis pasuxismgebloba iqneboda. evropuli SeiaraRebis saagentos qartiasa da saerTo gagebis memorandumze (MOU) muSaoba ver dasrulda da ‘kvlav rCeba arsebiTi sirTuleebi, romlebic gadawyvetas moiTxoven’. 1996 wlis 19 noembers ostendSi Catarebul Sexvedraze dasavleT evropis kavSiris axali damxmare organo Seiqmna, romelsac dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis organizacia (WEAO) ewoda. mas aqvs wesdeba da gaformebulia urTierTgagebis memorandumi. EUCLID-is kvleviT jgufs unda mieRo kontraqtebis gaformebaze samarTlebrivi uflebamosileba da sawyis etapze igi WEAO-s aRmasrulebeli organo iqneboda, rogorc evropis SeiaraRebis saagentos winamorbedi. misi pirveli kontraqtebi gaformda Thomson-CSF, DASA da GEC-Marconi konsorciumTan, romelic Tanamedrove radaruli teqnologiis ganviTarebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. damatebul iqna axali procedura _ EUROFINDER _ romelic industrias saSulebas aZlevda Tavad wamoeyenebina winadadebebi EUCLID-is programaSi kvleviTi da teqnologiuri proeqtebis CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi mxolod umniSvnelo miTiTeba iyo SeiaraRebis sferoSi TanamSromlobaze saerTo Tavdacvis politikis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibebis konteqstSi. es aRmoCnda seriozuli imedgacrueba evropis Tavdacvis industriisaTvis da agreTve evropuli komisiisTvis, romelmac 1996 wels gaavrcela cnoba evropis TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli industriis winaSe mdgari problemebis Sesaxeb, sadac moTxovnili iyo ‘TanamSromloba evropis doneze moqmedebisaTvis’. saqme rom ar dayovnebuliyo, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi, komisarma bangemanma, sabWos da evropis parlaments warudgina informacia saxelwodebiT _ ‘aerokosmosuri industria globaluri gamowvevis winaSe’. man gaakeTa daskvna, rom evropaSi, mraval seqtorSi, mxolod erTi organizacia iqneboda sicocxlisunariani. es ZiriTadad Seexeboda saaviacio konstruqciebis warmoebas, sadac, mravali mimomxilvelis azriT, albaT darCeboda mxolod erTi ZiriTadi samoqalaqo-samxedro mwarmoebeli. magram aseTi mosaz- 120 reba konkurenciis problemebs uciloblad ar wamoWrida manam, sanam arsebobda srulad moqmedi globaluri bazari, sadac Zlieri ucxoeli konkurentebi arsebobdnen. mesiji sruliad naTeli iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom magaliTi sakmaod Sors wavida. igi unda Semofargluliyo samoqalaqo da samxedro satransporto TviTmfrinavebis konstruqciebiT, zonaSi damoukideblad moqmedi moieriSe TviTmfrinavebiT, romlebsac mWidro kavSirebi aqvs raketebTan da sxva maRali teqnologiebis sferoebiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, unda momxdariyo konsolidireba konkretul sferoSi. miuxedavad amisa, gancxadeba evropuli transnacionaluri restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb drouli iyo da mas swrafad mohyva bengemanis da van den briekis mier SemuSavebuli evrokomisiis strategiuli dokumenti, romelic 1997 wlis 12 noembers miiRes. sabWos mosTxoves mieRo ‘saerTo poziciis’ proeqti, sadac prioritetul sferoebad iqneboda miCneuli Tanamegobrobis SigniT teqnologiebis gadacema, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi da erTiani sabaJo gadasaxadebi. misi Tanmxlebi samoqmedo gegma moklevadian punqtebs iTvaliswinebda, sadac RonisZiebaTa pirveli wyeba 1998 wels unda ganxorcielebuliyo. masSi agreTve CarTuli iyo standartebis racionalizacia, ormagi gamoyenebis regulirebis gadasinjva, evrokavSiris SeiaraRebis eqsportze TeTri dokumentis SemuSaveba da Tavdacvis industriis gavrcelebis arealis gansazRvra. dokumentSi mocemuli cifrebi uCvenebdnen, rom evrokavSiris qveynebSi SeerTebuli Statebidan TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli saqonlis importi eqsportTan SedarebiT eqvsjer meti iyo. evropis industriis gafantuli bunebis damadasturebeli iyo is faqti, rom evropis Tavdacvis ZiriTadi eqvsi kompaniis saqonelbrunva 1996 wels 60 miliard dolars Seadgenda, maSin, roca SeerTebuli Statebis samma wamyvanma firmam 90 miliardi dolaris saqoneli gayida. am sferoSi komisiis kompetenciasTan dakavSirebuli debatebis gadalaxvis mizniT, safrangeTma, germaniam da gaerTianebulma samefom problemis gadaWra gadawyvites da TavianT kosmosuri da Tavdacvis eleqtronikis warmoebebs mosTxoves sami Tvis vadaSi warmoedginaT maTi saqmianobis gaerTianebis perspeqtiuli gegmebi.21 mas Semdeg rac oostendis mravalmxrivma mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, kidev erTxel eWvqveS aRmoCnda ZiriTad subieqtTa politikuri neba _ ganexorcielebinaT TavianTi maRalfardovani gancxadebebi. ukve 1995 wels COREPER-ma Seqmna araformaluri jgufi, romelic mogvianebiT POLARM-is sagangebo samuSao jgufad Camoyalibda. Tavdapirvelad mas evropis SeiaraRebis politikis alternativebis Sesaxeb evrokavSirisa da WEAG-is araformaluri moxsenebebi unda Seeswavla da samomavlo moqmedebebis rekomendaciebi unda SeemuSavebina. jgufma Tavdacvis industriuli bazis da evropis Tavdacvis bazris aspeqtebi ganixila, magram raime solidur daskvnebamde ver mivida. jgufma axali dinamikis SemuSavebas 2003 wlis pirveli naxevari moandoma; es saberZneTis Tavmjdomareobis dros moxda. ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi SemuSavda da sabWosTan SeTanxmda rezoluciebi, romlebic strandartizaciis sakiTxebs, SeiaraRebis seqtoris komisiis 1997 wlis 12 noembris dokumenti ip 97/983 da 1997 wlis 9 dekembers sam dedaqalaqSi gamoqveynebuli gancxadebebi. 21 121 restruqturizaciis problemebsa da miwodebis usafrTxoebas exeboda. imavdroulad, ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala gaxda safrangeTs, germanias, italias da gaerTianebul samefos Soris OCCAR-is saxiT ganviTarebuli partnioroba, romelic principSi sxvebisTvisac Ria iyo im pirobiT, rom isini daicavdnen qcevis SeTanxmebul wesebs, e.w. ‘baden-badenis’ principebs da mniSvnelovan monawileobas miiRebdnen TanamSromlobis programebSi. jgufis mizani iyo bolo moeRo erT programaSi samarTliani urTierTsargeblobis (juste retour) sqemebisaTvis, magram samuSaoTa ganawileba mravalproeqtian safuZvelze gaeTanabrebina. amrigad, es SeiZleboda gamxdariyo SeiaraRebis saagentos birTvi da kvlevis faza gadaelaxa, romelsac EUCLID da WEAO axorcielebdnen. magram warmoiqmna Zlieri Semxvedri qari, gansakuTrebiT patara qveynebidan. WEAO-s msgavsad, OCCAR-s, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, gaaCnda potenciali, raTa SeiaraRebis sruluflebiani saagento gamxdariyo. OCCAR-is konvenciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad mas SeeZlo amocanaTa mTeli speqtri moecva, romelTa Sesrulebasac wevri saxelmwifoebi sakuTar Tavze aiRebdnen: mimdinare da samomavlo programebis menejmenti, sadac SeiZ· TanamSromlobis leba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes struqturis kontroli da eqspluataciis sferoSi daxmareba, agreTve kvleviTi saqmianoba; · wevr qveynebze ganpirovnebuli erovnuli programebis menejmenti; gansazRvruli mowyobilobebis ganviTarebisa da SesyidvisaTvis · erToblivad teqnikuri specifikaciebis momzadeba; koordinireba da erToblivi kvlevebi, agreTve, momavali opera· dagegmvis tiuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, teqnikuri gadawyvetis kvlevebi Sesabamis samxedro StabebTan TanamSromlobis gziT; industriuli bazisa da erTiani teqnologiebis Sesaxeb erovnuli · erTiani gadawyvetilebebis koordinireba; · kapitaluri dabandebebisa da teqnikis gamocdis saSualebebis koordinireba. OCCAR, rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, evropis Tavdacvis saagentos Seqmnis Semdegac iarsebebs, romelsac man daxmareba unda gauwios. misi ZiriTadi gamowveva TanamSromlobis proeqtebis menejmentSi efeqturobisa da qmediTobis gamovlena iqneba. man Tavisi maregulirebeli sqemisaTvis magaliTad aiRo arsebuli frangul-germanuli proeqtebi, rogoricaa HOT, Roland da Milan, amJamad CarTulia Tiger-is tipis moieriSe Sveulmfrenis (FR/GE), momavali ‘miwa-haeri’ raketebis ojaxis (FR/IT) da A400M satvirTo TviTmfrinavis (B/E/FR/GE/PO/ T/UK) proeqtebSi. 2003 wels OCCAR-is 200 kaciani koleqtivi erTi miliardi evros odenobis biujets gankargavda. bakard smitma aRniSna, rom wevrma qveynebma, ‘TiTqmis spontanurad da mkafio kriteriumebis Camoyalibebis gareSe’ gadawyvites, Tu romeli programebisaTvis unda exelmZRvanela OCCAR-s, rac, misi azriT, gamowveuli iyo evropuli organos ararsebobiT, romelic winaaRmdegobas gauwevda Sesyidvebis cikls da safuZvels ufro sistemuri gziT 122 moamzadebda.22 dRemde yvela proeqti tradiciuli mTavrobaTaSoris SeTanxmebebis safuZvelzea organizebuli. zedmeti danaxarjebi garkveulad Semcirda, magram Tavisi sakuTari principebis sruli realizebisa da globaluri samarTliani ukugebis misaRwevad OCCAR-s kidev mravali axali programa dasWirdeba, romelTa ganxorcielebac TiTqmis paralelur reJimSi unda daiwyos. imavdroulad, belgia misi mexuTe wevri gaxda A400M-is programaSi monawileobis safuZvelze. espaneTma gaakeTa gancxadeba mierTebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram igi rva xmis uflebas iTxovda (damfuZneblebs 10 xmis ufleba aqvT), rac uaryofil iqna manam, sanam madridi sxva ZiriTad (savaraudod, Tiger-is tipis Sveulmfrenis) proeqts ar SeuerTdeboda. es daemarTa espaneTSi xelmoweril kontraqts da saamwyobo xazis Seqmnis SeTanxmebas. evrokavSiris gareT TanamSromlobis kidev erTi RonisZieba gaxldaT ganzraxvaTa werili (LoI), romelsac 1998 wels iaraRis mwarmoebeli eqvsi ZiriTadi evropuli saxelmwifos Tavdacvis ministrebma moaweres xeli aeronavtikis sferoSi. maTgan oTxi OCCAR-is damfuZnebeli saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac daemata espaneTi da SvedeTi. Tavdapirveli mizani gaxldaT Tavdacvis industriis transsasazRvro restruqturizacia. 2000 wlis ivlisSi, ‘CarCo xelSekrulebis’ xelmoweriT maT Semdgomi nabiji gadadges, romelic samarTlebrivad savaldebulo saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa. igi eqvs sferos moicavs: miwodebis usafrTxoeba, eqsportis procedurebi, informaciis usafrTxoeba, kvlevebi da teqnologia, teqnikuri informaciis warmoeba da samxedro moTxovnaTa harmonizeba. adreuli mcdelobebisas yvela es sfero sust wertils warmoadgenda. SemuSavda ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro SeTanxmebebi, raTa detalurad gansazRvruliyo Tu rogor unda emuSava sistemas. miwodebis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT xelmomwerma qveynebma valdebuleba ikisres dabrkoleba ar SeeqmnaT maT teritoriaze warmoebuli Tavdacvis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebisaTvis LoI-is partniorebisaTvis. mrewvelebs xeli unda moeweraT qcevis erovnul kodeqsebze, romelSic dafiqsirebuli iqneboda erovnuli prioritetis da krizisis SemTxvevaSi warmoebis gadanawilebis sistemebis aRiarebis valdebuleba. eqsportisTvis CarCo xelSekruleba inovaciuri iyo, radgan igi iTvaliswinebda globaluri proeqtis licenziis (GPL) integrirebas eqsportis procedurebSi. GPL-is mocemul kooperatiul proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi, iqneba es industriuli Tu samTavrobo, TviT sistema, misi qvesistemebi da komponentebi Tavisuflad SeZleben gadaadgilebas eqvsi partniori qveynis teritoriaze. LoIs arawevri qveynebis eqsportisaTvis konsensusis safuZvelze ganisazRvreboda ‘eqsportis nebadarTuli mimarTulebebi’, romelic importis qveyanaSi politikuri situaciis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi modificirebas daeqvemdebareboda. informaciis usafrTxoeba iTvaliswinebda warmoebaSi da samTavrobo dawese- 22 Chaillot Paper No. 63, gv. 25-26.. 123 bulebebSi vizitebs, usafrTxoebis daSvebas da konsultaciebs, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu LoI-s arawevr qveynebs klasificirebul informaciaze xelmisawvdomoba dasWirdebodaT. qcevis kodeqsis SemuSaveba saWiro iyo transnacionaluri Tavdacvis kompaniebTan kvlevebisa da teqnologiis sferoSi urTierTobebis koordinirebisaTvis. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis (IPRs) ganxorcielebisaTvis unda Camoyalibebuliyo erTiani standartebi, romelsac ZiriTadad kompaniebi warmarTavdnen, magram mTavrobebs eqnebodaT garkveuli prerogativa IPRs-is gadacemasa da honorarebis gadaxdaSi. sabolood erTiani sabWo gansazRvravda saerTo saWiroebebsa da problemaTa mogvarebis SesaZlo erTian midgomebs. LoI-s procesi ar ayalibebs mudmiv instituciur struqturas da mas aRmasrulebeli komiteti marTavs, romelic weliwadSi oTxjer ikribeba, sadac, garda SvedeTisa, yvela sxva danarCeni saxelmwifo erovnuli SeiaraRebis direqtorze ufro dabali Tanamdebobis piriTaa warmodgenili. bukard smitis sityvebs Tu davesesxebiT, procesi dasawyisidanve ori wnexis qveS aRmoCnda. erTi mxriv, es iyo konkretuli Sedegebis swrafad miRweva, xolo meore mxriv, ufro gamWoli reformis gatareba.23 miuxedavad imisa, rom sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi iyvnen CarTulni (xolo SvedeTi Tavmjdomareobda muSa jgufs), midgoma sakmaod viwro aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom strategiuli mrewvelobis yvela saWiro teqnologiuri, finansuri da ekonomikuri aspeqti moecva. mTavrobaTaSoris meTodi Zalze xangrZlivi da mouqneli aRmoCnda. maTTvis CarCo xelSekrulebis SemecnebiTi efeqti da misi sxvadasxva ganmaxorcielebli SeTanxmebebi Zalze sasargeblo iqneba, magram igi procesis mxolod dasawyisi iqneba. maT ar Camoayalibes Tavdacvis teqnikis bazari, magram gansazRvres nivelirebis done masStaburi gadawyvetilebebisaTvis. 3.4. svla evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikisaken Tavdacvisa da samxedro sakiTxTa mosagvareblad evropis Tanamegobrobas xangrZlivi dro dasWirda. 1971 wels, rodesac evropis politikuri TanamSromloba (EPC) daiwyo, dRis wesrigSi dadga aRmosavleT-dasavleTis urTierTobebi, magram usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis ufro intensiuri ganxilva evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis konferenciis dafuZnebis Semdeg daiwyo (romelic mogvianebiT organizaciad gardaiqmna da euTos akronimiTaa cnobili). venis konferenciam, romelic erTobliv da dabalansebul Zalebs mieZRvna, samxedro sakiTxebze molaparakebebs daudo saTave, sadac natoSi dasavleTis poziciis koordinireba safrangeTis monawileobis gareSe moxda, radgan man samxedro integraciisagan Tavis Sekaveba arCia. 1982 wels, usafrTxoebis sferoSi evropis politikuri TanamSromlobis gafarTovebis mizniT, germaniisa da italiis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma genSer-kolombos iniciativa wamoayenes. sami monawile qveyana _ dania, saberZneTi da irlandia, mierTebisaTvis mzad ar iyo, Tumca sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. amis gamo EPC-ma ver SeZlo gascileboda 1983 wels StutgartSi mis mier miRebul sazeimo 23 Chaillot Paper No. 63, p.28. 124 deklaracias, sadac gacxadebuli iyo, rom aTeuli usafrTxoebis politikur da ekonomikur aspeqtebs ganixilavda, xolo samxedro sakiTxebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqna. dasavleT evropis kavSiris Svidi wevri saxelmwifo mzad iyo sakiTxis ufro Rrma ganxilva daewyo, magram maT sakmao enTuziazmi ar gamouvleniaT. mravali maTgani miiCnevda, rom natos farglebs gareT warmoebuli ganxilva winaaRmdegobebs gamoiwvevda, udavod imis gamo, rom safrangeTi natos erTian samxedro struqturebSi ar monawileobda da uari Tqva moqnili reagirebis struqturaze. miuxedavad amisa, Svidive daTanxmda dasavleT evropis kavSiris axali roli ganexilaT parizis 1954 wlis xelSekrulebis 30-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil Sexvedraze, romelic romSi unda Catarebuliyo. dasavleT evropis kavSiris gamococxlebis process mSvidad ar Cauvlia. igi mxolod 1987 wels gaaqtiurda, rodesac niderlandebis Tavmjdomareobis dros evropis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb haagis platformis SemuSaveba gaxda SesaZlebeli, romelmac strategiul sakiTxebze xidi gasdo safrangeTsa da natos danarCen wevrebs Soris. platformam evropis TavdacvaSi birTvuli da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis kombinaciis, Cvens kontinentze amerikis Zalebis mudmivi yofnisa da wevri qveynebis sazRvrebis dacvis aucilebloba aRiara. es bolo formula alternatiuli iyo, magram ‘progresuli Tavdacvis’ koncefciis misaRebi formulireba natos mier iqna gamoyenebuli. politikuri TvalsazrisiT platformam sagulisxmo niSani misca, ganacxada ra, rom ‘evropuli integracia ver iqneba srulyofili, sanam igi Tavdacvis elements ar gaiTvaliswinebs’. es fraza misaRebi aRmoCnda gaerTianebuli samefosaTvis da rodesac londoni winaaRmdegobas gaswevda xolme, mis citirebas xSirad axdendnen. meore pozitiuri gadawyvetileba gaxldaT dasavleT evropis kavSiris gadawyvetileba iran-erayis omis dros sparseTis yureSi ganaRmvis operaciebis Sesaxeb, rac pirveli magaliTi iyo, roca evropa mzad aRmoCnda pasuxismgebloba ekisra Tavisi kontinentis farglebs gareT. udavoa, rom sparseTis yureSi Tavisufali navigaciiTa da navTobis miwodebis usafrTxoebiT evropa iseve iyo dainteresebuli, rogorc amerika, SesaZloa ufro metadac. rac unda iTqvas, warsulSi evropa imdenad iyo dakavebuli sakuTari gadarCenis sakiTxiT, rom man Tavs ufleba misca mxolod regionuli ZalauflebiT Semofargluliyo da ar hqonoda raime ambicia sadme Zala eCvenebina da samxedro saSualebebiT daecva sakuTari interesebi. iran-erayis omi sruliad gauTvaliswinebeli movlena aRmoCnda. meomari mxareebi safrTxes ar uqmnidnen dasavleTs, mxolod naRmebi warmoadgendnen saSiSroebas. ori wlis Semdeg situacia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. 1990 wlis agvistoSi sadam huseini kuveitSi SeiWra, riTac gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos safuZveli misca mieRo rezolucia, romelic uflebas iZleoda qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad ‘yvela saWiro saSualeba’ gamoeyenebinaT, xolo erays sruli savaWro embargo dauwesa. dasavleT evropis kavSiri embargos ZiriTadi aRmasrulebeli gaxda, romelic am teritoriaze mcuravi gemebis daaxloebiT sam meoTxeds amowmebda. operaciis pikis dros masSi 39 sazRvao xomaldi Rebulobda monawileobas, sadac ukve CarTulni iyvnen axali wevrebis, espaneTisa da portugaliis xomaldebi. 1987-88 wlebTan SedarebiT operacia bevrad ukeT iyo koordinirebuli. Zalebis ganTavseba urTierTdamatebiT xasiaTs atarebda, lojistikis uzrunvelyofa erToblivad xdeboda, aseve erToblivad iyenebdnen TavianT sahaero 125 da sazRvao transports. berlinis kedlis dacemam da germaniis gaerTianebis albaTobis zrdam aSkara gaxada axali mcdelobis aucilebloba evropis integraciis procesis saboloo politikis (finalité politique) gansasazRvravad. mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciam, romelic maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT dasrulda, evropis Tanamegobroba evropis kavSirad gardaqmna da mas mravali axali elementi daumata. dadgenil iqna vada evros SemosaRebad, ganmtkicda erTiani sagareo da uSiSroebis politika da evrokavSiris farglebSi daiwyo TanamSromloba iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebs Soris. am epoqaluri Zvrebis miuxedavad SesaZloa vismes mainc hqonoda eWvi Tu ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli am sistemisaTvis kavSiri ewodebinaT. CFSP da sasamarTlo TanamSromloba wminda mTavrobaTaSoris doneze rCeboda, sadac evrokomisiis iniciativas Tanamegobrobis maxasiaTeblebi ar axlda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas evroparlamentis mier ganxorcielebul sabiujeto procesebsa da kontrolze da evropuli sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaze. CFSP-is yvelaze mkafio xarvezs mis farglebSi mgradi usafrTxoebis CarTvis uunaroba warmoadgenda. man kvlav daadastura, rom SeuZlebeli iyo atlantikisa da evropis mxardamWerTa morigeba. Sedegad miviReT zigzagur formulirebaTa wyeba. maastrixtSi dasavleT evropis kavSiris wevrebma Semdegi deklaracia miiRes: dasavleT evropis kavSiris wevrebi SeTanxmdnen, rom saWiroa ganviTardes WeSmariti evropuli usafrTxoeba da TviTmyofadi Tavdacvis sistema da evropis mxridan ufro mtkice pasuxismgebloba Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi. am TviTmyofadobis ganviTareba moxdeba TandaTanobiTi procesiT, romelSic mimdevrobiTi fazebi iqneba CarTuli. dasavleT evropis kavSiri evrokavSiris ganviTarebis procesis ganuyofeli nawili iqneba da gaaaqtiurebs mis monawileobas atlantikuri aliansis solidarobis ganmtkicebaSi. dasavleT evropis kavSiris wevrebi Tanaxma arian ganamtkicon dasavleT evropis kavSiris roli erTiani Tavdacvis grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneba atlantikur aliansTan. dasavleT evropis kavSiri ganviTardeba rogorc evrokavSiris Tavdacvis komponenti da rogorc atlantikur aliansSi evropuli RerZis ganmtkicebis saSualeba. evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis J.4 muxlis pirveli ori punqti Semdeg formulirebas moicavda: erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika kavSiris usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs moicavs, situaciidan gamomdinare saerTo Tavdacvis politikis Camoyalibebis CaTvliT, riTac garkveul momentSi SesaZloa warimarTos saerTo Tavdacva. kavSiri sTxovs dasavleT evropis kavSirs (WEU), romelic kavSiris ganviTarebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens, SeimuSavos da ganaxorcielos kavSiris gadawyvetilebebi da RonisZiebebi, romlebic TavdacvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. sabWom, dasavleT evropis institutebTan SeTanxmebiT, unda SeimuSavos saWiro praqtikuli sistemebi. 126 im droisaTvis es sakmaod rTulad gamoiyureboda, gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom danapirebi praqtikuli sistemebis SemuSavebas piri ar uCanda. ar iyo naTeli, Tu ras niSnavda evropuli TviTmyofadoba da evropuli RerZi aliansSi. nato ar iyo agebuli RerZul bazaze, xolo TviTmyofadobis gamoxatvas garkveuli sistematizacia esaWiroeboda. pozitiur moments warmoadgenda is faqti, rom dasavleT evropis kavSiris samdivnos SeeZlo londonidan briuselSi gadasuliyo; nakleb imedismomcemi ki gaxldaT is, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda, natosTan ufro advili iqneboda TanamSromloba, vidre evrokavSirTan. Tumca 90-ian wlebSi sakiTxebi TavisTavad naTeli gaxda. dRes iSviaTad gvesmis evropuli TviTmyofadobisa Tu RerZis Sesaxeb, xolo evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika, romelic maastrixtis mxolod erT xedvas warmoadgenda, Riad ganixileba da viTardeba. amsterdamSi maastrixtis J.7 muxlidan amoiRes ormagi pirobis Semcveli debuleba da igi ufro martivi formulirebiT Secvales, sadac naTqvamia, rom CFSP ‘moicavs kavSiris usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs, saerTo Tavdacvis politikis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibebis CaTvliT,... riTac SeiZleba warimarTos saerTo Tavdacva, Tu aseT gadawyvetilebas evrosabWo miiRebs’. maastrixtis Sexvedris momzadebisas, winadadebaTa mTeli wyeba, romelmac saTanado mxardaWera ver hpova, Semdgom gadasinjvas daeqvemdebara. es exeboda ‘evropis SeiaraRebis saagentos Seqmnis mizniT mtkice TanamSromlobas SeiaraRebis sferoSi’. aseTi saagentos Seqmnas kidev erTi cameti weli dasWirdeboda. meore winadadeba dasavleT evropis kavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutis evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis akademiad gardaqmnas isaxavda miznad, romelsac parizis sami saagento unda Seecvala. dRemde amis ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda, Tumca TviT instituti warmatebuli gamodga, romelmac usafrTxoebis TanamegobrobaSi mtkice niSa daimkvidra. maRali warmomadgeneli, solana, mis forums yovelwliurad iyenebs ‘evrokavSiris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb’ saubrisaTvis. sparseTis yureSi misi moRvaweobis Sedegad dasavleT evropis kavSirma garkveuli ndoba moipova, romelsac mohyva adriatikis zRvaSi iugoslaviis mimarT ganxorcielebuli sazRvao embargo da msgavsi RonisZiebebi dunaize policiisa da sabaJo oficerTa monawileobiT. rodesac evropis kavSirma mostaris olqis administrireba sakuTar Tavze aiRo, dasavleT evropis kavSirs policiuri elementis uzrunvelyofa sTxoves. mogvianebiT dasavleT evropis kavSirma erToblivi policiuri daxmarebis elementi uzrunvelyo albaneTSi, rodesac iq piramiduli sqemis ngrevas qaosi mohyva. paradoqsulia, rom sazRvao embargos garda RonisZiebaTa umravlesobas policiis oficrebi axorcielebdnen, da mas cota ram hqonda saerTo maastrixtSi dagegmil ‘TavdacvasTan’, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom sityva Tavdacva usafrTxoebis sinonimad iqna warmodgenili. espaneTSi, torexonSi, satelituri centris SeqmniT dasavleT evropis kavSirma samxedro sferoSi garkveul progress miaRwia, xolo briuselSi gadasvlis Semdeg dagegmvis jgufi imave SenobaSi ganTavsda, sadac samdivno. centri oficrebs aswavlida satelituri suraTebis analizs, romelTa umravlesoba safrangeTis komerciuli firmidan, SPOT-idan iyo miwodebuli. fondebis uqonlobis gamo calke satelituri simZlavris Seqmnis mcdeloba warumateblad damTavrda. dagegmvis jgufi konsultaciebs uwevda generalur mdivansa da sabWos da muSaobda procedurebsa da gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebze, romelic dasavleT evropis 127 kavSiris winaSe angariSvaldebul Zalebs (FAWEU) unda gamoeyenebinaT. 1992 wels, bonTan axlos, pitersbergSi Catarebul Sexvedraze, ministrebma gansazRvres amocanebi, romlebic dasavleT evropis kavSirs SeiZleboda ganexorcielebina: humanitaruli, samaSvelo (mag., alyaSemortymuli qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis), samSvidobo misiebi, da sabrZolo Zalebis roli krizisis marTvaSi, mSvidobis damyarebis misiis CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia iTvaliswinebda gaeros tradiciul koncefcias mxareTa SeTanxmebis da cecxlis Sewyvetis aucileblobis TvalsazrisiT. mSvidobis damyareba dRevandeli JargoniT mSvidobis iZulebiT damkvidrebas unda niSnavdes. 1997 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT es misiebi, fineTisa da SvedeTis moTxovniT, evrokavSirs gadaeca, romelic mzad iyo monawileoba mieRo, magram ar undoda mierTeboda dasavleT evropis kavSiris avtomaturi samxedro daxmarebis debulebas. garRveva moxda 1998 wlis sant malos deklaraciiT, romelzedac prezidenti Siraki da premierministri bleri SeTanxmdnen. misi yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo punqtebi iyo: 2. …saerTaSoriso krizisebze reagirebisaTvis kavSirs uciloblad unda hqondes avtonomiuri moqmedebis saSualeba, romelsac zurgs gaumagreben sando SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, agreTve maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebebi da aseTi moqmedebebisaTvis mzadyofna... 3. imisaTvis rom evropis kavSirma gadawyvetileba miiRos da daamtkicos samxedro moqmedebebi, sadac mTlianobaSi aliansi CarTuli ar aris, kavSirs uciloblad unda hqondes situaciis analizisaTvis saWiro struqturebi da simZlavreebi, dazvervis wyaroebi da Sesabamisi strategiuli dagegmvis saSualebebi, arasasurveli dublirebis gareSe... deklaraciaSi aRiniSna gaerTianebuli samefos poziciis ZiriTadi cvlileba, romelic adre evrokavSiris konteqstSi samxedro moqmedebaTa mimarT did enTuziazms ar gamoxatavda. atlantikuri aliansis sxva Tavgadakluli mxardamWerebi, rogoric iyo portugalia da niderlandebi, gakvirvebulni darCnen am memarcxene gadaxriT, Tumca winaaRmdegoba ar gamouxatavT. evrokavSiris gadawyvetilebebSi sant malos CarTvisaTvis gza xsnili iyo. es moxda 1999 wels, evrosabWos Sexvedrebze kiolnsa da helsinkiSi, sadac es ukanaskneli kidev ufro gamomxatveli aRmoCnda: evrosabWo xazs usvams mis swrafvas ganaviTaros gadawyvetilebebis miRebis avtonomiuri SesaZlebloba, da iq, sadac nato mTlianobaSi CarTuli ar aris, saerTaSoriso krizisebis sapasuxod wamoiwyos da ganaxorcielos samxedro operaciebi evrokavSiris xelmZRvanelobiT. dekemberSi, helsinkiSi, evrokavSiris liderebi kvlav SeTanxmdnen 2003 wlisaTvis samoci dRis ganmavlobaSi Tavi moeyaraT 50-60 aTas kaciani ZalebisaTvis, romelic sul cota erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iqneboda sicocxlisunariani da pitersbergis misiebis srul ganxorcielebas SeZlebda. am ZalebSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo swrafi reagirebis SedarebiT mcire elementi, romelic daniSnulebis adgilze gansaTavseblad mudmiv mzadyofnaSi iqneboda. sicocxlisunarianobis moTxovna gansaTavseblad momzadebuli nawilebis da damxmare elementebis damatebiT gaerTianebas niSnavda ufro dabali mzadyofnis reJimSi, raTa moexdinaT Tavdapirveli Zalebis Canacvleba. 128 am amocanis gacxadebis Semdeg, romelic mas Semdeg helsinkis wamyvani amocanis saxeliT aris cnobili, erovnulma eqspertebma helsinkis wamyvani miznebis katalogi (HHC) Seadgines, sadac gansazRvruli iyo samxedro simZlavreebi, romelic evrokavSirs am miznebis gansaxorcieleblad dasWirdeboda. gakeTda mimarTva wevri qveynebisadmi maT monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo maTgan miRebuli gamoxmaureba helsinkis ZalTa katalogSi (HFC) aRinusxa. gaimarTa konsultaciebi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan, romlebic evrokavSirSi 2004 wels unda gaerTianebuliyvnen da miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb. maTi damatebiTi wvlili HFC-is danarTSi dafiqsirda.24 ori katalogis Sedarebam, sadac erTi iyo moTxovnaTa Semcveli HHC, xolo meore arsebuli simZlavreebis Semcveli HFC, 42 xarvezi gamoavlina, romelTa aRmofxvra aucilebeli iyo mowinave miznebis misaRwevad. 2001 wlis noemberSi moiwvies konferencia simZlavreTa valdebulebebis sakiTxebze, sadac miiRes gadawyvetileba SeemuSavebinaT evropul simZlavreTa samoqmedo gegma (ECAP). ECAP, romelic 2002 wlis TebervalSi amoqmedda, TiToeuli xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad mokle da grZelvadiani gadawyvetis SemuSavebas isaxavda miznad manam, sanam evrokavSiri axali teqnikis SeZenis meSveobiT grZelvadiani gadawyvetis gzebs gamoZebnida. mowveul iqna ECAP-is cxrameti paneli, romelsac 42-dan 24 xarvezi unda ganexila. TiToeuli paneli Sedgeboda erovnuli eqspertebisagan, romlebic dainteresebuli qveynebidan iyvnen mivlinebuli da maT erTi an ori warmomadgeneli xelmZRvanelobda. mas unda daedgina saerTo samoqmedo moTxovna, SeemuSavebina yvela arsebul saSualebaTa da mimdinare proeqtTa CamonaTvali, ganesazRvra erTobliv ZalisxmevaTa potenciuri sferoebi, wamoewyo an gaefarTovebina samomavlo programebSi TanamSromloba da SeeTavazebina ideebi erToblivi xarisxobrivi Tu raodenobrivi gadawyvetisaTvis, romelic simZlavreTa deficitis mogvarebas waadgeboda. cxrameti panelis Sedegebi evrokavSiris 15 wevri qveynis Tavdacvis ministrebs 2003 wlis 19 maiss warudgines konferenciaze, romelic simZlavreTa valdebulebebis sakiTxebs mieZRvna. arsebul miRwevaTa da danapirebi axali wvlilis Sedegad ori katalogis daxvewa moxda. ECAP axal fazaSi Sevida helsinkis progresis katalogiT (HPC), romelic ukve gadawyvetebs aRar sTavazobda, aramed panelebis mier identificirebuli alternativebis ganxorcielebaze muSaobda. 19 paneli 15-ma saproeqto jgufma Secvala, romlebsac sxvebic SeuerTdebodnen, rogorc ki qveynebi Caudgebodnen maT saTaveSi. maT Semdegi saxis deficiti ganixiles: 24 evropul simZlavreTa samoqmedo gegmis wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb saintereso informacia SegiZliaT ixiloT dasavleT evropis kavSiris asambleis 2003 wlis 3 dekembris dokumentSi A/1842, sadac aris q-n aguaris moxseneba ‘evropuli Tavdacva: erovnul da evropul simZlavreTa gaerTianeba da ganmtkiceba _ pasuxi sabWos yovelwliur moxsenebaze’. helsinkis evrosabWos sxdomis 1999 wlis 10-11 dekembris daskvnebi xelmisawvdomia vebgverdze: http://europa.eu.int . 129 · haerSi sawvavis Sevseba; · sabrZolo saZiebo da samaSvelo operaciebi; · strategiuli sahaero upiloto transporti; · birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRisagan dacva; · Stabebi; · specialur operaciaTa Zalebi; · sabrZolo balistikuri saraketo Tavdacvis sistema; · strategiuli sahaero gadazidvebi (xidebi); · urTierTqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi; · kosmosuri sistemebi; · dazverva, TvalTvali, samiznis dapyroba da rekognoscireba (ISTAR); · strategiuli sazRvao gadazidvebi; · koleqtiuri samedicino dacva; · moieriSe Sveulmfrenebi; · damxmare Sveulmfrenebi. qalbaton aguiaris mier dasavleT evropis kavSiris asambleisadmi wardgenil moxsenebaSi Semdegi detalebia mocemuli: haerSi sawvavis Sevseba (AAF): avRaneTsa da eraySi bolo periodis operaci· ebiT dadasturda helsinkis mowinave miznis katalogis Sefaseba, ramac aSkara gaxada tankeris tipis TviTmfrinavebis aucilebloba. evrokavSirs dasWirdeba aseT TviTmfrinavTa floti, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos 75 TviTmfrinavis ganTavseba sazRvargareT warmoebul operaciebSi. Tumca, dRevandeli winadadebebis safuZvelze am moTxovnis mxolod naxevari Tu ganxorcieldeba. ECAPis saproeqto jgufma problemis moklevadiani gadaWris mizniT droebiTi RonisZiebebi SeimuSava, romelic iTvaliswinebs C-130 tipis TviTmfrinavebis gadakeTebas da samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebis daqiravebas, romelTa tankeris tipis TviTmfrinavad gadakeTeba SesaZlebeli iqneba mobiluri ekipirebis sistemis gamoyenebiT. evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs mainc mouwevT am sferoSi TanamSromloba, tankeris tipis mravalerovnuli sahaero flotis investireba da saWiro nabijebis gadadgma A400M-is aRsaWurvad. sabrZolo saZiebo da samaSvelo operaciebi (CSAR): am sferoSi evrokavSiri · raodenobriv ukmarobas ar ganicdis, magram saWiroa xarisxis gaumjobeseba. 130 ECAP-is Sesabamisi saproeqto jgufi ikvlevs sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs: erToblivi doqtrinis SemuSaveba natos standartebis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg, evropis doneze, erToblivi wvrTnebis momzadeba da Catareba. Tumca zogierTi wevri saxelmwifo gegmavs Sveulmfrenebis SeZenas, rac 2009 wlisaTvis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis evropuli CSAR-is SesaZleblobebs. strategiuli sahaero upiloto transporti (UAV): strategiuli sahaero · upiloto transporti _ rogorc maRali simaRlis xangrZlivi mdgradobis (HALE), ise saSualo simaRlis xangrZlivi mdgradobis (MALE) _ faqtiurad ar arsebobs da am problemis mokle vadaSi mogvareba SeuZlebelia. wevri saxelmwifoebis winaSe mdgari problemebi rogorc sabiujeto, ise teqnologiuri xasiaTisaa. ECAP-is saproeqto jgufs kidev grZeli gza aqvs gasavleli da am aspeqtiT 2010 weli albaT gonivrul TariRs warmoadgens. birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRisagan dacva: ECAP-is saproeqto · jgufi praqtikulad am sferoSi TanamSromlobis pirveli evropuli forumia. aqac evrokavSirs bevri ram aqvs gasakeTebeli sanam birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRisagan dacvis WeSmaritad efeqtur sistemas Seqmnis. Stabebis sakiTxebze momuSave ECAP-is panelma daadgina, rom wevr · Stabebi: saxelmwifoebs sakmao raodenobis erovnuli Stabebi gaaCniaT yvela saWiro doneze: _ operatiuli Stabebi (evropis strategiul doneze); _ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Stabebi (brZolis velze kombinirebuli momsaxurebis doneze); _ sakvanZo Stabebi (brZolis velze yvela saxis momsaxurebis doneze). sirTule mdgomareobda evrokavSiris mier warmoebuli operaciebis miznebisaTvis TiToeuli saxis Stabis mravalerovnulad gardaqmnis moTxovnaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, saproeqto jgufma unda: 1) SeimuSavos procedurebi Stabebis ‘urTierTSesavsebad’, raTa maT mravalerovnuli funqcia SeiZinon.. 2) SeimuSavos operatiuli procedurebi am ‘evropuli’ StabebisaTvis. 3) Camoayalibos wvrTnebis politika, romelic adaptirebuli iqneba sxvadasxva donis StabebisaTvis. 4) prioritetul problemad dasaxos gankargulebaTa da sainformacio sistemebis (CIS) urTierTqmedebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi; agreTve, aucilebelia ganisazRvros meTaurobisa da dazvervis evropuli sistemis arqiteqtura. 5) specialur operaciaTa Zalebi: am sferoSi ukve miRweulia ramdenime Sedegi, magram saproeqto jgufs gansazRvruli aqvs sami sfero, sadac saWiroa RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba: doqtrinis SemuSaveba, ZalTa urTierTqmedebis uz- 131 runvelyofa zogadad, xolo konkretulad _ ganTavsebuli nawilebis urTierTqmedeba komunikaciisa da mxardaWeris (zurgis) uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. dReisaTvis am sakiTxebis ufro detaluri ganxilvaa saWiro. 6) sabrZolo balistikuri saraketo Tavdacvis sistema (TBMD): evrokavSirSi saxmeleTo sabrZolo balistikuri saraketo Tavdacvis sistemebTan mimarTebiT raodenobrivi problema ar arsebobs, magram ECAP-is Sesabamisma panelma miuTiTa iseTi sistemebis deficitze, romelTa ganTavsebac zRvazea SesaZlebeli. vinaidan uaxloes momavalSi maTi Sesyidvis an daqiravebis saSualeba ar aris, problemis nawilobrivi mogvarebis mizniT saproeqto jgufs winadadeba Semoaqvs gamoyenebul iqnes ganTavsebadi saxmeleTo sistemebi im dromde _ savaraudod 2010 wlamde _ roca TBMD sazRvao sistemebi iqneba uzrunvelyofili. . 7) strategiuli sahaero gadazidvebi (xidebi): saproeqto jgufma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios centralizebul evropul koordinacias, risTvisac eindhovenis (niderlandebi) evropuli sahaero gadazidvebis jgufis (EACC) bazaze unda Seiqmnas moZraobis koordinaciis jgufi, romelic awarmoebs molaparakebebs (ruseTTan, ukrainasTan da sxva) mZime aviamzidebis daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi koordinirebas gauwevs evropis doneze strategiuli satransporto TviTmfrinavebis SeZenas. 8) urTierTqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi: Sesabamisma saproeqto jgufma unda Seiswavlos evropis SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobebi sruliad konkretul sferoSi, rogoricaa humanitaruli daxmareba da saswrafo saevakuacio operaciebi, sadac swrafi reagirebisaTvis Zalze saguldagulo momzadebaa aucilebeli, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes aseTi saxis misiebSi CarTuli nawilebis urTierTqmedeba. 9) kosmosuri sistemebi: es saproeqto jgufi qvejgufebadaa dayofili, romlebic Semdeg sakiTxebs ikvleven: a) kosmosis samxedro daniSnulebisaTvis gamoyenebis koncefcia; b) kosmosuri moTxovnebis gansazRvra samxedro operaciebisaTvis, anu telekomunikacia, dakvirveba, mosasmeni saSualebebi, navigacia, kosmosuri TvalTvali da saraketo Tavdasxmis winaswari Setyobineba; g) ZiriTadi teqnologiuri kosmosuri saSualebebis mopoveba praqtikos mkvlevarTa erToblivi saqmianobis safuZvelze; d) evropuli satelituri sistemis Seqmna, romelic sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli, gansakuTrebiT centraluri sabrZolo qselisaTvis. 10) dazverva, TvalTvali, samiznis dapyroba da rekognoscireba (ISTAR): ISTARis saproeqto jgufis amocanaa evropis doneze TvalTvalis sistemebis xarvezis gamosasworeblad gzebis gamoZebna, risTvisac gamoyenebul unda iqnes haeri-miwa TvalTvalis sistema (AGS), romelic sahaero saradaro mowyo- 132 bilobazea dafuZnebuli. igi muSaobs am aspeqtis Seswavlis mizniT Seqmnil natos samuSao jgufTan TanamSromlobiT. Tumca, saWiro finansuri saxsrebi, romlebic amisTvisaa gamoyofili, am problemas mokle vadaSi ver gadaWris. 11) strategiuli sazRvao gadazidvebi: am sferoSi evrokavSiris xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad ECAP gvTavazobs Carteruli kontraqtebis gaformebas, romelic krizisis dros samoqalaqo satvirTo xomaldebze xelmisawvdomobas, evropuli sakoordinacio centris Seqmnas da sazRvao gadazidvebis saTanado politikis SemuSavebas uzrunvelyofs, romelic evrokavSiris pasuxismgeblobis qveS iqneba gaerTianebuli. 12) koleqtiuri samedicino dacva: am xarvezis gamosasworeblad evrokavSirs meti samedicino dawesebuleba sWirdeba, romelTa nawili SeiZleba axali monawileebis mier iqnes SemoTavazebuli, xolo nawili _ arsebuli dawesebulebebis gaumjobesebiT. 13) moieriSe Sveulmfrenebi: ECAP-is saproeqto jgufs survili aqvs xazi gausvas urTierTqmedebis, erToblivi wvrTnebis, saerTo doqtrinis SemuSavebisa da taqtikis da procedurebis standartizaciis sakiTxebs. 14) damxmare Sveulmfrenebi: evrokavSirs am sferoSi problema aqvs, radgan wevri qveynebis mier SemoTavazebuli wvlili moTxovnaTa mxolod naxevars akmayofilebs. saproeqto jgufi gvTavazobs, rom wevrma qveynebma upirveles yovlisa maTi wvlili unda gazardon, amis Semdeg, saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi unda moxdes evropis doneze TanamSromlobisa da koordinaciis organizeba maTi Sesyidvebis programebis gaerTianebiT da erToblivi fondebis SeqmniT. da bolos, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi saproeqto jgufi wevr saxelmwifoebs maTi arsebuli erovnuli SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebas sTavazobs. amrigad, SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom yvela saproeqto jgufis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebebi sam kategoriad iyofa: koncefciebi da doqtrinebi: sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, konkre· sabrZolo tuli Zalebis gamosayeneblad saerTo koncefciis Seqmna. dublirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT natos koncefciebi da doqtrinebi gamoyenebul unda iqnes yvelgan, sadac evrokavSiris sistemaSi maTi misadageba SesaZlebelia; da urTierTqmedeba: sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebuli erov· wvrTnebi nuli Zalebis operatiuli efeqturobis ganmtkiceba mravalerovnul sistemaSi, rac evropul doneze personalis erToblivi wvrTnebiT da varjiSebiT unda ganxorcieldes. evropul sistemaSi ZalTa operirebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens mtkice urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobebi, romelic gankargulebebisa da gadacemis sistemebiT unda daiwyos; SeZena: miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi xarvezi SesaZloa axali · teqnikis wvliliT an daqiravebis saSualebiT Seivsos, problemis grZelvadiani mogvarebis perspeqtivaSi xSiradaa rekomendebuli konkretuli mowyobilobebis SeZena. amitom, wevrma qveynebma, garkveuli simZlavreebis ganviTarebis mizniT, finansuri wvlilis Setana unda SesZlon. Tumca saproeqto jgufs unda 133 axsovdes, rom evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis umravlesobis finansuri SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. amis garda moxsenebaSi xazgasmuli iyo TanamSromlobis sxva sferoebic, rogoricaa _ treningi da skolebi, wvrTnebis politika, mravalerovnuli Zalebi da konkretuli samxedro operaciebi. Stabis Semadgenlobis da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvrTnisaTvis veraferi iqneba ise efeqturi, rogorc realuri operaciebi. amis saukeTeso magaliTebia operacia ‘konkordia’ makedoniaSi da operacia ‘artemisi’ kongos demokratiul respublikaSi. operacia ‘konkordia’ e.w. ‘berlini pliusis’ sqemiT iyo organizebuli: ‘operatiuli Stabi’, romelic strategiul mimarTulebaze iyo pasuxismgebeli, SHAPE-is oficrebisagan Sedgeboda da mas evropis mokavSireTa umaRlesi mTavarsardlis moadgile xelmZRvanelobda, romelic yovelTvis evropelia. moqmedebis adgilze ‘Zalebis Stabi’ evropis mravalerovnuli Zalebis mier iyo uzrunvelyofili. operacia artemisi evrokavSiris pirveli damoukidebeli operacia gaxldaT. 1400-kaciani evropis mravalerovnuli Zala safrangeTis xelmZRvanelobiT buniaSi ganlagda. gaeros mandatis Sesabamisad, romelic me-7 Tavs eyrdnoba, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi Cvidmeti qveyana monawileobda. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Zalebi ise operatiulad ver Seikribebodnen, rom adamianTa xocva SeewyvitaT, xolo evrokavSirma am problemis mogvareba ufro swrafad SeZlo. orive operacia pirveli iyo Tavisi bunebiT da man SeZlo, erTi mxriv, natos, xolo, meore mxriv, Stabebsa da briuselSi evrokavSiris axal politikur-samxedro struqturebs, politikur da usafrTxoebis komitets (PSC), samxedro komitetsa da evrokavSiris samxedro Stabs Soris samekavSireo procedurebi Camoeyalibebina. am orma operaciam naTlad uCvena, rom evrokavSirs SeuZlia da survilic aqvs sakuTar Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba da sasargeblo samxedro operaciebi ganaxorcielos. Tumca kavSiri, erTi mxriv, am RonisZiebebs, xolo, meore mxriv, kvlevebis, ganviTarebisa da Sesyidvebis sferoebis mTel rig amocanebs Soris bolomde naTeli ar iyo. im droisaTvis, roca dasavleT evropis kavSiris funqciebi evrokavSirs gadaeca, dagegmvis jgufma samxedro moTxovnaTa safuZvlebisTvis mTeli rigi TvalsaCino scenarebi SeimuSava. igi gamoyenebul iqna helsinkis mowinave miznis katalogis (HHC) Sesadgenad, romelzedac adre visaubreT, magram gamoqveynebuli ar aris. TandaTanobiT gaCnda ufro konkretuli scenarebis damuSavebis moTxovna, sul cota dagegmvis procesebisTvis mainc. es politikurad mgrZnobiare sakiTxs warmoadgenda. informaciis gaJonvis SemTxvevaSi igi udavod gamoiwvevda moumwifebel sajaro debatebsa da saparlamento Semowmebas. miuxedavad amisa isini saWiro meqanizms warmoadgenen dagegmvisa da prioritetebis gansazRvris miznebisaTvis, magram potenciuri krizisebis realurad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi politikur gadawyvetilebebs unda daeqvemdebaron. analogiurad, helsinkis mowinave miznebis misaRwevad, kvlav Zalze grZeli iyo xarvezTa nusxa da igi Tavdacvis biujetis saxelmZRvanelod ver gamodgeboda, sanam SesaZlo ar gaxdeboda kompleqsur amocanTa specializacia. es ZiriTadi sakiTxi rCeboda im aspeqtad, romelsac usafrTxoebis cvalebad garemoSi evropis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mizani unda ganesazRvra. paralelurad mimdinareobda muSaoba evropul simZlavreTa samoqmedo gegmaze da es garkveulwilad natos Tavdacvis simZlavreebis iniciativasTan konkuren- 134 ciiT xdeboda. DCI natos tipiuri maneriT daiwyo, sadac daxloebiT 53 moTxovna iyo CamoTvlili, romelic Tavisi moculobis gamo politikis saxelmZRvanelo principebad ver gamodgeboda.25 TiToeul qveyanas SeeZlo mieTiTiTebina Tu ras akeTebda igi inicitivis ganaxorcieleblad. es gaxldaT yvelaze mkacri kritikis sagani natos saparlamento asambleaSi gamarTul debatebze. natos praRis samitis momzadebis periodSi CamonaTvali eqvs ZiriTad punqtze davida, sadac TiToeulma mokavSire mxarem ‘mtkice da konkretuli politikuri valdebuleba ikisra misi SesaZleblobebis gasaumjobeseblad’ Semdeg sferoebSi: · qimiuri, biologiuri, radiologiuri da birTvuli Tavdacva; · dazverva, TvalTvali da samiznis dapyroba; · ‘haeri-miwa’ TvalTvalis sistema; · brZanebebi, kontroli da komunikaciebi; efeqturoba, zusti mimarTulebis Wurvebisa da mtris sahaero · sabrZolo Tavdacvis daxSobis CaTvliT; · strategiuli sahaero da sazRvao gadazidvebi; · haerSi sawvavis damatebis sistema; · swrafi ganTavsebisaTvis mzadmyofi sabrZolo mxardaWera. igive punqtSi gakeTebuli iyo daskvna nato-evrokavSiris urTierTobebis Sesaxeb: PCC-is meSveobiT Cveni SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba da evropis simZlavreTa samoqmedo gegmis meSveobiT evrokavSiris mier evropuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba, erTmaneTis ganmtkicebas unda uwyobdes xels, Tumca gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes orive organizaciis damoukidebloba, da es unda ganxorcieldes sajaroobis suliskveTebiT. am mowodebas azri hqonda, radgan gazrdili SesaZleblobebi saboloo jamSi gamoadgeboda rogorc natos, ise evrokavSiris mier warmarTul operaciebs. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi natos 21,000-kaciani reagirebis Zalebis da evrokavSiris mowinave mizniT gaTvaliswinebulma 50-60 aTasiani Zalebis ganviTarebam, xolo konkretulad 13-ma sabrZolo jgufma, sadac TiToeulSi 1500 kaciani kontigenti iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, eWvqveS daayena samxedro nawilebis orivesaTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi. swrafi reagirebisaTvis ZalTa dauyovnebeli ganTavseba iqneba saWiro, rac mxolod gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis Zalebs SeuZliaT. gamosavali SeiZleba yofiliyo rotaciis grafikis SemoReba, sadac qveyana erTsa da 25 CrdiloeT atlantikis sabWos praRis samitis deklaracia, 2002 wlis 21 noemberi, punqti 4c. Atlantic News No. 3433-is danarTi, 2002 wlis 22 noemberi. 135 imave wels orive organizaciis winaSe ar aiRebda valdebulebas. natosTvis, sadac 26 wevri saxelmwifoa da evrokavSirisaTvis, romelic 25 wevriani xdeboda, aucilebeli ar iqneboda yvela operaciaSi yvela wevrs mieRo monawileoba. sabrZolo jgufebze gakeTebulma axalma aqcentma wamoWra sakiTxi _ xom ar gadauxvevdnen isini mowinave miznebidan. es ganzraxuli ar iyo. piriqiT, xarvezebis aRmofxvra 2010 wlisaTvis axali damatebiTi HHG programis mTavar arss warmoadgenda, romelic 2005 wlis Sua periodSi mowinave miznis axal katalogSi iqneboda warmodgenili.26 sabrZolo jgufebi moiazreboda rogorc swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobis mqone nawilebi, romlebic 5-10 dRis ganmavlobaSi SeZlebdnen Sekrebas, maSin roca HHG-is bolo vada ori Tve iyo. swrafi reagirebis elementebis Seqmnis sakiTxi jer kidev helsinkiSi 1999 wels ganixiles. dasavleT evropis kavSiris 2004 wlis 30 noembris dokumenti A/1885, moxseneba ‘evropaSi Tavdacvis sistemebis Sesyidvebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb’, warmoadgina batonma o’haram. enSedeSi gamarTul simpoziumze evrokavSiris samxedro Stabis generaluri direqtoris moadgilem ganacxada, rom aqcenti unda gakeTdes xarisxobriv aspeqtebze da gansakuTrebiT urTierTqmedebis, ganTavsebis, mdgradobis, aRWurvis, Zalebis da xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis procedurebze. 26 136 4. risTvis? 4.1. evropuli scenarebi evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutis direqtori, nikol gnesoto, am institutis mier gamoqveynebul naSromSi ‘evropuli Tavdacva, winadadeba TeTri dokumentisaTvis’, aRniSnavda, rom momaval wlebSi ESDP-is mniSvnelovani gaZliereba ori mizezis gamo SeiZleba virwmunoT.27 pirveli gaxldaT saerTaSoriso konteqstis gauareseba krizisebTan mimarTebiT, romelic kvlav arsebobs balkaneTSi, afrikaSi, kavkasiasa da moldovaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki axlo aRmosavleTSi. imis miuxedavad, evropelebs es moewonebaT Tu ara, isini Tavidan ver aicileben am saerTaSoriso areulobas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac usafrTxoebis sakiTxi misi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi problema gaxdeba. meore mizezad dasaxelda amerikelTa daJineba, rom maTi mokavSireebi mets akeTeben ormxriv Tu saerTaSoriso konteqstSi. mravali saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebuli TeTri dokumenti siaxles ar warmoadgenda, magram SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom am amocanis Sesruleba saxelmwifoTaSoriso jgufisTvis daevalebinaT, an Tundac formaluri moTxovna waeyenebinaT institutisaTvis. 2001 wlis 15 dekembers, laekenSi, evropulma sabWom daamtkica ‘deklaracia evropis saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis operatiuli SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb’ da belgiis, rogorc Tavmjdomare qveynis moxseneba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom instituti ‘gansakuTrebiT imuSavebs evropuli Tavdacvis gamocemebze pitersbergis amocanaTa farglebSi’, raTa gaumjobesdes sazogadoebis cnobiereba da informirebuloba. institutma es damoukidebeli operatiuli jgufis saSualebiT gaakeTa. operatiuli jgufis wevrebi iziarebdnen saerTo Sexedulebas, rom ‘miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso krizisebis mosagvareblad Zalis gamoyeneba arc pirveli da arc erTaderTi saSualebaa, evrokavSirs garkveul doneze unda gaaCndes Zalebi, romlebic garkveuli xarisxis mzadyofnaSi iqnebian da operatiuli qmediToba eqnebaT. krizisis dros SesaZlebeli unda iyos maTi arCevanis arealis gafarToveba da umaRles politikur doneze gadawyvetilebis miRebisTvis xelSewyoba’. TavisTavad am mosazrebaSi araferi iyo naTqvami ZalebisaTvis saWiro donisa da teqnikis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, jgufi ori saxis samxedro moTxovnaTa Soris arsebuli daZabulobis gamo winaaRmdegobis winaSe aRmoCnda: erTis mxriv es gaxldaT Zalze mobiluri, moqnili da swrafi Zalebis uzrunvelyofa saswrafo samxedro CarevisaTvis; meores mxriv ki krizisis menejmentisaTvis mniSvnelovani samSvidobo Zalebis ganlageba da xangrZlivi vadiT SenarCuneba. maSinac ki, Tu eskalaciis risks gaviTvaliswinebT, meore kategoria nakleb mebrZoli Zalaa, vidre pirveli da igi sxva unar-Cvevebs, wvrTnasa da teqnikas moiTxovs. 27 gamoqveynebulia 2004 wlis maisSi. evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutis yvela gamocema xelmisawvdomia mis vebgverdze: www.iss-eu.org. 2004 wlis seqtemberSi institutma gamoaqveyna naSromi _ ‘evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika, pirveli xuTi weli (1999-2004)’, romelsac winasityvaoba xavier solanam gaukeTa, xolo redaqtori iyo nikol gnesoto. 137 operatiulma jgufma xuTi scenari SeimuSava, romelic potenciuri misiebis farTo aRweras iZleoda. misgan SesaZlebeli iyo dagegmvisa da Sesyidvebis saxelmZRvanelo principebis gamokveTa: I. mSvidobis mxardamWeri farTomasStaburi operacia. II. intensiuri humanitaruli Careva. III. regionuli omi evropis strategiuli interesebis dacvis mizniT. IV. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis aRkveTa. V. samSoblos dacva. pirveli scenari iTvaliswinebs rogorc mokrZalebul da arasadavo monitoringsa da Serigebaze zedamxedvelobas, ise IFOR-is da KFOR-is sxvadasxva variaciebis farTomasStabur mravalganzomilebian ganlagebas, rac usafrTxoebis landSaftSi mudmivad xdeboda meore msoflios omis Semdeg. mas seriozuli xarvezi ar gamouvlenia. gaeroSi brahimis moxsenebis Tanaxmad evrokavSirs SeuZlia Zalebi ganalagos 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi, xolo Stabebi _ 15 dRis dRis ganmavlobaSi. yvelaze mwvave problemas warmoadgenda ganlagebisaTvis momzadebuli da saimedo marTva, kontroli da komunikaciebi. miuxedavad amisa, aRiniSna, rom mSvidobis mxardamWer operaciebze aqcentiT SesaZloa Semcirdes im scenarebis damakmayofilebeli Sesruleba, sadac maRali intensiobis Zalebia CarTuli. meore scenaris mizania ZalTa iseTi ganlageba, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ sabrZolo operaciebis ganxorcieleba, romelic SeZlebs genocidis aRkveTas geografiuli sirTuleebis miuxedavad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iseT precedentebs, rogoric iyo bosniaSi, ruandasa da aRmosavleT timorSi. aqcenti keTdeba siswrafesa da impulsze, romelsac mohyveba ZalTa meore wyeba, romelmac de facto saerTaSoriso proteqtorati unda ganaxorcielos. saerTaSoriso monawileobis gagrZeleba mogvianebiT mSvidobis mxardamWer oepraciaSi gadaizrdeba, romelic pirveli scenariT aris gaTvaliswinebuli. moxsenebaSi Zalze sagulisxmo daskvnaa gakeTebuli, sadac naTqvamia, rom politikuri TvalsazrisiT drouli moqmedebis mimarT bunebrivi barieri arsebobs: sanam raime Zalze seriozuli ar moxdeba, Carevis gamarTleba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli; Tu danaSaulia Cadenili, politikuri TvalsazrisiT Careva SeiZleba, magram im droisaTvis SeiZleba adamianTa sicocxlis gadarCena Zalze dagvianebuli aRmoCndes. operatiuli TvalsazrisiT CarevisaTvis specialur operaciaTa Zalebia saWiro, romelsac exmarebian taqtikuri sahaero Zalebi axlo manZilidan sahaero mxardaWerisaTvis da sahaero Tavdasxmebis mosagerieblad, agreTve sahaero da sazRvao satvirTo transporti. SeiaraRebul Zalebs unda SeeZloT ajanyebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebaTa ganxorcieleba sasoflo adgilebSi (kordoni, Zebna da ganadgureba), usafrTxo adgilis dafuZneba da kontroli, moZraobis akrZalva an garantireba _ saWiroebis Sesabamisad, ‘gulisa da gonebis’ mogebis kampaniis warmoeba, saxelmwifoTaSoriso organizaciebisa (IGOs) da arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis (NGOs) samxedro da humanitaruli daxmarebis gaweva. 138 moqmedebis swrafad Sesrulebis aucileblobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, saxelmwifos mier warmarTuli operacia TavisTavad rekomendebulia, rogorc es iyo operacia ‘artemisis’ dros kongos ituris provinciaSi. am scenarebSi operatiulma jgufma garkveul xarvezebze miuTiTa. kvlav seriozul problemad aRiniSna sando da ganlagebisaTvis mzaobaSi myofi xelmZRvaneloba, kontroli da komunikaciebi, magram amas daemata samoqmedo arealis TvalTvali da rekognoscireba, samiznis dapyroba da adamianTa mier ganxorcielebuli dazverva. SedarebiT SezRuduli ganlagebisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba sazRvao da sahaero gadazidvebi. Tumca evrokavSirs ar hyavs maRalmobiluri Zalebi da specialur operaciaTa Zalebi aratradiciuli sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis, agreTve mxardamWeri da moieriSe vertmfrenebi. sabolood operatiulma jgufma daaskvna, rom ‘xarvezebi SeiZleba aRmoifxvras fondebis gadanawilebiTa da organizaciuli prioritetebis cvlilebiT, romelic umniSvnelod imoqmedebs Tavdacvis saerTo xarjebis doneze’. mesame scenars _ regionuli omi evropis strategiuli interesebis dacvis mizniT _ SeiZleba vuwodoT mSvidobis damkvidrebis operacia. operatiulma jgufma CaTvala, rom regionul omebs ori Zalze mniSvnelovani, Tumca gansxvavebuli gziT SeuZliaT ziani miayenon evropis interesebs. pirveli, evropis keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebisadmi pirdapiri safrTxis SeqmniT, magaliTad, navTobis an sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis SewyvetiT, an energoresursebze fasebis mkveTri zrdiT, an omisagan daSinebuli mosaxleobis iZulebiTi emigraciiT. scenarSi regionuli Zala Tavs daesxa mezobel qveyanas, romelmac gaeros wesdebis me-5 muxlis safuZvelze daxmareba sTxova evrokavSirsa da SeerTebul Statebs. krizisSi monawileobis miuRebloba, rac, agreTve, aSkarad imoqmedebda evropul interesebze, seriozul zians miayenebda am urTierTobas. erayis omis Sedegma aCvena, rom am bolo arguments iseTi sayovelTao aRiareba aRar hqonda, rogorc adre. ufro adrec ki dasabuTeba calke mimarTulebiT warimarTa. zogi ambobda _ ‘ara amerikis naklebi monawileoba, aramed evropis meti monawileoba’, romelic SesabamisobaSia transatlantikur kavSirebTan. zogs surda evropa SeerTebuli Statebis sapirwone gamxdariyo, rac nakleb sayovelTao mosazrebaa da moklevadian perspeqtivaSi realur amocanas ar warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro konstruqciulia evropas mouwodon SeZlos da survili hqondes Tavis mxrebze zidos ufro didi pasuxismgeblobebi, romelic misi sakuTari kontinentis farglebs gascdeba. dReisaTvis regionuli omisaTvis sistemis uzrunvelyofas mxolod SeerTebuli Statebi Tu SeZlebda. moxseneba askvnis, rom evrokavSiri wina scenarebSi ganxiluli xarvezebis winaSe dadgeba, rasac daemateba adreuli gafrTxilebisa da distanciuri aRmoCenis sistemebi, aviamzidebze dafuZnebuli sahaero Zala, zusti mimarTulebis Wurvebi da Sori moqmedebis iaraRi. arasakmarisi iqneba maTi sabrZolo Ziebisa da samaSvelo, haerSi sawvavis damatebis, balistikuri raketebisagan Tavdacvis da brZolis Sedegad miyenebuli zaralis Sefasebis sistemebi, fsiqologiuri omis danayofebi, satvirTo Sveulmfrenebi da TviT samedicino danayofebic ki. lojistikuri SesaZleblobebic ver iZleodnen imeds, rom moTxovnil periodSi operaciis mdgradobas uzrunvelyofdnen. am scenaris evropis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebis varianti Tavdacvis xarjebis zrdas 139 moiTxovda, rac ‘sabaziso scenariT’ mosalodnel xarjebs mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbebda. meoTxe scenari ganixilavs masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmebis aRkveTas, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi arasaxelmwifo jgufebis an araregularuli SeiaraRebuli jgufebis xelSia, romelTa kuTvnileba romelime mocemuli saxelmwifosadmi dadasturebuli ar aris. aRniSnuli sakiTxi exeba Talibebis reJims avRaneTSi da ‘mdgradi mSvidobis’ operacias. erayis omTan SedarebiT es mcire masStabis operacia gaxldaT. faqtiurad es iyo masStaburi aratradiciuli saomari moqmedebebisa da saSualo masStabis farTospeqtriani sazRvao da sahaero operaciebis kombinacia. 2003 wlis Semodgomaze SeerTebulma Statebma daaxloebiT 6000 jariskaci ganalaga avRaneTSi, romelic, rogorc operatiulma jgufma aRniSna, im Zalebze naklebi iyo, romelic gaerTianebulma samefom 1982 wels folklendis kunZulebze gagzavna. maT farTo samoqmedo arealze mxars uWerda CENTCOM-is 60-aTasiani sabrZolo jari, romelic evrokavSiris helsinkis mowinave mizniT gaTvaliswinebul raodenobas ar aRemateba. Teoriulad evrokavSiri SeZlebda am operaciis ganxorcielebas, magram operatiulma jgufma daaskvna, rom aSS-Tan koordinaciiT misi ganxorcieleba ukeTesi iqneboda. evrokavSirs eyoleboda sakmao raodenobis specialuri Zalebi, magram am droisaTvis miiCnevdnen, rom igi xangrZlivi drois periodSi mdgradobas ver SeinarCunebda. ufro metic, nakleb savaraudo iyo, rom maTi umravlesoba rTul geografiul pirobebSi da qimiuri, biologiuri, radiologiuri da birTvuli iaraRis saSiSroebis qveS jerovnad imoqmedebda. garda amisa, evrokavSiri strategiuli dazvervis saSualebebisa da saSualo da xangrZlivi mdgradobis upiloto sahaero transportis (UAVs) naklebobas ganicdida. scenari mexuTe _ samSoblos dacva _ axal samxedro amocanas warmoadgens, rac ZiriTadad samoqalaqo xelisuflebis mxardasaWerad xorcieldeba. misi mizania im obieqtebis dacva, romlebzedac dazvervas SesaZlo teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb informacia gaaCnia, xolo aseTi Setevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi _ misi Sedegebis SezRudva. arcerTi es SemTxveva pitersbergis amocanebSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram axal evropul konstituciaSi, romlis ratificirebac unda moxdes, Sesulia solidarobis debuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs wevri qveynebis erTobliv brZolas teroristuli Tavdasxmebisa da bunebrivi kataklizmebis winaaRmdeg. dagegmvasTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi moicavda oTxi udidesi aeroportis, ori udidesi navsadguris, aTi umniSvnelovanesi eleqtrosadguris, aTi ZiriTadi qimiuri qarxnis da evrokavSiris wevri yvela saxelmwifos dedaqalaqebis dacvas, briuselSi evrokavSiris Stab-binis CaTvliT. evrokavSirma unda uzrunvelyos msubuqi fexosani jari, romelic erovnuli policiis Zalebs umniSvnelovanesi infrastruqturis da evrokavSiris gare sazRvrebis dacvaSi daexmareba. uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semcirebis erovnulma Zalebma kanonis dacva da wesrigis SenarCuneba unda uzrunvelyon. magaliTad moyvanili iyo safrangeTis sagangebo mdgomareobis gegma Vigipirate Renforcé. masSi agreTve Sedis teritoriebis efeqturi sakarantino uzrunvelyofa, sadac dazaralebuli mosaxleobis mkurnalobis mizniT ‘wriuli vaqcinaciis’ Catarebaa saWiro, raTa epidemiis Caux- 140 Soblobis SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqondes mwiri resursebis sxva mimarTulebiT gamoyenebas. samoqalaqo Tavdacva saxelwifos pasuxismgeblobaa, magram evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis SedegebTan brZolis saSualebebi ar gaaCnia. momakvdinebel terorizmTan gamklavebas ufro meti specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebi an terorizmis sawinaaRmdego danayofebi esaWiroeba. operatiulma jgufma Svidi mokvleva warmoadgina da xarvezebis aRmofxvris gzebi dasaxa: ar SeuZlia saxmeleTo Zalebis swrafad ganlageba da maTi gamag· evrokavSirs reba, radgan mas ara hyavs Tavdadebuli, ganlagebisaTvis momzadebuli da sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi myofi Zalebi. ara aqvs SeTanxmebuli sistema ZalTa dakompleqtebisaTvis, rac · evrokavSirs Zalze zRudavs ganlagebisaTvis mzaobas da mdgradobas. SeuZlia ganaxorcielos sxvadasxva saxis oepraciebi, maRali inten· kavSirs siurobis mqone sabrZolo moqmedebebis CaTvliT. Tumca misTvis damaxasiaTebelia operaciaSi CarTul Zalebs Soris msxverplis SedarebiT didi riski da misTvis Tanmdevi zarali. teritoriis gareT omis warmoebas da axal rolebsa da misiebs, rogoricaa · misi ajanyebis CaxSoba da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, axali doqtrinuli midgoma da wvrTnis axali meTodebi sWirdeba. Tumca evrokavSirs ara aqvs raime konceptualuri midgoma Zalis transformaciis mimarT, im TvalsazrisiT, rom tradiciuli, platformaze koncentrirebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebi qselze koncentrirebul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gadaiyvanos, rogorc es naCvenebi iyo avRaneTsa da eraySi SeerTebuli Statebis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebul operaciebSi. CaTvales rom saWiro iyo evropuli doqtrinis centris Seqmna, savaraudod evropis Tavdacvis kolejis bazaze. ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos operatiuli sistema farTomasStaburi · evrokavSirs operaciebisaTvis. arsebobs sakmao raodenobis operatiuli Stabebi, magram ar aris saTanado teqnika Soreul teritoriebze operaciaTa sawarmoeblad. SeerTebul Statebsa da evropel mokavSireTa umravlesobas Soris · amerikis arsebuli samxedro-teqnikuri sxvaoba dRis wesrigSi ayenebs urTierTqmedebis qselis Seqmnis sakiTxs. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis mi· kavSirs Rebis da krizisis marTvis sferoSi, rac nawilobriv evropis samxedro programebis sisustiTaa gamowveuli. mdgomareobis gamosworebis saSualebebi SeiZleba moicavdnen: ‘qvemodan-zemoT’ specializacias specialuri saxis Zalebze erTmxrivi koncentrirebis meSveobiT; niSis gamoZebnis saSualebebs; erovnuli simZlavreebis Tanadafinansebas; xelm- 141 ZRvanelobis, kontrolisa da komunikaciebis sferoebSi koleqtiuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas (C3); dazvervas, TvalTvals, samiznis dapyrobasa da rekognoscirebas (ISTAR), lojistikas; sabrZolo saZiebo da samaSvelo sistemebs; haerSi sawvavis damatebis sistemas; mtris sahaero Tavdasxmis mogeriebas; sahaero Tavdacvis sistemebs; nebismier klimatur pirobebSi gamoyenebad zusti damiznebis Wurvebs (PGM) da Sori moqmedebis iaraRs. ufro radikalur saSualebebs warmoadgens zevidan-qveviT specializacia, rac iTvaliswinebs simZlavreTa gaerTianebas koleqtiuri gamoyenebisaTvis da, rogorc Sedegi, gadawyvetilebis koleqtiuri miRebis process an zenacionalur organos, an mudmivi Zalebis birTvis da mudmivmoqmedi operatiuli Stabis Camoyalibebas. am ukanasknelis organizeba ‘sabrZolo jgufebis’ donezea SesaZlebeli, rac evropis swrafi reagirebis Zalebis axal orientirs warmoadgens da mis SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba 1500 kaci gaerTiandes, romelsac sahaero da sazRvao komponentebi daemateba. da bolos, ukeT unda dafinansdes kvleviTi da ganviTarebis RonisZiebebi da unda gaumjobesdes maTi koordinacia. scenarebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom prioriteti samSoblos dacvas aqvs miniWebuli: samoqalaqo Tavdacvis, samedicino momsaxurebis, lojistikisa da gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis koordinireba evropis doneze unda ganxorcieldes da SemoRebul iqnes evropis koordinatoris posti. 4.2. amerikuli scenarebi maSin, roca evropelebi gaZlierebuli samxedro SesaZleblobebis scenarebs gegmavdnen, amerikelebi muSaobdnen scenarebze, romelic ‘omis momgeb’ tradiciul amocanebze naklebad iyo fokusirebuli da stabilizaciisa da rekonstruqciis saSualebas iZleoda. balkaneTisa da erayis gamocdilebam uCvena, rom TviT samxedro operaciebi ufro xanmokle tendenciiT xasiaTdebodnen, magram maT Tan mosdevda stabilizaciisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis xangrZlivi faza. Semdgom periodSi samxedroebs kvlav unda ganexorcielebinaT ‘Semakavebeli’ roli maTi adgilze yofniT, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ Zalismieri RonisZiebebi, magram saxelmwifos mSenebloba efeqturi mxolod samoqalaqo da samxedro pirTa mWidro TanamSromlobiTaa SesaZlebeli. TiTqmis imavdroulad, roca evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutis operatiuli jgufis moxseneba momzadda, aSS-is erovnuli Tavdacvis universitetis teqnologiuri da erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis centrma (CTNSP) gamoaqveyna moxseneba stabilizaciis operaciebis Sesaxeb, sadac ZalTa moculobis gansazRvris scenarebi iyo mocemuli.28 mis erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxad aRniSnuli iyo, rom mtris samxedro Zalis Zalze swrafma damarcxebam SeerTebuli Statebi aiZula mzad yofiliyo am resurebis swrafad gansalageblad _ idealur SemTxvevaSi paralelur reJimSi, ZiriTadi sabrZolo moqmedebebis damTavrebisTanave. amis gakeTeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, 28 stabilizaciisa da rekonstruqciis operaciebze gadasvla, redaqtirebulia hans binendikis da stiuart e. jonsonis mier, 2004 w. 2002 wels binendikis redaqtorobiT gamovida naSromi _ ‘amerikis samxedro transformacia’, romelic CTNSP-ma gamosca. 142 Tu stabilizaciisa da rekonstruqciis operaciaTa dagegmva sawyis etapzeve iqneboda integrirebuli konfliqtis mogvarebis dagegmvaSi, da Tu mtris samxedro Zalebis kapitulaciis an ganadgurebisTanave adgilze uzrunvelyofili iqneboda saTanado saSualebebi. warsulSi SedarebiT xangrZlivi sabrZolo moqmedebebi iyo mosalodneli, rac konfliqtis aRmofxvris Semdeg rekonstruqciis operaciebis momzadebisa da dawyebisaTvis garkveul dros iZleoda. axali gamowveva iTvaliswinebda ZiriTad sabrZolo moqmedebaTa misiasa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis dawyebas Soris arsebuli sicarielis Sevsebas stabilizaciisa da rekonstruqciis misiis meSveobiT. jer kidev Zalze adrea am Tezisze reaqciis Sefaseba. igi radikaluri gadaxveva iqneboda pauelis doqtrinidan, romelic 1990 wlis erayis omis dros SemuSavda da masStabur intervencias, samxedroTa mier TavianTi saqmis Sesrulebas da rac SeiZleba swrafad ukan dabrunebas isaxavda miznad. amasTan, moxsenebaSi xazgasmuli iyo SeerTebuli Statebis mier civi omis Semdgom ganxorcielebuli intervenciebi, romelic ufro da ufro ambiciur xasiaTs iRebda da reJimebis Secvlas iTvaliswinebda. swrafi da damajerebeli samxedro gamarjveba ar warmoadgenda postkonfliqturi stabilizaciis garants da, istoriis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, saxelmwifos warmatebul mSeneblobas xuTi-Svidi weli sWirdeboda. CTNSP-is moxsenebam win wamoswia ZiriTadi Sefaseba, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom ar arsebobs stabilizaciisa da rekonstruqciis scenaris raime standartuli modeli, romelsac SeiZleba SeerTebuli Statebis ZalTa dagegmva daefuZnos. bevri ram iqneba damokidebuli operaciis moculobaze, rasac ZiriTadad qveynis sidide da dasaZlevi sirTuleebi gansazRvravs. amrigad, SeerTebuli Statebis miznebis ambiciuroba ZiriTadi ganxilvis sakiTxi iqneboda. miuxedavad amisa, moxsenebaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo Sorsmimavali rekomendaciebi. igi sTavazobda Seqmniliyo ori erToblivi samxedro Stabi, romelic: Seqmnida saZiebo da samaSvelo misiisaTvis momzadebul danayofebs; ganalagebda or divizias, romelic erTobliv qonebas moixmarda, iqneboda moqnili, moduluri, eqneboda gazrdisa da swrafad ganlagebis SesaZleblobebi, da brigadis zomis oTxi jgufi, sadac Sevidoda samxedro policia, samoqalaqo saqmeebi, sainJinro saqmeebi, samedicino da fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis samsaxurebi, romlebsac taqtikuri sabrZolo saSualebebiT gauwevdnen daxmarebas. unda Seiqmnas mravaluwyebiani samoqalaqo swrafi reagirebis saSualeba, romelic saZiebo da samaSvelo ZalebTan erTad ganlagdeba da unda moxdes saZiebo da samaSvelo misiidan (romelsac samxedroebi akontroleben) saxelmwifos mSeneblobis misiaze (romelsac samoqalaqo pirebi akontroleben) gadasasvlelad momzadeba. teqnikasTan dakavSirebiT umaRlesi prioriteti mieniWa ukabelo da saxmeleTo sakomunikacio mowyobilobebs samoqalaqo/samxedro urTierTqmedebis unariT, distanciur sistemebs, aramomakvdinebel iaraRs, sasoflo teritoriebze operaciebis sawarmoeblad saWiro deteqtorebs da moqmedebis ganviTarebis analizisa da dagegmvis meqanizmebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca uekipaJo transportsa da safrTxeebis neitralizebas. eraySi ori tipis uekipaJo transporti iqna gamoyenebuli _ maRali simaRlis Global Hawk da saSualo simaRlis Predator. adgilobrivi meTvalyureobisaTvis saWiro iqneba dabal doneebze moq- 143 medi uekipaJo transportis ganlageba, iseTi mcire sistemebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa Dragon Eye da uekipaJo saxmeleTo transporti Senobebsa da samalavebSi Sesasvlelad. farTo sivrcis dafarvis meSveobiT SeiZleba Semcirdes cocxal Zalaze moTxovna. prezident buSis xelaxali arCevis Semdeg pentagonidan sakmaod gansxvavebuli informacia movida. cnobili gaxda, rom 2005 wlis Tavdacvis mimoxilvaSi, romelic yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel keTdeba, radikalurad iqneboda gadafasebuli samxedro strategia, SeiaraRebul ZalTa struqtura da samxedro teqnika.29 tradiciuli safrTxeebis garda safrTxeTa sami axali kategoria ganisazRvra: arastandartuli, katastrofuli da ZirgamomTxreli. safrTxeebi miznad isaxavdnen SeerTebuli Statebis gav· arastandartuli lenisa da xelisuflebis Sesustebas aratradiciuli meTodebiT, rogoricaa terorizmi, ajanyeba, samoqalaqo omi da iseTi axladwarmoSobili cnebebi, rogoricaa ‘SeuzRudavi saomari mdgomareoba’. mosalodneloba Zalze maRali iyo; zianis done _ saSualo, Tu ver moxerxda efeqturi kontroli. saSiSroebebi miznad isaxavdnen SeerTebuli Statebis xelm· katastrofuli ZRvanelobisa da xelisuflebis paralizebas masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT, an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis msgavsi efeqtis mqone saSualebebiTa da arakontrolirebadi saraketo TavdasxmiT. mosalodneloba iyo saSualo, magram mzardi; zianis done _ dauSvebeli, radgan erTma movlenam SeZlo amerikelTa cxovrebis wesis Secvla. saSiSroebebi miznad isaxavdnen SeerTebuli Statebis xeli· ZirgamomTxreli suflebis da gavlenis uzurpirebas ukanasknel miRwevaTa saSualebebis mopovebiT, rogoricaa gadamcemebi, bioteqnologia, molekulur doneze miniaturizacia, kompiuteruli operaciebi, kosmosi, marTuli energia da sxva warmoqmnili sferoebi. mosalodneloba iyo dabali; zianis done _ ucnobi, im zogadi gafrTxilebiT, rom strategiuli moulodneloba riskis qveS daayenebda SeerTebuli Statebis usafrTxoebas. rogorc Canda, Zalisxmevis qvakuTxeds resursebis nebismieri scenarisaken gadaxris Tavidan acileba warmoadgenda, magram kvlav bundovani rCeba, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdenda igi resursebis ganTavsebaze, garda mobilurobisa da moqnilobis ganmtkicebaze arsebuli aqcentebisa. evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis Sesaxeb amerikelebs kvlav ori tipis mosazreba gaaCndaT. gamoiwvevs igi damatebiTi simZlavreebis Seqmnas, Tu mwir resursebs axali organizaciuli struqturebisa da Zalisxmevis dublirebaze daanawevrebs? adre maT winaaRmdegoba gauwies natoSi evropis daxurul krebas, rac mokavSireebSi raspris gamomwvevad iqna miCneuli. maT SeeZloT ecxovraT evropuli TviTmyofadobis bundovani cnebiT, magram es arasodes 29 Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 2 noemberi. ‘aSS ganixilavs safrTxeTa scenarebs’. 144 ganusazRvravT.30 igive exeboda ‘gamoyofadi, magram ara calke’ Zalebis principsac, romelic klintonis prezidentobis pirveli vadis periodSi SemuSavda. aSS TandaTanobiT ufro meti pativiscemiT ganimsWvala evropelebisadmi balkaneTSi maTi Zalebis monawileobis gamo, magram 11 seqtembrisa da calmxrivi moqmedebis Tavdapirvel etapze cdilobda ufro farTo roli Seesrulebina natos an mis wevrTa jgufs, rogorc unarianTa da mosurneTa sagangebo koalicias. sakvirvelia, rom amis SesaZlebloba damtkicda avRaneTSi, magram ara eraySi. albaT momavali gviCvenebs ramdenad ‘globalur’ svlas gaagrZelebs nato. ISAFSi igi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, magram amerikuli Zalebis gareSe. eraySi misi roli erayis samxedro personalis wvrTniT Semoifargleba. evropelTaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba Tu ramdenad Seexeba natos koaliciaTa SezRudvebs mdivan ramsfeldis sityvebi _ ‘misia gansazRvravs koalicias’. Sinaarsobrivad misi sityvebi unda niSnavdes, rom mokavSireebs mxolod is arCevani hqondaT, rom SeuerTebodnen aSS-is mier gadawyvetil operacias, maSin roca sawinaaRmdego _ anu ‘koalicia gansazRvravs misias’ _krizisis menejmentisadmi erTobliv midgomas usvams xazs. am konceptualur sakiTxze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, evropelebma albaT monawileoba unda miiRon gavlenisaTvis saerTo moqmedebaSi, romelsac isini operaciis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisas moipoveben. Tavis mxriv amerikelebi darwmunebulni ar arian evropelTa SesaZleblobasa da survilSi regionulze meti roli iTamaSon, romelic evropis kontinentiT da misi uSualo periferiiTaa Semoifargluli. gadalaxavs evrokavSiri mis dRevandel xarvezs, rac ‘daubalansebel ZalauflebaSi’ gamoixateba da SeZlebs igi efeqtur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas da iseTi Zalebis uzrunvelyofas romlebic TavianT amerikel mokavSireebTan erTad ibrZoleben?31 Tu CFSP darCeba deklaraciuli politikis mwarmoebeli, romelsac raime samxedro mniSvneloba ara gaaCnia? am SekiTxvas atlantikis orive mxares svamen.32 4.3. sabolood, SeiaraRebis evropis saagento? TesalonikSi Catarebul evrosabWos sxdomaze gadawyda, rom evropis konstituciis proeqtSi evropis SeiaraRebis saagentos sakiTxi wamoewiaT da igi 2004 wlisaTvis ganexorcielebinaT. rogorc am miznobrivi dokumentis momdevno gverdebze ixilavT, es ar yofila am ganzraxvis pirveli gaJRereba. Tumca aqamde, yovelTvis, roca instituciuri ganviTarebis sakiTxi dgeboda, mas, mudam raime 30 aSS-is uaryofiTi mosazreba gaJRerda ‘barTolomeus depeSaSi, 1991 wlis 20 Tebervals, romelic mocemulia Cems wignSi ‘Debating European Security’, CEPS/Sdu, 1998, gv. 340-344. 31 gamoTqma ixmara generalma klaus naumanma aSS-is atlantikis sabWos biuletenSi, t. XI, 3, 200 wlis agvisto, ‘Implementing the European Security and Defense Policy: a practical vision for Europe’. 32 kori n. Seikma konstruqciuli xasiaTis statia gamoaqveyna vaSingtonis erovnuli strategiuli kvlevebis universitetis strategiuli forumis # 184 gamocemaSi, 2001 wlis agvisto, saTauriT ‘natos saSiSroebas uqmnis evrokavSiris Tavdacvis iniciativebi?’. man daaskvna, rom evrokavSiris damokidebuleba SeerTebul Statebze ufro met safrTxes uqmnis amerikis interesebs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu evrokavSiri Tavdacvis politikaSi ufro damoukidebeli subieqti gaxdeboda. ESDP ar iyo pasuxismgebeli natos samxedroebs Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobaze, magram SeeZlo maT Soris arsebuli problemebi daemZimebina. 145 sxva instituciuri sqema enacvleboda winas safuZvliani Sefasebis gareSe. zogs miaCnda, rom es ganzrax keTdeboda, radgan Tvlidnen, rom ar arsebobda politikuri neba efeqturi saagentos daarsebisaTvis, romelsac aucileblad eqneboda qmediTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da saTanado valdebulebis elementebi. amrigad, molodini iyo didi, magram garkveuli skepticizmiT Seferadebuli. konstituciis proeqti SeimuSava evropulma yrilobam, romelic 16 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ikribeboda. mas Tavmjdomareobda yofili prezidenti Jiskar desteni, xolo Tavmjdomaris moadgileebi iyvnen julio amato da Jan-luk deaeni. yriloba miznad isaxavda winadadebaTa SemuSavebas, albaT ufro alternativebis formiT, im sakiTxebze, romlebic maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdeg mudmivad sust wertils warmoadgendnen. axali wevrebis SemoerTebis rekorduli ricxvis molodinSi unda garkveuliyo evropuli integraciis procesis finalité politique da mogvarebuliyo mTeli rigi instituciuri sakiTxebi. patara qveynebis raodenobis gazrdam ufro didi qveynebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. isini fiqrobdnen, rom maTi xmebis raodenoba gadaswonida, Tumca adre arasodes gakeTebula raime gamyofi xazi did da patara qveynebs Soris. iqneboda SesaZlebeli ZiriTadi institutebis kompetenciaTa ukeT gansazRvra da SeizRudeboda sxvadasxva proceduraTa raodenoba? kvlav win wamoiwia ‘damatebiTobis’ sakiTxma, erovnuli parlamentebis rolTan erTad, romlebsac unda ganesazRvraT, evrokomisiis mier dayenebuli sakiTxi Tanamegobrobis samarTalSi transformirdeboda Tu erovnuli regulirebis doneze darCeboda. evrokavSirs mTlianobaSi unda hqonoda iuridiuli individualoba, Tu es kvlav mxolod Tavdapirveli Tanamegobrobis ‘pirvel RerZs’ Seexeboda? ‘gaZlierebuli TanamSromlobis’ meTods usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferoc unda moecva? yrilobis Semadgenloba novatoruli iyo, romelsac win uZRoda warmatebuli yriloba ZiriTad uflebaTa qartiis sakiTxebze, romelic nicaSi Catarebul sxdomaze evrosabWom politikur, magram ara samarTlebrivad savaldebulo dokumentad aRiara. TiToeulma qveyanam, maT Soris kandidatebma _ bulgareTma, rumineTma da TurqeTma, erTi samTavrobo warmomadgeneli da ori parlamentari gaagzavna. evroparlamentidan Teqvsmeti, xolo evrokomisiidan ori warmomadgeneli monawileobda. TiToeul maTgans hyavda saTadarigo Semcvleli. sxva institutebidan mowveuli damkvirveblebis CaTvliT (magaliTad, ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWodan da regionebis komitetidan) yrilobaSi monawileobas sul 210 delegati iRebda. igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda xelSekrulebaSi wina cvlilebebis miRebis daxuruli formatisagan, romelic ‘mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciis’ saxiT Catarda. aqedan gamomdinare safuZveli gamoecala mudmiv sayvedurs, rom evropis moqalaqeebi arasaTanadod iyvnen CarTulni. sxva saqmea, Tu ramdeni moqalaqe uyurebda evropul integracias gulgrilad, magram amas yrilobisTvis xeli ar SeuSlia. yvela plenaruli sxdoma sajarod gaimarTa, yvela dokumenti xelmisawvdomi iyo, erTi kvira sagangebod daeTmo axalgazrdul yrilobas da mosmenebze miwveulni iyvnen Cveni ‘samoqalaqo sazogadoebis’ warmomadgeneli organizaciebi.33 33 sxdomebis periodSi 850-ze meti dokumenti ganTavsda vebgverdze http://european- 146 prezident Jiskar destenis Tavmjdomareobis damsaxureba is gaxldaT, rom man Tavidanve daJinebiT moiTxova, rom yvela am sakiTxis gadawyveta (laekenis sxdomaze evropulma sabWom Camoayaliba 58 sakiTxi) erT masStabur dokumentSi gaerTianebuliyo da calkeul gadawyvetilebebSi ar gabneuliyo, Tavi rom davaneboT alternatiul arCevnebs. mravali adamianis gasaocrad misma strategiam gasWra da miRebul iqna SeTanxmebuli dokumenti. Tumca, SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom konsensusi arc iseTi myari iyo, rogorc yrilobis dasasruls Canda. mravalma saxelmwifom proeqtis teqstis gadasinjva daiwyo da teqstis saboloo SeTanxmebam 2004 wlis ivnisamde gastana, roca irlandiis Tavmjdomareobis vada gavida. xelmowera 2004 wlis 29 oqtombers, romSi Sedga, romelsac ratificirebis momqancveli procesi mohyva. amisTvis mraval wevr saxelmwifoSi referendumis Catareba iqneboda saWiro. aris saSiSroeba, rom es referendumebi amomrCevelTa ukmayofilebas gamoavlens sakuTar qveyanaSi xelisuflebaSi myofi mTavrobisadmi, an zogadad evropaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobisadmi, xolo ver gaaanalizeben im faqts, rom konstituciis uaryofiT gagrZeldeba nicaSi miRebuli xelSekrulebis moqmedeba, romelic saerTo azris Sesabamisad ufro dabali rangisaa, nakleb mkafioa, nakleb demokratiulia da araqmediTia 25 an meti wevris mqone kavSiris samarTavad. winamdebare miznobrivi dokumentisaTvis gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia ganyofilebebi, sadac ganxilulia CFSP da ESDP. me-16 muxli CFSP-s exeba, 28-e muxlSi ganxilulia kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministris funqciebi (gamaerTianebeli funqciebi, romelsac amJamad sagareo urTierTobaTa umaRlesi warmomadgeneli da komisari axorcieleben), me-40 muxlSi ganxilulia CFSP-is gadawyvetilebebis miRebis kompetencia, 41-e muxlSi _ ESDP-is igive kompetencia da im qveynebs Soris ‘mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis’ SesaZlebloba, romelTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebic maRal samxedro kriteriumebs akmayofileben da damatebiTi valdebulebebi aqvT aRebuli, xolo 42-e muxli solidaruli debulebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wevri saxelmwifo teroristuli Setevis an sxva katastrofis msxverpli aRmoCndeba. es principebi ufro konkretulad konstituciis III nawilSia Camoyalibebuli, sadac kavSiris sxvadasxva strategiebia CarTuli. kari V Seicavs kavSiris mier mis farglebs gareT ganxorcielebul qmedebebs, xolo II TavSi sagareo da Tavdacvis politikaa ganxiluli. VI karis III TavSi gansazRvrulia ganmtkicebuli TanamSromlobis xasiaTi. yrilobis msvlelobis periodSi 11 samuSao jgufi Seiqmna. sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis jgufi, romelsac Jan-luk deaeni Tavmjdomareobda da Tavdacvis jgufi, romelsac komisari miSel barnieri xelmZRvanelobda (romelsac convention.eu.int. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom piter normanma Zalze swrafad gamosca yrilobis yoveldRiuri angariSi, romelic eurokomentma briuselSi dastamba 2003 wels, xolo alen dovernma 2004 wels gamosca‘L’Europe en 0tage? Histoire secrète de la convention’ Ed. Saint-Simon, 2004. 2004 wlis oqtomberSi evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutma gamouSva Salotis dokumenti 71 ‘La cohérence par la défense – une autre lecture de la PESD’ romlis avtoric iyo yofili elCi filip de Suteti, sadac specialurad iyo ganxiluli ESDP-is Sesaxeb muxlebis genezisi. am wignebis wakiTxvisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom proeqtSi muxlebis numeracia gansxvavdeba saboloo variantisagan, romelic mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciaze SeTanxmda. 147 kvalificiur daxmarebas uwevda generaluri mdivnis moadgile analiza gianela) yrilobis msvlelobis meore naxevarSi Seiqmna. jgufebSi gawevrianeba piradi mosazrebiT xdeboda. amdenad, ver ityodiT, rom igi mTlianad yrilobis warmomadgenlobas asaxavda. plenaruli sxdomebis msgavsad kenWisyra arc aq tardeboda, magram jgufis mier momzadebul moxsenebaSi SeiZleboda mieTiTebinaT Tu ramdenad uWerdnen mxars konkretul winadadebas. laekenis evrosabWos sxdomam yrilobis mandatSi erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxad evropis globaluri roli CarTo, romelic moicavda, ‘Tu rogor unda gamxdariyo kavSiri stabilurobis faqtori da axali, mravalpolaruli samyaros modeli’. laekenis deklaracia acxadebda, rom evropis moqalaqeebs surdaT evrokavSiri ufro aqtiurad yofiliyo CarTuli sagareo, usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis saqmeebSi. am gancxadebas sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvac umagrebda zurgs, maT Soris 2002 wlis Semodgomaze ‘eurobarometri 58’-is mier Catarebuli gamokiTxva. Tumca sagulisxmo gansxvaveba arsebobda amis misaRwevad saWiro gzebTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs Soris. iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa safrangeTi da gaerTianebuli samefo, arc evrokomisiisaTvis da arc evroparlamentisaTvis am sferoebSi mniSvnelovani rolis miniWeba ar surdaT (nawilobriv imitom, rom maTi sakuTari parlamentebic am sakiTxTa mxolod SezRudul farglebs akontrolebdnen). sxvebs surdaT ‘Tanamegobrobis meTodi’ gaefarTovebinaT, sadac komisiis, ministrTa sabWos, parlamentisa da marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos urTierTqmedeba iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli. es Zveli dava gaxldaT, ramac maastrixtSi gansakuTrebuli RerZuli sqemis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. Jan-luk deaenma samuSao jgufTan muSaoba xuTi Zalze praqtikuli SekiTxvis dasmiT daiwyo. rogor unda ganisazRvros kavSiris interesebi; rogor unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili evrokavSiris xelT arsebul instrumentebs Soris Tavsebadoba, savaWro politikisa da ganviTarebis daxmarebis CaTvliT; ra unda gakeTdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dasaCqareblad; ra gakveTilebi miviReT solanas maRal warmomadgenlad yofnis periodSi; da evrokavSiris sagareo warmomadgenlobisaTvis ra cvlilebebia saWiro, rom misi saerTaSoriso gavlena amaRldes? mis moxsenebaSi maRali warmomadgenlisa da sagareo saqmeTa komisris postis dakavSirebis mravali gza iyo ganxiluli, rac sabolood evrokavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministris postis SemoRebis winadadebaSi gadaizrdeboda. man agreTve winadadeba Semoitana CFSP -ze gaevrcelebinaT kvalificiuri umravlesobis kenWisyris meTodi (QMV), albaT ufro gardamavali reJimis meSveobiT, roca evrosabWo saTanado momentSi SeZlebda erTxmad mieRo gadawyvetileba QMV-is gamoyenebaze, riTac Tavidan aicilebda samomavlod xelSekrulebaSi oficialuri cvlilebebis gatarebas. Tumca plenarul sxdomaze gamoCnda, rom amis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT gaerTianebuli samefos poziciis gamo. misma warmomadgenelma, piter hainma, aRniSna, rom QMV gare samyarosaTvis cnobils gaxdida kavSiris SigniT arsebul winaaRmdegobebs. sxvebma, maT Soris germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, ioSka fiSerma, aRniSnes, rom QMV-is gareSe, 25 da metwevriani kavSiri, umniSvnelo arsebobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. sabolood, umravlesobis kenWisyrasTan dakavSirebiT raime winsvlas ver miaRwies, garda imisa, rom kvlav ganaxlda mowodebebi kenWisyrisas gamoeyenebinaT ‘konstruqciuli Tavis Sekavebis’ SesaZlebloba, romlis drosac konsensusi ar daiblokeboda, magram saxelmwifosTvis, romelmac Tavi Seikava, gada- 148 wyvetilebis Sesruleba savaldebulo ar iqneboda. amsterdamis xelSekrulebis miRebis Semdeg am sakiTxze kamaTi mudmivad mimdinareobda. CSDP-sTan dakavSirebiT hainma kidev ufro naklebi damajereblobiT aRniSna, rom QMV-s gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli ar iqneboda, radgan romelime qveyana ar unda vaiZuloT sakuTari nebis da konstituciuri procedurebis winaaRmdeg wavides jarebis sazRvargareT gagzavnis TvalsazrisiT. es mravali mTavrobisaTvis WeSmaritebas warmoadgenda da SemzRudavi garemoeba iqneboda nebismieri Carevis dros, magram raime safuZveli ar arsebobda imisTvis, rom QMV usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferos yvela gadawyvetilebidan gamoericxaT. barnies moxseneba mravali aspeqtiT iyo novaciuri. pirveli, mas Semohqonda solidarobis principi im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu wevr saxelmwifoze teroristul Tavdasxmas ganaxorcielebda subieqti, romelic romelime konkretul saxelmwifos ar warmoadgenda. es nakleb gadamwyveti iyo, vidre dasavleT evropis kavSiris xelSekrulebis V muxli, romelic avtomatur samxedro daxmarebas iTvaliswinebda, magram igi mainc aRmoCnda garRveva, radganac avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi miuerTdnen mas. muxli I-42 acxadebs: 1. kavSiri da misi wevri saxelmwifoebi erToblivad moqmedeben, solidarobis principiT, Tu wevri saxelmwifo aris teroristuli Tavdasxmis an bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri katastrofis msxverpli. kavSirma unda moaxdinos mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebis mobilizeba, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier SemoTavazebuli samxedro resursebis CaTvliT, raTa: (a) aRkveTil iqnes terorizmis safrTxe wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze; _ dacul iqnes demokratiuli institutebi da samoqalaqo mosaxleoba nebismieri teroristuli Tavdasxmisagan; _ teroristuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi daexmaros wevr saxelmwifos mis teritoriaze misive politikuri xelisuflebis moTxovnis safuZvelze; (b) bunebrivi an xelovnuri katastrofebisas daexmaros wevr saxelmwifos mis teritoriaze misive politikuri xelisuflebis moTxovnis safuZvelze.. 2. am muxlis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro detaluri sqemebi III-29 muxlSia mocemuli. barnies jgufma daaskvna, rom ‘neitraluri da aramokavSire’ wevrebisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo Tavdacvis sferoSi iseTive valdebulebebis aReba, rogoric dasavleT evropis kavSirs hqonda. amis nacvlad SemoTavazebul iqna ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis ormagi RonisZieba. ufro mWidro TanamSromloba, romelsac agreTve ‘ganmtkicebul TanamSromlobas’ an ‘moqnilobas’ uwodeben, amsterdamis xelSekrulebis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, Tu wevr saxelmwifoTa jgufi, rogorc ukanasknel gamosavals, ufro mWidro integrirebas moisurvebda, vidre es mTlianobaSi evrokavSiriT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. nicaSi miRebuli xelSekrulebiT es SesaZlebloba CFSP-is sferomde gafarTovda, magram igi Tavdacvas ar Seexo. yrilobam es wingadadgmul nabijad miiCnia da Semoitana winadadeba, rom vinaidan evrosabWom saerTo Tavdacvisaken svla ver ganaviTara, ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis meTods wevri qveynis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli agresiis SemTxvevaSi samxedro daxmareba unda moecva. aman ‘neitraluri da aramokavSiris’ elementi dilemis winaSe daayena, romlebsac ar undodaT winaswarve gariyulni yofiliyvnen ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis formidan, magram samxedro dax- 149 marebis TvalsazrisiT sirTuleebi hqondaT. italiis Tavmjdomareobis wyalobiT, magram mravalTa gasakvirad, zogadi debuleba urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb 2003 wlis dekemberSi, neapolis paketSi iqna Setanili da warmatebiT dasrulda irlandiis prezidentobisas, sadac I-41 muxlis me-7 punqtSi Semdegi kompromisi iqna miRweuli: Tu wevri saxelmwifo sakuTar teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli agresiis msxverpli xdeba, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian gauwion mas daxmareba da mxardaWera maTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis Sesabamisad. amiT ziani ar unda miadges garkveul saxelmwifoTa usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis specifikur Tvisebas.34 natos farglebSi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis valdebulebis ganxorcielebasTan dasakavSireblad damatebuli iqna mesame winadadeba: am sferoSi aRebuli valdebulebebi da TanamSromloba natos winaSe aRebul valdebulebebs unda Seesabamebodnen, romelic, natos wevri qveynebisaTvis, maTi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis safuZvlad da misi ganxorcielebis forumad rCeba. ‘neitralurma’ Tu ‘aramokavSire’ wevrebma sabolood es debulebebi miiRes im pirobiT, rom, maTi ganmartebiT, gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqneboda samxedro kavSirTan mierTeba. amgvarad, cota paradoqsulad JRers, rom isini daexmarebian Tavdasxmis obieqt partniors, oRond calke da ara sxvebTan erTad. sabednierod, romelime wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg raime dauyovnebeli agresiis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs da maT dro eqnebaT axali valdebuleba gamoiyenon. meore, kavSiris farglebSi Ria iyo mudmivi struqturuli TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba im wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris ‘romelTa samxedro simZlavreebi maRal kriteriums akmayofilebdnen da romlebsac meti oficialuri valdebulebebi hqondaT erTurTis mimarT am sferoSi, yvelaze ufro moTxovnil misiaTa TvalsazrisiT’ (muxli I-41,6). TanamSromlobis formebi SemdgomSi oqmiT ganisazRvra, romelic 2004 wlis 18 ivniss mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciam daamtkica. sruli teqsti winamdebare miznobrivi dokumentis me-3 danarTSia mocemuli. mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciam cxadyo, rom CFSP-is meSveobiT naTeli gaxda is faqti, rom misiis asamoqmedeblad gadawyvetilebis misaRebad erTsulovneba iqneboda saWiro. igive Seexeboda CFSP-is farglebSi ufro mWidro TanamSromlobas. mesame, man wamoayena evropis SeiaraRebis, kvlevis da samxedro SesaZleblobaTa saagentos Camoyalibebis winadadeba, romelsac mogvianebiT evropis Tavdacvis saagento daerqmevoda. igi yvela wevri saxelmwifosTvis Ria iqneboda. misi mandatis proeqti ucvlelad Sevida konstituciis III-311 muxlSi: Seaqvs wevr saxlmwifoTa samxedro SesaZleblobis amocanebis iden· wvlili tificirebasa da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier SesaZleblobebis sferoSi val- e.w. neapolis paketi warmoadgines dokumentSi CIG 60/03, evrosabWos 2003 wlis 12-13 dekembris sxdomaze. 34 150 debulebaTa dacvis SefasebaSi; uwyobs operatiul moTxovnilebaTa harmonizacias da Sesyidvebis efeq· xels turi da Tavsebadi meTodebis SemuSavebas; samxedro xasiaTis proeqtebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen samxedro · Semoaqvs SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis Sesrulebas, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier ganxorcielebuli programebis koordinirebas da konkretuli TanamSromlobis programebis menejments; mxardamWeri teqnologiis kvleva, da erToblivi kvlevebis dagegmva · Tavdacvis da teqnikuri gadawyvetebis Seswavla, romlebic momaval operatiul moTxovnebs daakmayofileben; seqtoris industriuli da teqnoligiuri bazis ganmtkicebaSi · Tavdacvis wvlilis Setana, xolo, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri sasargeblo RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba da samxedro danaxarjebis efeqturobis gaumjobesebaSi monawileoba. teqnikis sferoSi manamde arsebul organizaciebTan SedarebiT am mandatis Rirseba is gaxldaT, rom igi moicavs moTxovnebs da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs evropis simZlavreTa samoqmedo gegmas (ECAP), Tavdacvis teqnologiur da industriul bazas, kvlevebsa da teqnologiebs, Sesyidvebsa da Sefasebas. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba moTxovnebis uswrafesad ganxilva. warsulSi, xSirad, TanamSromlobis proeqtebi mxolod maSin SemuSavdeboda, rodesac saxelmwifo amas mtkiced moiTxovda, rac konfliqtSi CarTul saxelmwifoTa moTxovnebis erTiani gadawyvetis moZebnis amocanas Zalze rTuls xdida. cxadia, rom Tavdacvis Sesyidvebi mxolod SeiaraRebis direqtorTa gadasawyveti sakiTxi ukve aRar iyo, aramed igi ukve ufro masStabur konteqstSi ganixileboda. esec gaxda mizezi axali saxelwodebis SemoRebisaTvis: evropis Tavdacvis saagento. am samuSaos Sesruleba sakmaod problematuri iqneba, vinaidan aseT integrirebul midgomas yvela saxelmwifos Tavdacvis ministri ver Seegueba. amgvarad, erovnul sqemebSi Cven cvlilebebs unda movelodeT, riTac gansakuTrebiT dainteresdebian parlamentarebi. albaT ufro logikuri iqneboda Sefasebis debuleba dasawyisis nacvlad mandatis bolos CaerToT, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi sruliad naTelia, rom saagentos funqciebi sakmaod scildeba Sesyidvebis farglebs. misi statusi, Semadgenloba da saqmianobis wesebi sabWos mier iqneba gansazRvruli, romelic kvalificiuri umravlesobis wesiT imoqmedebs. muxlSi garkveulad mkacrad aris damatebuli, rom am gadawyvetilebam ‘unda gaiTvaliswinos saagentos RonisZiebebSi efeqturi monawileobis done’. Semdgomi debulebebi iTvaliswinebdnen, rom saagentos SigniT unda Seiqmnas konkretuli jgufebi, sadac erTobliv proeqtebSi Cabmuli wevri saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandebian, da rom saagentom, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, misi amocanebi komisiasTan unda ganaxorcielos mWidro kontaqtSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, evropulma yrilobam proeqtSi win wamoswia SeiraRebis 151 saagentos adreuli ganxorcielebis sakiTxi. Seiqmna mosamzadebeli komiteti, romelsac saTaveSi britaneTis Tavdacvis ministris yofili moadgile, batoni uitni Caudga, romelmac Zalze swrafad imuSava. 2004 wlis 14 ivniss sabWom miiRo ‘erToblivi moqmedeba’, romelic evropis Tavdacvis saagentos (EDA) afuZnebda. Zalze male dainiSna misi aRmasrulebeli xelmZRvaneli da moadgile, ase rom TanamSromelTa mcirericxovan koleqtivs muSaobis dawyeba seqtemberSi SeeZlo. am oris garda dainiSna xuTi direqtori, romlebic LoI-is sxva wevr qveynebsa da belgias warmoadgendnen. 2004 wlis bolomde SesaZlebeli iqneboda 20-30 TanamSromlis daqiraveba. 2004 wlis biujeti 2 milion evros Seadgenda, 2005 wels _ 24 milion evros, rac faravda xelfasebis, dafuZnebisa da simZlavreTa xarvezebis pirveli kvlevebisaTvis saWiro xarjebs. grZelvadiani gadawyvetilebebi ministrTa sabWos erTxmad unda mieRo, magram wliuri programa ganisazRvreboda aRmasrulebeli sabWos mier, kvalificiuri umravlesobis kenWisyris meTodiT, sadac yvela monawile qveyana aris warmodgenili. maT ar SeuerTda dania. evropis Tavdacvis saagentosTan dakavSirebul molaparakebebze Seiqna azrTa mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba mis statusTan dakavSirebiT. maSin roca gaerTianebuli samefo sruliad damoukidebeli saagentos Seqmnas uWerda mxars, germanias da safrangeTs surdaT masze politikuri kontroli sabWos da politikur da usafrTxoebis komitets ganexorcielebinaT. naTeli ar iyo, Tu ramdenad iyvnen isini mzad valdebulebebis asaRebad. niderlandebi moiTxovda, rom samwliani biujeti erTxmad daemtkicebinaT. erT-erTi sakiTxi norvegiasa da TurqeTTan urTierToba gaxldaT, romlebic dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis jgufis (WEAG) Tanaswori partniorebi iyvnen. 14 ivniss, irlandiis TavmjdomareobiT, oqmSi Caiwera, rom axali sqema 30 seqtembrisaTvis unda dasrulebuliyo. es vada ver Sesrulda, magram amis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis 22 noembers Tavdacvis ministrma gadawyvita, rom WEAG unda daSliliyo, xolo TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi evropis Tavdacvis saagentosTvis 2005 wlis Sua periodamde unda gadaecaT. EDA ver iqneba evropuli DARPA. SeerTebuli Statebis mier mowinave kvleviTi proeqtebisaken svlis gza kvlav bevrad aRemateba evropis saSualebebs. miuxedavad amisa, komisiis kvleviT saqmianobasTan samoqalaqo sferoSi mniSvnelovani kavSiri damyarda misi xuTwliani programebis meSveobiT. OCCAR kvlav arsebobs da Tavis momsaxurebas sTavazobs. igive exeba ganzraxvaTa werilis jgufs, magram aq naklebad aris CarTuli instituciuri momentebi, vinaidan LoI CarCo xelSekrulebaa, romelsac aRmasrulebeli organo ara aqvs. es yvelaferi sakmarisi iqneba evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis bazris (EDEM) Sesaqmnelad? albaT _ ara. kvlav ZalaSia 296-e muxli (yofili 223-e), romelsac Tavdacvis Sesyidvebi Tavisufali Sida bazris gareT gaaqvs. safuZvlian arguments warmoadgens is, rom TavianTi Tavdacvis bazris liberalizacia arc mesame qveynebs ganuxorcielebiaT, ase rom muxli kvlav unda SenarCundes, sul cota savaWro kozirad mainc. Tumca es ar aris sababi imisTvis, rom kavSiris wevrebs Soris konkurencia SeizRudos. jer kidev damoukidebeli evropuli saprogramo jgufis (iEPG) moRvaweobis dros, vredelingma, brZenma kacma, amas mxari dauWira Tavis moxsenebaSi, romlis saTauric iyo ‘ufro Zlieri evropisaken’. 152 4.4. evrokomisiis roli evrokomisia ganuwyvetliv cdilobs Tavdacvis saqoneli saerTo bazris orbitaze Semoiyvanos (da gazardos importis gadasaxadi mesame qveynebidan Semotanil produqciaze), magram mas winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen Tavdacvis Zlieri sawarmoebis mqone qveynebi. man garkveul warmatebas miaRwia ‘ormagi moxmarebis’ saqonlis sferoSi, romelic rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedro seqtorSi gamoiyeneba. 1994 wlis 19 dekembers evrokavSirma mesame qveynebSi ormagi moxmarebis saqonlis eqsportze erTiani kontrolis reJimi SemoiRo, romelic Tanamegobrobisa da CFSP-is simbiozia.35 2000 wlis ivlisSi es sistema kontrolis axali reJimiT Seicvala, romelic mxolod 133-e muxls efuZneboda da evrokomisiis kompetenciaSi Sehyavda rogorc principebi, aseve CamonaTvali da mas iniciativis eqskluziur uflebas aniWebda. sabWos yvela gadawyvetileba kvalificiuri umravlesobiTaa miRebuli, nacvlad adre gamoyenebuli erTxmad gadawyvetilebis miRebis principisa, Tumca rogorc burkard Smitma daaskvna, vinaidan kontrols daqvemdebarebuli saqonlis CamonaTvali aris saerTaSoriso gauvrceleblobis reJimebis (rogoricaa, vasenaaris xelSekruleba, saraketo teqnologiis kontrolis reJimi da atomuri SeiaraRebis mimwodebelTa jgufi) CamonaTvalTa kompilacia, sadac komisia warmodgenili ar aris, wevr saxelmwifoebs dominanturi pozicia aqvT SenarCunebuli.36 garda amisa, efeqturi ganxorcieleba mxolod maSinaa mosalodneli, rodesac saxelmwifo adekvatur kontrols axorcielebs, xolo mrewvelobis sferoSi TanamSromlobaa ganviTarebuli.37 evropis saxelmwifoebs industriasTan araformaluri kontaqtebi aqvT, magram mxolod SvedeTi iyenebs instituciur models SvedeTis eqsportis kontrolis sazogadoebaSi, romelic kompaniebs informacias awvdis SvedeTis, evrokavSirisa da SeerTebuli Statebis strategiebSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sesaxeb da koordinirebas uwevs maT mier gamoxatuli Sexedulebebis mTavrobamde mitanas. 1991 wlidan SeerTebul StatebSi funqciobs biznesis aRmasrulebeli jgufi, romelsac saimedo eleqtronuli qseli aqvs 3000 individualur pirTan da ormagi gamoyenebis saqonlis eqsportior firmebTan da eqsportis ganviTarebis ofisi SeerTebuli Statebis komerciul departamentSi.38 sabWos regulacia (EC) 3381/94 da sabWos gadawyvetileba 94/942/CFSP, romelic evropis Tanamegobrobis oficialur JurnalSi gamoqveynda 1994 wlis 31 dekembers, gv. 1-7 da 8-163. am orive dokumentze dayrdnobiT reJimi warmoadgens urTierTgadamkveTi RerZuli sqemis magaliTs. regulaciaSi mocemuli kontrolis procedurebi da meqanizmebi Tanamegobrobis kanonis nawili gaxda; gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna J.3 (amJamad muxli 14) muxlis safuZvelze, rogorc CFSP-is erToblivi moqmedeba da masSi CamoTvlilia nebadarTuli mimarTulebebi da kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sagnebi. 36 ‘eqsportis saerTo evropuli politika da ormagi moxmarebis sagnebi?’ dasavleT evropis kavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis institutis miznobrivi dokumenti 25, 2001 wlis maisi, gv. 8-9. ix. agreTve Salotis dokumenti #63, gv. 31. sabWos regulacia (EC) 1334/2000, 2000 wlis 30 ivnisi, romelic xuTjer Sesworda. misi saboloo SeTanxmebuli variantia Regulation 149/ 35 2003, Official Journal L 30/2003. 37 ix. ‘ biznesi da usafrTxoeba, saxelmwifo _kerZo urTierTobebi usafrTxoebis axal garemoSi’, redaqtori alison bailesi da izabel fromelti. SIPRI and Oxford University Press, 2004, Tavi 6 ‘strategiuli eqsportis kontroli da kerZo seqtori’, gv. 76-83. 38 iqve, gv. 16, SeniSvna 62. 153 evrokavSiris axali reJimi iaraRis eqsportis sferoSi ufro adre periodis qcevis kodeqsis gaumjobesebuli variantia, romelic sabWom 1998 wlis 8 ivniss CFSPis farglebSi deklaraciis saxiT miiRo. es kodeqsi sabWos iaraRis eqsportis samuSao jgufma (COARM) SeimuSava da masSi eqsportis rva kriteriumi Sevida: wevri qveynebis saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa pativiscema, · evrokavSiris gansakuTrebiT gaeros, evrokomisiisa da gauvrceleblobis xelSekrulebebis mier dadgenili sanqciebis; · bolo daniSnulebis qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema; · bolo daniSnulebis qveynis Sida mdgomareoba; · regionuli mSvidobis, usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba; saxelmwifoebis, agreTve megobari da mokavSire qveynebis erovnuli · wevri usafrTxoeba; qveynis damokidebuleba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisadmi, · myidveli kerZod misi damokidebuleba terorizmisadmi, misi mokavSireebis buneba da mis mier saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema; arseboba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom teqnika SesaZloa aradaniSnule· riskis bisamebr iqnes gamoyenebuli myidvel qveyanaSi an moxdes misi reeqsporti arasasurveli pirobebiT; eqsportis Sesabamisoba mimRebi qveynis teqnikur da ekonomikur · iaraRis SesaZleblobebTan. 39 2000 wlis ivlisis reJimis safuZvelze Seiqmna sakonsultacio meqanizmi, romlis mizani iyo ganexila problema or wevr saxelmwifos Soris, rodesac erTi fasebs agdebda imis gamo, rom meorem uari uTxra eqsportis licenziis gacemaze. wevrma saxelmwifoebma erTmaneTs unda Seatyobinon eqsportis licenziaze uaris Sesaxeb, konsultaciebi unda gamarTon Tu maT fasebis dagdeba aqvT ganzraxuli da unda axsnan aseT qmedebaTa mizezebi. Tanamegobrobis doneze regularulad ikribeba sakoordinacio jgufi, romelSic Sedian licenzirebis specialistebi da sabaJos oficrebi, xolo mas komisia Tavmjdomareobs. jgufi debulebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis sakiTxebs ixilavs da saerTo ganmartebebs adgens. es advili amocana ar aris, radgan saxelmZRvanelo principebi bundovania, rac Smits safuZvels aZlevs daaskvnas, rom reJimi odnav metia, vidre sxvadasxva saxelmwifo strategiebis saerTo sqema. wevri saxelmwifoebi aRiareben erTmaneTis eqsportis licenziebs, magram yovelTvis ar eTanxmebian maT. sanaxavia, SeZlebs Tu vera sakonsultacio meqanizmi erTiani saeqsporto politikis arqonis jerovan kom- 39 SemuSavebulia evrosabWos mier luqsemburgSi (1991 wlis 29 ivnisi) da lisabonSi (1992 wlis 26-27 ivlisi). 154 pensacias. faqtia, rom es sakiTxi kvlav mniSvnelovan adgils daikavebs saparlamento dRis wesrigSi.40 sabaJo mosakreblebTan dakavSirebiT komisiam warmatebas ver miaRwia. 2003 wlis ianvarSi sabWom miiRo debuleba, ris safuZvelzedac SeCerebul iqna importis gadasaxadi iaraRis garkveul raodenobasa da samxedro teqnikaze.41 pozitiur nabijs warmoadgenda komisiis iniciativa evropis ‘Tavdacvis standartizaciis saxelmZRvanelos’ SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT. am wamowyebaSi mas daxmarebas uwevda standartizaciis evropuli komiteti (romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula komisiis ‘1992 wlis’ programis Semdgom periodSi Sida bazris barierebis aRmofxvraSi), xolo monawileobdnen Tavdacvis ministrebi da mrewvelebi. samuSao variantSi, sadac standartebze iyo saubari, ZiriTadad mxars uWerdnen Sesyidvis kontraqtebs, xolo standartebis optimaluri SerCevis saxelmZRvanelo principebi 2004 wlis bolosTvis unda yofiliyo mzad. komisias SeuZlia gavlena iqonios kvlevebisa da teqnologiis sferoze. misma CarCo programebma, romlebic oTxwlian vadas moicaven, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli teqnologiur ganviTarebas. 1984 wlidan moyolebuli isini ukve meeqvse vadas iTvlian, romelic mTeli Tanamegobrobis monawileobas uzrunvelyofs. maTTvis gamoyofilma saxsrebma 17.5 miliardi evro Seadgina, rac kavSiris mier sazogadoebrivi (arasamxedro) kvlevebisaTvis gamoyofili xarjebis 5.4 procents Seadgens. Svidi Tematuri prioritetuli sferodan erTi aeronavtikasa da kosmoss moicavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom CarCo programebiT mxolod samoqalaqo proeqtebi finansdeba, isini maTi saqmianobis samxedro mxaresac uwyoben xels. nebismier SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis dafinanseba industrias daexmareba konkurentunarianoba SeinarCunos im periodisaTvis, roca samxedro teqnikaze moTxovna Semcirdeba. ufro metic, TandaTanobiT xdeba CarCo programebSi ormagi gamoyenebis teqnologiebis CarTva, rogoricaa, garemosa da usafrTxoebaze globaluri monitoringi, daculi komunikaciebi da axali teqnologiebis qselebis usafrTxoeba. axlaxan evrokavSirma dasaSvebad CaTvala kavSirebi samxedro da samoqalaqo kvlevebs Soris. evropis sabWos Tavmjdomaris 2003 wlis 20/21 martis daskvnebSi erTmniSvnelovnadaa aRiarebuli ‘is roli, romlis Sesrulebac SeuZlia Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis sferoSi warmoebul kvlevebsa da ganviTarebas mowinave teqnologiebis winsvlaSi, rac Tavis mxriv stimuls miscems inovaciebsa da konkurentunarianobas’. sabWos sTxoves ‘gaeanalizebina Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis mdgomareoba kavSiris mier kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis saerTo saqmianobis fonze, amasTan erTad unda ganexila Tavdacvis simZlavreTa ganviTarebis da SIPRI Policy Paper No. 8, 2004 wlis noemberi, dawerilia sibile baueris da mark bromleis mier. qvesaTauria _ ‘wliuri moxsenebis gaumjobeseba’. man rekomendacia gauwia moxsenebis erTiani sistemis Seqmnas da eqsportis licenziebis Tavsebadobas, magram, amasTan erTad, mizanSewonilad miiCnia mwarmoebelTa mier miwodebuli monacemebis gamoyeneba. gaanalizebulia evrokavSiris 18 qveynis praqtika. 41 sabWos regulacia (EC) 150/2003, dafuZnebulia Tanamegobrobis xelSekrulebis 26-e muxlze, oficialuri Jurnali L 25, 2003 wlis 20 ianvari. 40 155 Sesyidvebis mTavrobaTaSoris saagentos Seqmnis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi’.42 ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, Tesalonikis Sexvedraze, sabWom gadawyvita amgvari saagentos SeqmnisaTvis muSaoba gaegrZelebina. inovaciaTa ganmtkicebis sakiTxebze ‘lisabonis dRis wesrigis’ da konkurentunarianobis mimarT mzardi yuradReba am ganviTarebas xels Seuwyobs, Tumca axal wamowyebaSi aqcentis mTavrobaTaSoris xasiaTze gadatanis gamo zogierTi ukmayofilo darCeba. amavdroulad evropuli komisia evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevis programas (ESRP) amzadebs 2007 wlis Semdgomi periodisaTvis. misi vadis dasrulebisas prodis komisiam Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb mwvane dokumenti gamoaqveyna. misi mizani iyo diskusiis dawyeba evrokavSiris iniciativebze, romlebic Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis bazris regulirebas Seuwyobdnen xels. moqmedebda ra ‘personaliebis jgufis’ rCeviT, man evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevis mrCevelTa sabWos Seqmnis da evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevis programis dawyebis Sesaxeb gamoacxada. konsultaciebis sawyisi etapidan moyolebuli, romelic 2004 wlis 23 seqtembers daiwyo, komisias mravali SekiTxva gauCnda. dokumenti oTxi Tvis Semdeg gamoqveynda.43 masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom evropuli bazari aucilebeli iyo evropis industriis konkurentunarianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis, xolo arsebuli mdgomareoba bazris wminda nacionalur doneze fragmentaciiT, sxva saxis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisagan ganmasxvavebeli specifikuri niSnebiT da rTuli samarTlebrivi sistemiT xasiaTdeboda. evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis (TEU) 296-e muxli (adre 223-e muxli) acxadebs: wevri saxelmwifo valdebuli ar aris uzrunvelyos informacia, romlis gamJRavnebac misi azriT sakuTari usafrTxoebis ZiriTad interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; nebismier wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia miiRos iseTi RonisZiebebi, romelsac igi mizanSewonilad Tvlis sakuTari usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi interesebis dasacavad, romelic dakavSirebulia iaraRis, tyvia-wamlis da sabrZolo masalebis warmoebasTan an vaWrobasTan; am RonisZiebebiT ziani ar unda miadges saerTo bazarze konkurenciis pirobebs iseTi saxis produqciis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic uSualod samxedro miznebisaTvis ar aris gamiznuli. es formulireba evropis Tanamegobrobis sawyisi etapidan modis da mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi 223-e muxlSi iyo CarTuli. 1958 wels sabWom SeimuSava produqciis CamonaTvali, romelsac am muxlis debulebebi Seexeboda. es is CamonaTvalia, romelic dReisaTvis aSkarad moZvelda. mwvane dokumentSi komisia acxadebda, rom Tanamegobrobis wesebi principSi Tavdacvis seqtorsac exeboda, magram wevr saxelmwifoebs maTgan gadaxveva SeeZloT xelSekrulebaSi dadgenili garemoebis dros. aseTi gadaxveva zogad, avtomatur gamoricxvas ar warmoadgenda, aramed unda momxdariyo TiToeul SemTxvevaSi misi dasabuTeba, sadac mtkicebulebis tvirTi wevr saxelmwifoze modioda. miuxedavad amisa, evrokavSiris oficialur JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli tenderebis mcire raodenoba uCvenebs, rom mraval qveyanas gadaxveva avtomatur procesad miaCnda. 42 citata aRebulia burkard Smitis Salotis dokumentidan #63, gv. 35. 43 COM(2004)608 final and MEMO/04/222 of 23.09.2004. 156 komisia frTxilad miiwevda win. iTvaliswinebda ra urTierTdamatebis princips, igi SeiaraRebis politikis samuSao jgufis (POLARM), dasavleT evropis SeiaraRebis jgufis (WEAG) da saagentos damfuZnebeli jgufis mier Sesrulebul samuSaoze miuTiTebda. igi agreTve aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli iyo saTanado sawarmoo da teqnologiur simZlavreebze xelmisawvdomoba sistemis (grZelvadiani) sasicocxlo ciklis ganmavlobaSi, da agreTve mdgradi da sando urTierTobebis SenarCuneba mimwodebelTan. imis gamo, rom produqciis moculoba SezRudulia, xolo komerciuli kraxis riski didi, ‘saxelmwifo mxardaWera aucilebelia’. mwvane dokumentis mTavari Rirseba gaxldaT mis mier debatebis dawyebis mcdeloba da saTanado kiTxvebis momzadeba, romlebsac konsultaciis procesSi gaecemoda pasuxi: rom sasargeblo/saWiro/sakmarisi iqneba samarTlebrivi sistemis · migaCniaT, ganmarteba im saxiT, rogoradac igi aris warmodgenili? raime sxva aspeqtebi Tanamegobrobis mocemul sistemaSi, romelsac gan· aris marteba esaWiroeba? direqtivaTa wesebi gamosadegia/araa gamosadegi Tavdacvis kon· arsebul traqtebis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebisaTvis? raime specifikuri direqtiva sasargeblo/saWiro instrumenti · iqneboda evropuli Tavdacvis teqnikis bazris Sesaqmnelad da evropuli Tavdacvis industriuli da teqnologiuri bazis gansamtkiceblad? mosazreba gaqvT SesaZlo direqtivis sxva organoebis mier ganxorcielebul · ra SesyidvebSi gamoyenebasTan mimarTebiT, magaliTad, evropis Tavdacvis saagentos mier? TvliT Tu ara, rom SeTanxmebuli procedura winaswari gamo· procedurebi: qveynebiT miesadageba Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis specifikur moTxovnebs? ra garemoebaTa dros SeiZleba iyos nebadarTuli SeTanxmebuli proceduris gamoyeneba gamoqveynebis gareSe? gamoyenebis sferos gansazRvrisaTvis ra iqneba yvelaze xelsay· farglebi: reli gza? zogadi gansazRvra? Tu asea, rogori? gansazRvris da CamonaTvalis kombinacia? migaCniaT rom sasargeblo/saWiro iqneba produqciis kategoriis · gamoricxva: gansazRvra, romelic absoluturad iqneba gamoricxuli direqtividan? migaCniaT rom publikaciis centralizebuli sistema kargi iqneba, · publikacia: da Tu asea, rogor unda funqciobdes igi? kriteriumi: Tqveni azriT, arsebul direqtivebSi gaTvaliswinebu· SerCevis lis garda kidev ra kriteriumi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, raTa mxedvelobidan ar gamogvrCes Tavdacvis seqtoris specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi? konfidencialoba, miwodebis usafrTxoeba da a.S.? da rogor unda ganisazRvros igi? 157 · rogor unda warmoebdes kompensaciis (CaTvlebis) praqtika? am dokumentze muSaobisas kiTxvebze pasuxi jer cnobili ar iyo, magram industrias Tavdacvis axali saagentosagan didi molodinebi hqonda. EDIG, rogorc evropuli frontis ZiriTadi lobisti, ukve aRar arsebobda, magram iseTi didi koncernebis _ EADS, BAE systems da Thales _ strategiul sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli vice-prezidentebi, regularulad ikribebian da pirdapir an presis meSveobiT mimarTaven TavianT mTavrobebs. imavdroulad, komisiam Riad ganacxada usafrTxoebis kvlevebis mosamzadebeli RonisZiebis (PASR) Sesaxeb, romelic 2004-2006 wlebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. misi mizani iyo: evropis usafrTxoebis kulturis ganviTareba, romelsac xels Seuwyobda mdgradi industria; samoqalaqo da samxedro kvlevebisa da saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs Soris erToblivi saqmianobis ganviTareba; da teqnologiebSi investiciebis stimulireba, romlebic daakmayofileben amocanas, rom erTiani erovnuli produqtis 3% kvlevebze daixarjos. proeqtis prioritetebs warmoadgenda: informirebulobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, qseluri sistemebis dacva, terorizmisa da bioterorizmisagan dacva, da informaciisa da komunikaciis integrirebuli sistemebis urTierTqmedeba. pirveli kontraqtisaTvis xeli 2004 wlis dasasrulamde unda moeweraT. 3-wliani biujeti 65 milioni evro iqneboda.44 kargi axali ambavia, magram mTavaria am sakiTxebSi kompetenciebTan dakavSirebiT axali dapirispireba iqnes Tavidan acilebuli. 4.5. erovnuli regulireba evropaSi Tavdacvis biujetebi mudmivi wnexis qveS arian. miuxedavad imisa, rom ‘mSvidobis dividendebis’ gamo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi atexili xmauri Sewyda, xarjebis gazrda mxolod ramdenime qveyanam moaxerxa. imavdroulad, movlenaTa axalma ganviTarebam, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis ‘samxedro saqmeTa revoluciis’ tempSi mimdinareobda, evropelebs sunTqva Seukra. es axali koncefciebi da teqnologiebi ra farglebSi Seexeba iseT operaciebs, romlebSic evropa SeiZleba iyos CarTuli? garda amisa, erayis omis STambeWdavi pirveli etapis Semdeg saxmeleTo mobiluri msubuqi transportis sainformacio teqnologiis saimedobas msxverplis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani xarvezebi aRmoaCnda.45 miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, procesi Seuqcevadia. me-3 danarTSi Tavmoyrilia natos qveynebis xarjebi 2003 wlisTvis. suraTi ar aris imedismomcemi. evropa natoSi saerTo erovnuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 2%-s xarjavs, magram es maCvenebeli saberZneTisa da TurqeTis maRali procentulobiTaa gaberili, romelic Sesabamisad 4.2 da 4.8 procents xarjavs. saSualo dones aRemateba safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, CexeTis respublika da portugalia (romelic praqtikulad amas mTlianad personalze xarjavs da bolo- 44 dasavleT evropis kavSiris asambleis dokumenti A/1885, gv. 13. jozef n. maiti da riCard l. kugleri ‘alternatiuli midgomebi armiis transformirebisaTvis’, Defense Horizons 41, 2004 wlis ivlisi, gamoqveynebulia NDU-is teqnologiuri da erovnuli usafrTxoebis centris mier. 45 158 dan meore adgilzea, belgiis win, teqnikaze gaweuli danaxarjebiT). norvegia da poloneTi saSualo doneze arian da ToTxmeti wevridan maT Semdeg 9 qveyana modis. SeerTebuli Statebi saerTo erovnuli Semosavlis 3.5% xarjavs, sadac teqnikas 27.6 procentiani kvota aqvs. 20 procentiani investiciis done dasaSvebad iTvleba, magram mxolod TurqeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, norvegia, CexeTis respublika da safrangeTi xarjavs teqnikaze procentulad ufro met raodenobas. SeerTebuli Statebis investiciebis kvotas mxolod TurqeTi aRemateba. germaniaSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 14 procentia da mas bolodan meSvide adgili ukavia. gaerTianebulma samefom pirvelma wamoiwyo konceptualuri Tavdacvis gadasinjva, raTa civi omis Semdgomi periodis gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebisaTvis misi Zalebis restruqturizacia moexdina da 2004 wlidan sami wlis manZilze biujeti 1.4%-iT gaezarda, riTac 2007 wlisaTvis danaxarjebi 33.4 miliard funt sterlins miaRwevs. am siaxles Tan sdevda Semadgenlobis seriozuli Semcireba, raTa daefinansebinaT axali teqnologiebi da gardaqmnebi.46 Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivanma, jeof hunma ganmarta, rom mTavrobas surda garkveuli platformebidan axal aqcentebze gadasuliyo, sadac meti yuradReba efeqturobasa da Sedegebs, axal teqnologiebsa da qseluri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas mieqceoda. samefo floti ver SeinarCunebda 3 Zvel saeskadro naRmmzids da 3 Tanamedrove fregats, 6 gamnaRmvel da 3 atomur wyalqveSa navs. samefo sahaero Zalebi daxuravda sahaero bazas da dakargavda erT Tornado F3 tipis moieriSe eskadrons, sam Jaguar-is tipis Semtev eskadrons, sazRvao TvalTvalis xuT Nimrod MR2 tipis TviTmfrinavs, xolo mis Semcvlel nimrod MR A4-ze SekveTa 18-dan 12-mde Semcirdeboda. britaneTis jari ver SeinarCunebda 4 qveiT sabrZolo batalions (40-dan) da Svid Challenger-is sabrZolo satanko esakadrilias, agreTve 24 (28-dan) Rapier-is tipis haersawinaaRmdego raketebis gamSveb danadgarebs, 72 (156dan) sahaero Tavdacvis maRali siswrafis saraketo sacecxle danayofs da ramdenime 155 mm-iani haubicebis TviTmaval batareas. es Semcirebebi Seexeba samive saxeobis jarebs, Sesabamisad 1500, 5700 da 6500, xolo yvelaze metad samefo sahaero Zalebi dazaraldeba. mTlianobaSi 300 000 samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobidan, romelic moicavs yvela samxedro Stosa da TviT Tavdacvis saministros, 25 000 gauqmdeba. zogierTi Semcireba arc ise dramatulia, rogorc Cans, radgan maT Tanamedrove saSualebebi Caanacvleben, rogoricaa, Eurofighter (romelic aRWurvilia Storm Shadow-is tipis frTosani raketebiT, romelic MBDA-is mieraa agebuli gaerTianebuli samefosa da safrangeTisaTvis), axali javSantransportiori, saartilerio danadgarebi da Apache-s tipis Sveulmfrenebi. mTlianobaSi amas azri aqvs iseT garemoSi, sadac sahaero safrTxe Semcirebulia, wyalqveSa navebis winaaRmdeg brZola ukve prioritets aRar warmoadgens, xolo satanko brZolebi warsuls Cabarda. 46 ekonomisti, 2004 wlis 24 ivlisi, gv. 32 da Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 26 ivlisi, gv. 1 da 8. ix. agreTve andriu jeimsi, ‘The defense industry and transformation: a European perspective’. Tavi 8, gamocemaSi ‘Transatlantic Transformations: Equipping NATO for the 21st century’, op. cit. 2004. 159 personalis Semcireba CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis fonze sarisko Cans, radgan amJamad jari seriozul sivrcesaa modebuli. erayis omSi britaneTis jaris naxevari iyo Cabmuli, romelmac gagrZelebul operaciaSi mdgradoba ver uCvena. gaerTianebulma samefom agreTve naTeli gaxada, rom SeiaraRebuli Zalebis masiuri transformaciis TvalsazrisiT igi ver SeZlebda midevneboda amerikul xedvas da amis nacvlad TandaTanobiTi zrdis gziT unda evlo. danaxarjebis didi wili midioda mimdinare programebis modernizaciaze, romelic adreuli usafrTxoebis garemoebebis dros daiwyo, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Eurofighter. msgavsi situaciaa evropis sxva qveynebSic. nebismieri Semcirebisas dgeba dramatuli SekiTxva _ ‘ra rCeba’ da jer kidev ra SegviZlia amas movuxerxoT? sami mZime, sami meqanizebuli da erTi msubuqi brigadis nacvlad armiaSi iqneba ori mZime javSanbrigada, sami saSualo simZimis brigada da erTi msubuqi brigada, amas emateba arsebuli sahaero Tavdasxmisa da samefo sazRvao brigadebi, romlebic mTlianobaSi ufro miesadagebian moqnili da swrafi xasiaTis operaciebs, rac gaTvaliswinebulia samomavlod. Sesyidvebis sferoSi gaformdeba zogi axali SekveTa, xolo zogi arsebuli gegmis modificireba moxdeba. ori axali satvirTo TviTmfrinavi, romelsac 60000 tonis gadatana SeeZleba, momsaxurebaSi Seva 2012 da 2015 ww. tipi-45 sahaero gamanadgureblis raodenoba Tormetidan rvamde Semcirdeba, rac safuZvels daudebs debatebs, Tu ramdenad gonivrulia erTfunqciuri xomaldis Seqmna. vinaidan bolo periodis konfliqtebSi sahaero saSiSroeba umniSvnelo iyo, SesaZlebelia ifiqron ufro moqnil da mravalfunqciur xomaldebze, magaliTad, tipi-45 xomaldebi aRiWurvon balistikuri saraketo Tavdacvis da saxmeleTo Setevis SesaZleblobebiT. amis magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges niderlandebis oTxi samxedro fregati, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobis SesaZleblobebi da frTosani raketebis gadatanis potenciali aqvT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebulma samefom industrias momavali TxuTmeti wlisaTvis mSeneblobis sakmao moculobis paketi SesTavaza, rac maT saSualebas miscems molaparakebebi daiwyon restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb.47 germanias aqvs rogorc politikuri, ise finansuri problemebi. politikuri kuTxiT man 1995 wlamde ver gadawyvita SeeZlo Tu ara Tavisi jariskacebis gagzavna natos farglebs gareT da amisTvis karlsrueSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba dasWirda. dResac ki bundestagi didi sifrTxiliT udgeba samSvidobo misiebis mxardaWeras da amisTvis gaeros mandats moiTxovs. amis Sedegad germaniam SeiaraRebuli Zalebis restruqturizacia gvian daiwyo. finansuri kuTxiT germaniam mkveTrad dasca Tavdacvaze gamoyofili saerTo erovnuli Semosavlis procentuli maCvenebeli. Tavisi 1.4%-iT germania dRes natos qveynebis bolo rigebSia da mravalwlian programebSi mis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba uWirs. 2002 wlis 5 dekembers, Tavdacvis ministrma, piter strukma, ganmarteba misca Semcirebebze, romelTa gakeTebac mas moux- 47 Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 18 oqtomberi, ‘U.K. Seeks Industry Change for Ship Plan’. 160 da.48 evropuli A400M satvirTo TviTmfrinavebis raodenoba 73-dan 60-mde Semcirdeba; meteoris tipis haeri-haeri raketebis raodenoba, romlebsac pirdapiri xedvis didi diapazoni aqvT, 1488-dan 600-mde Semcirdeba, xolo haerihaeri IRIR-T tipis raketis raodenoba, romelic Eurofighter-is Sidewinder-s da Tornado-s Caanacvlebs, 1812-dan 1250-mde Semcirdeba. SenarCunebuli iqneba valdebuleba 180 Eurofighter-is Sesyidvaze miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi raodenobis aucilebloba aRar arsebobs. amis SecvliT TanamSromlobis programa daingreva da igi katastroful gavlenas iqoniebs masSi monawile sawarmoebze. Semcirdeba Tiger-is tipis damxmare da NH-90 Sveulmfrenebis raodenoba. pozitiuri iyo gancxadeba C-160 Transall tipis aviamzidebis eleqtronuli dacvis, NH-90 Sveulmfrenis sabrZolo saZiebo da samaSvelo versiis ganviTarebis da fexosanTa axali javSantransportis SeZenis Sesaxeb. am ukanasknelma 30 wlis winandeli Marder-is modeli unda Secvalos. evropis TanamSromlobis programis meSveobiT The Breguet Atlantic-s axali sazRvao sapatrulo TviTmfrinavi Secvlis. 2004 wels gamoacxades, rom germania niderlandebisagan SeiZens P-3C TviTmfrinavis 8 ganaxlebul models. germania agreTve afinansebs MEADS-is saraketo Tavdacvis programas. ministrma strukma da axalma generalurma inspeqtorma, volfgang Sneiderhanma, cota ram datoves xeluxlebeli TavianTi winamorbedebis, Sarpingisa da kujatis gegmebidan. 2003 wlis direqtivaSi ministrma Sesyidvebis axali midgoma Camoayaliba: samomavlo teqnika uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes SeiarRebuli Zalebis winaSe mdgari praqtikuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT. gegmebi, romlebic am kriteriums ar akmayofilebdnen, unda gauqmebuliyo, maSinac ki, Tu isini urTierTdakavSirebul SesaZleblobebs iTvaliswinebdnen, xolo yvela mimdinare programa gadaisinjeboda, raTa maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli yofiliyo axali teqnologiuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi.49 Tavdacvis saministros dafinanseba Tavdacvis ministrsa da finansTa ministrs, hans aihels Soris, mudmivi davis sagans warmoadgens. 2004 wlis ivnisSi wliuri biujeti 23.9 miliardi evroTi ganisazRvra, rasac daemata privatizaciis Sedegad dazogili 100 milioni evro, raTa mieRwiaT politikurad mniSvnelovani, 24 miliardiani zRvrisaTvis. ministr struks surs 2005 wlis 24.25 miliardiani biujeti 2009 wlisTvis 25.8 miliard evromde gazardos, xolo SesyidvebisTvis momaval wels gamoyofili 4.02 miliardi evro 2012 wlisaTvis 7 miliardamde aiyvanos, rac investirebis kvotas 31%-mde gazrdis. germaniis biujetis saerTo deficitis fonze, romelic evrokavSiris finansuri stabilurobis paqtis dasaSveb maCvenebels 3%-iT aRemateba, komentarebi sakmaod skeptikurad JRers.50 atlantikis axali ambebi, # 3439, 2002 wlis 11 dekemberi, ‘Tavdacvis ministri, piter struki, acxadebs ZiriTadi Sesyidvebis Sekvecis programas bundesverisaTvis’. 49 Weisung für die Weiterentwicklung der Bundeswehr, berlini, 2003 wlis 1 oqtomberi, citata moyvanilia martin agueras mier statiaSi: Gemeinsam sicher,Vision und realität europäischer Sicherheitspolitik, Hans Seidel Stiftung/Ars Una, Neuried, 2004 w., gv. 353. 50 Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis ivnisi, ‘berlinisTvis Tavdacvis reformebi kvlav gaurkvevelia’. 48 161 msgavsi problemebis winaSe dgas safrangeTis mTavrobac. prezidenti Siraki prioritets mudmivad aniWebda SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizacias, rogorc Cveulebrivi, ise birTvuli SeiaraRebis sferoSi. britaneTis msgavsad safrangeTsac aqvs SesaZlebloba swrafi operaciebi ganaviTaros da amisTvis mzadyofnac daamtkica. kontinentis sxva mravali qveynisagan gansxvavebiT mas arc Sesyidvebis upiratesobis problema aqvs, rodesac amas situacia moiTxovs. Tavdacvis biujetis zrdis miuxedavad mTavrobas mtkivneuli arCevanis gakeTeba mouwevs. man an jaris raodenoba unda Seamciros, an teqnikaze gaweuli danaxarjebi Sekvecos. qveynis finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba rTulia da finansTa ministrs, nikolas sarkozis, romelic prezidentis politikuri mowinaaRmdegea, surda Tavdacvis biujeti Seemcirebina, raTa wesrigSi moeyvana Tavisi adgili da postidan wasvlis Semdeg partiis liderobaze moexdina koncentrireba. misi zewoliT safrangeTi erovnuli da evropuli konsolidaciis Sereuli sistemisaken gadaixara: winaaRmdegoba gaewia ucxouri kompaniebis mier franguli kompaniebis Sesyidvas, rogorc es Aventis-is SemTxvevaSi moxda; xeli Seewyo erovnul doneze sawarmoTa gamsxvilebas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini erTobliv saqmianobas ar eweodnen (mag., Zravis mwarmoebeli SNECMA da saraketo da eleqtronikis jgufi SAGEM); da Thales-s xels uwyobdnen gaerTianebuliyo EADSsTan, rac safrangeTis gavlenas ganamtkicebda. 1995-1002 sabiujeto periodSi jarebis ricxovneba, Jandarmeriis garda, yvela saxis samxedro samsaxurSi Semcirda. savaldebulo gawvevis gauqmebis Sedegad armia 237 000 kacidan 136 000-ze davida, romelic moduluri sistemiT iyo agebuli da hyavda 9 mebrZoli brigada, 4 sabrZolo mxardamWeri mrigada da 2 lojistikis brigada. es ricxvi dResac 20 000-iT metia, vidre britaneTis armiaSi, magram swrafi moqmedebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba naklebia. birTvul sferoSi safrangeTs 4 strategiuli atomuri wyalqveSa navi hyavs. 2010 wlisTvis yvela maTgani Tanamedrove Triumph-is klasis iqneba, balistikuri raketebiT aRWurvili, romelTa gasrola wyalqveSa navidan iqneba SesaZlebeli. Rafale-is tipis TviTmfrinavs misi birTvuli Tavdasxmis rolSi Mirage-2000N da Super Etendart Secvlis. dRevandeli sabiujeto kanonis safuZvelze teqnikaze gaweuli xarjebi 2005 wels 0.8%-iT unda gaizardos, rac 2004 wels 14.9 miliard evros Seadgenda. bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi STambeWdavad gaizarda personalze daxarjuli Tanxebi, rac profesionalizaciis, maRali xelfasebisa da cxovrebis pirobebis amaRlebis Sedegia da man 2002 wels 16.4 miliardi evro Seadgina. Tavdacvis saministro gansakuTrebiT damZimebulia misi samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebiT, romelTa raodenoba 90 000-s aRwevs, mravali maTgani teqnikis seqtorSi muSaobs. gamoTvlis natos meTodis mixedviT 2003 wels safrangeTma Tavdacvaze misi erovnuli Semosavlis 2.6% daxarja. safrangeTma Tavi teqnologiuri proeqtebis simravliT gaiTqva. birTvuli programebis garda, romelTa mniSvneloba dRevandel strategiul garemoSi eWvs ar iwvevs, safrangeTma Helios optikuri programebisa da Syracuse sakomunikacio satelitebiT damoukidebeli dazvervis SesaZleblobebi ganaviTara da agreTve evropis qveynebs Soris pirveli iyo, vinc mixvda, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani iyo upiloto safreni aparatebis ganviTareba. Tavdapirvelad upiloto safreni aparatebi taqtikuri dazvervisTvis Seiqmna, romelic midamos gamosaxulebas 162 pirdapir savele meTaurs gadascemda. avRaneTis omis dros aSS-m mas iaraRis gadatanis SesaZleblobac daumata, ramac maRali teqnologiebis sabrZolo moqmedebebSi revoluciuri cvlileba Seitana. maT ara mxolod myisieri reagireba SeuZliaT, aramed savaraudod Seamcireben megobari Zalebis danakargebs, romlebsac daucvel mdgomareobaSi Tavis gamJRavneba aRar mouwevT. safrangeTma iniciativa aiRo erTmaneTTan daekavSirebina Dassault Aviation da mravalerovnuli kompania EADS, rac miznad isaxavda axali saSualo simaRlis xangrZlivi mdgradobis upiloto safreni aparatis Seqmnas, saxelwodebiT EuroMALE da sabrZolos upiloto safreni aparatis Seqmnas, saxelwodebiT Neuron. Tavdacvis ministrma, miSel aliot-marim valdebuleba aiRo rom 135 milion evros gamoyofda safrangeTis axali haeri-miwa sabrZolo moqmedebebis teqnologiuri damuSavebis koncefciaze, romelsac saxelad erqva Bulle Operationelle Aeroterrestre. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iqneba uploto safreni aparatebidan da sxva gadamcemebidan miRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebisaTvis sistemis uzrunvelyofa.51 safrangeTi agreTve aerobusebis ojaxSi A400M aviamzidis erT-erTi aqtiuri mxardamWeri iyo. 2009 wels, rodesac misi miwodeba daiwyeba, igi 50 aseT transports miiRebs. 60 wava germaniaSi, 27 espaneTSi, 25 gaerTianebul samefoSi, 10 TurqeTSi, 7 belgiaSi da 1 luqsemburgSi, xolo evropa strategiuli sahaero gadazidvebis mniSvnelovan simZlavres SeiZens. natos sxva mokavSire wevrebTan erTad italiam tevadobiT meore aviamzidis gamoSveba daiwyo. 27 000 metruli tonis tvirTamweobis mqone Cavour, romelic 12 Sveulmfrens da 8 mokle asafreni distanciis TviTmfrinavs itevs, funqciobas daiwyebs 2008 wels. es aviamzidi SedarebiT mcire Garibaldi -is SeuerTdeba, romelsac 13 850 tona tevadoba aqvs da masSi, sazRvao da sahaero ekipaJebis garda, sadesanto jarebis moTavsebac SeiZleba.52 proeqtis dawyebis dRes Tavdacvis ministrma martinom presas ganucxada, rom igi ibrZoda 1.8 miliardi evroTi SemcirebisaTvis (sruli biujeti 14 miliards Seadgenda) da imedovnebda, rom mas 900 milion evromde daiyvanda. mas warmatebisaTvis kidec rom mieRwia, teqnikaze gamoyofil 3.2 miliardian biujets 500 milioni evroTi Semcireba mainc moeloda. imavdroulad molaparakeba mimdinareobda franko-italiuri FREMM fregatis programaze, sadac 17 safrangeTisTvis iyo dagegmili, xolo 10 _ italiisaTvis. nakleb pozitiur nabijad CaiTvala italiis moulodneli gamosvla A400M satvirTo TviTmfrinavis proeqtidan. industriasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia Finmeccanica, romelic sakuTar Tavs amkvidrebs am sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT Sveulmfrenebis warmoebaSi, rac gaerTianebul samefoSi Westland-is SeZenis da BAE Systems-is saaviacio radioteqnikisa da sakomunikacio sistemebis gaerTianebis Semdeg kidev ufro gaaaqtiurda. eqvsi wlis Alenia Marconi Systems-is erToblivma sawarmom arseboba Sewyvita, rac Serwymas ufro waagavda, vidre alianss.53 Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 21 ivnisi, ‘France Launches UAV Challenge’. Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 26 ivnisi, ‘Second Carrier Launched Amid Italian Budget Fear’. 53 Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 25 oqtomberi, ‘Finmeccanica, BAE Break Up AMS’. 51 52 163 espaneTma Tavisi Tavdacvis biujeti 2004 wels 4.5%-iT gazarda, rac 360 milion evros Seadgenda. es 15-wliani modernizaciis nawili gaxldaT. A400M satvirTo TviTmfrinavisa da Eurofighter-is SeZenis garda espaneTi mravalfunqciur amfibiis tipis moieriSe xomaldebs agebs, romlebsac 4 didi da 8 mcire zomis Sveulmfrenis gadatana SeuZliaT.54 poloneTma 2001-2006 wlebis xuTwliani gegma daamtkica, sadac aRniSnulia, rom Tavdacvaze igi saerTo erovnuli Semosavlis 1.95%-ze naklebs ar daxarjavs. amas Semdeg daemata fondebi 60 erTeuli F-16 TviTmfrinavis SesaZenad. natos sxva axalma wevrebmac daaxloebiT am procentuli odenobis valdebuleba aiRes, garda estoneTis da sloveniisa, romlebic 2002 wlisTvis Sesabamisad 1.6%-sa da 1.5%-ze SeCerdnen. sxva patara qveynebs Soris, CexeTis respublikam niSa ipova da man koncentrireba birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri safrTxeebis aRmoCenisa da dacvis mowyobilobebze moaxdina. SvedeTi aris qveyana, romelic mTel msoflioSi kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaze erovnuli Semosavlis yvelaze met procents xarjavs. SeiaraRebuli Zalebi aqtiurad misdeven SeiaraRebis mowinave sistemebs da SvedeTis gamocdilebas iyeneben sainformacio teqnologiebis sferoSi, raTa ganaviTaron brZolis velis erTiani sainformacio qseli. rogorc cnobilia, saabi amuSavebs Znelad aRmosaCeni sabrZolo upiloto safren aparatebs da sabrZolo qobinebs misi frTosani raketebisaTvis. Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis radikaluri reorganizaciiT SvedeTma saxsrebi gamoanTavisufla kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. man isini sam erTobliv xelmZRvanelobas dauqvemdebara da oficerTa korpusi 15000-dan 9400-mde Seamcira.55 armia-XXI reformis safuZvelze, romelic Sveicariam 2004 wels daiwyo, misi jari 320000-dan 140000-mde mcirdeba. gaTvaliswinebulia 80000 kaciani rezervistTa armia. Sveicariis Tavdacvis sistemaSi milicias kvlav centraluri adgili eqneba, magram profesiuli kadrebis ricxvi 3500-dan 4500-mde gaizrdeba. nebismieri Semcirebis msgavsad, es cvlilebebic gavlenas iqoniebs teqnikis SeZenaze. am cvlilebebisa da evropuli samxedro sferos saerTo mdgomareobis Semxedvare, suraTi sakmaod bundovani Cans. garkveuli warmatebebi iqna miRweuli evrokavSiris mier arsebuli xarvezebis aRmofxvraSi, magram tempi saxarbielo ar aris. Tu britanelebi, frangebi da italielebi erTad muSaobas SeZleben, aviamzidebze moTxovna sabolood dakmayofildeba. satvirTo TviTmfrinavebze moTxovnas A400M Seavsebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi ver SeZlebs iseTi mZime tvirTis gadatanas, romelsac C-17 an An-70 eweva. gaumjobesdeba birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri dacvis sfero. moieriSe bombdamSenTa CamonaTvali gansxvavebulia, magram saerTo raodenoba, rogorc Cans, samomavlo moTxovnebs gadaaWarbebs. bolo periodis konfliqtebSi haeridan mtris Tavdasxma mosalodneli ar iyo da 54 natos saparlamento asamblea, jon Simkus (gaerTianebuli samefo) moxseneba ‘Alliance-wide progress on meeting the Prague Capability Commitments’, 2004 wlis aprili. 55 IISS Strategic Survey 2000/2001, gv. 30-31, ‘Swifter Sweden’. 164 magaliTad, avRaneTSi, sawyisi kampaniis damTavrebis Semdeg, sul ramdenime TviTmfrinavi aRmoCnda saWiro. udavoa, rom Tavdacvis mraval ministrs ar moswons wina epoqaSi maT mier aRebuli valdebulebebi. zogadad individualur simZlavreTa arseboba iseTi didi problema ar aris, mTavar sirTules maTi erT saimedo sqemaSi Tavmoyra warmoadgens, romelsac swrafi ganlagebisa da erToblivi moqmedebis unari eqneba. am mizniT kvlav yuradRebis centrSi dgeba gaerTianebis SesaZleblobebi. evrokavSirSi aTi axali wevris Semomatebas evropis SeiaraRebis seqtoris Zireuli cvla ar gamouwvevia.56 axalma wevrebma TavianTi poziciebi unda gansazRvron mimdinare iniciativebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT evropis Tavdacvis saagentos mimarT. maT saxelmZRvanelo mimarTulebebi sWirdebaT TavianTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizaciisaTvis (romlebsac xSirad aqvT sabWoTa epoqis teqnikis asortimenti) da SesaZlo ‘niSis’ dasamkvidreblad. evropis Tavdacvis saagentos SeuZlia maT TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobaTa identificirebaSi daexmaros. 56 evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis kvlevebis instituti, miznobrivi dokumenti # 54, redaqtirebulia burkard Smitis mier, ‘EU enlargement and armaments. Defence industries and markets of the Visegrad countries’. 2004 wlis seqtemberi. 165 5. saparlamento zedamxedveloba Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis miReba ufro politikuri xasiaTis xdeba da amitomac parlamentarTa mzard yuradRebas ipyrobs. samSvidobo operaciebSi monawileoba avtomaturad ar xdeba, mas win uZRvis ganxilvaTa mTeli wyeba. stabilurobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sakiTxs dRis wesrigSi erT-erTi upiratesi adgili ukavia. adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebze da genocidze reagirebisaTvis saWiroa saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa an ‘msurvelTa koaliciis’ erToblivi moqmedeba. masSi monawileoba saxelmwifos interesebsa da, ufro metad, maTi ambiciis donezea damokidebuli. risTvis arian isini mzad finansuri wvlilis Setanis da riskebis gaziarebis kuTxiT? da TavianTi erovnuli nazuqis ra nawils miuZRvnian isini mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas sxva samTavrobo amocanebisaTvis mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi, romelic pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens moqalaqeebze jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoebSi? Sida da gare usafrTxoebas Soris arsebuli kavSiris mzardma gaazrebam es sakiTxi politikur dRis wesrigSi daayena, magram am sferoSi garigebis sakiTxi kvlavac delikaturia. Zalze mecnierulad Tu ar mivudgebiT, sagulisxmoa aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove dasavlurma sazogadoebam axali paradoqsi Seqmna, romelic dakavSirebulia Rirebulebebze da interesebze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebTan da Rirebulebebsa da normebs Soris arsebul SeusabamobasTan. pirvel adgilze aris Rirebuleba, xolo normebi misgan gamomdinareobs. dasavlur sistemaSi suverenitetis gaziareba normad iqca, xolo riskebis gaziareba Rirebulebas warmoadgens. mSvidobis mizani ufro procesi gaxda da naklebad _ produqti.57 paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveni sazogadoeba erTdroulad riskis mimarT antipaTiurad ganewyo, xolo menejmentis suliskveTeba maRali idealebiTaa gamsWvaluli. amis Sedegad mudmivi debatebi mimdinareobs nebismieri arCevanis garSemo, sadac ar aris konkretuli kriteriumebi Zalebis doneTa SenarCunebisaTvis da Sesabamisi finansuri ZalisxmevisaTvis. yvelaferi dafasebis sagani gaxda da yvelas emuqreba kursis dakargvis saSiSroeba. aseT pirobebSi parlamentarebi unda Seecadon farTo da Tanmimdevruli midgoma gamoiyenon da Tavdacvis komitetis sxdomebisa da plenaruli ganxilvebisaTvis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli procedurebi daicvan. pirveli, maTma mTavrobam usafrTxoebis koncefcia da usafrTxoebis politika unda warmoadginos, ganaxorcielos da ganaaxlos. amiT unda ganisazRvros Tavdacvis saWiroebebi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, rac niSnavs damoukideblobis da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvas, xolo mas Tan unda sdevdes safrTxis Sefasebis procesi. meore, unda ganisazRvros saerTaSoriso samSvidobo operaciebSi monawileobis survilis done, sadac miTiTebuli iqneba konkretuli wvlili operaciaSi mona- 57 avtori madlbas uZRvnis qristofer kokers SeniSvnebisaTvis, romelic luqsemburgis evropuli da saerTaSoriso kvlevebis institutis Sengenis konferenciaze gamoTqva 2004 wlis ivnisSi. 166 wile danayofebis, saSualebebis da maTi qveynis gareT ganlagebisaTvis mzaobis TvalsazrisiT. mesame, personalisa da teqnikis doneebi unda Seefardos am miznebs, treningis, lojistikuri mxardaWerisa da kooperatiuli sqemebis CaTvliT. sasurvelia ‘ZalTa paketis’ Camoyalibeba, romelic gawvrTnili da ganlagebisaTvis mzad iqneba krizisis warmoqmnisa da operaciaSi CarTvis politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisTanave. meoTxe, natosa da evrokavSirSi meti yuradReba unda daeTmos mokavSireTa da partniorTa Sesyidvebis gegmebs. natos dagegmvisa da Semowmebis procesi (PARPS) samxedro organoebis mier farTo Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. evrokavSiri qvevidan-zeviT nebayoflobiT process iyenebs, romelic dRemde ar iTvaliswinebs wevri qveynebisaTvis zevidan-qveviT regulirebis SeTavazebas. sakmarisi ar aris mxolod deficitis gamovlena da imis imedze yofna, rom vinme Seavsebs mas. evropis Tavdacvis saagentos Sefasebas am xarvezis gamosworeba SeuZlia. mexuTe, mTeli rigi sakiTxebi unda Camoyalibdes konkretulad Tavdacvis SesyidvebisTvis. 2003 wels parlamentarebisaTvis DCAF/IPU-is mier gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelos 28-e Tavi eZRvneba ‘SeiaraRebisa da samxedro teqnikis Sesyidvis’ sakiTxebs, sadac mocemulia rCevaTa bloki _ ‘ra SegiZlia gaakeTo Sen, rogorc parlamentarma’ (ix. danarTi 5). Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom mTavroba ‘gacxadebis, axsnisa da dasabuTebis’ demokratiul process samxedro teqnikis sferoSic iyenebdes. biujetTan dakavSirebiT parlamentarebi unda darwmundnen, rom warmodgenili gegmebisaTvis sakmarisi fondebi ara mxolod mimdinare wels, aramed Sesyidvebis mTeli fazis ganmavlobaSi eqnebaT. mTavrobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZelvadian proeqtebSi fasebis zrdis Semcireba da samomavlo resursebisadmimeti optimizmi. germaniam da rumineTma Sesyidvebis gegmebis iseTi magaliTebi warmoadgines, romelsac isini ver Seasrulebdnen. statistikurad, proeqtis mTliani Rirebulebis Sefaseba yovelTvis dabali mxarisaken ixreba, zogjer Segnebuladac. xSiria danaxarjebis gadameteba, zogjer _ dagvianebac, xolo programebi xSirad ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre es biujetiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. Tavdacvis Sesyidvebs winaswari xangrZlivi momzadeba sWirdeba. mniSvnelovania Sefasdes misi zemoqmedeba grZelvadian ganviTarebaze, raTa zustad ganisazRvros Tu rogor moergeba axali teqnika SeiaraRebuli Zalebis harmonizebul Semadgenlobas. ‘erTobliv qmedebebze’ dRes gakeTebuli aqcentebi amas kidev ufro aucilebels xdis. analogiurad, yuradReba unda mieqces axali sistemebis sasicocxlo ciklis danaxarjebs, Senaxvis, ganaxlebis da maTTan momuSave personalis momzadebis CaTvliT. sirTuleebs warmoqmnian gasaidumloebis da korufciis Tavidan acilebis aspeqtebi. Tavdacvis sferoSi saidumloebis dacva udavod met rols asrulebs, vidre nebismier sxva sferoSi. cxadia, rom detaluri operatiuli gegmebi, rogorc Tavdacvis, ise mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoebSi, gasaidumloebuli unda iyos. igive exeba SeiaraRebis garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, magram gasaidumloebis moTxovna gadametebuli ar unda iyos. informacias saqmianobis detalebis Sesaxeb sazogadoeba ZiriTadad profesiuli Jurnalebidan, kompaniebis gancxadebebidan da masamediis sxva saSualebebidan igebs. Tu arCevani saidumlo 167 detalebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saparlamento komitetebs unda SeeZloT informacia konfidencialur Sexvedrebze, daxurul kars miRma miiRon. korufcia problemas qmnis, radgan misi aRmoCena Znelia. vismes mimarT upiratesobis miniWeba yvela arsebiTi faqtoris safuZvliani Sefasebis Sedegia, Tu masze gavlena moaxdina ukanono guluxvobam, saCuqrebma an fulma? Tavdacvis saministros unda hqondes specialuri samsaxuri, romelic TanamSromlebs Soris korufciis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebs. aseT samsaxurs yvela saWiro dokumentze unda miuwvdebodes xeli. parlamentarebi xSirad xdebian kompaniebis obieqtebi, romlebic mkacri konkurenciis dros xSirad cdiloben maTi xmebi moipovon. xSirad es partiis yulabaSi Sewirulobis SetaniT xdeba, rogorc amas belgiasa da germaniaSi hqonda adgili. SemoTavazebis Sefasebisas obieturobis SenarCunebisaTvis kompaniebis sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT monaxuleba saukeTeso gzas ar warmoadgens. aseT SemTxvevaSi umjobesia viziti sxva politikuri partiebis warmomadgenel kolegebTan erTad ganxorcieldes. arsebobs garkveuli daZabuloba, erTi mxriv, samxedroTaTvis miniWebul privilegiasa (romlebic saukeTesos eZeben da xSirad maTze gavlenas axdens tradiciuli kavSirebi SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da konkretuli qveynis samrewvelo kompaniebs Soris _ xSirad SeerTebuli Statebis) da, meore mxriv, politikosebisTvis mier miniWebul privilegias Soris, romlebmac ufro farTod unda ganixilon sakuTari qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi. Tu erovnuli an erToblivi evropuli produqcia kriteriums akmayofilebs, ratom ar unda aviRoT igi, Tundac, savaraudod, amerikuli sistema sjobdes? aseTi midgomebi gansakuTrebiT xSiria im qveynebSi, romlebsac Tavdacvis mniSvnelovani industria aqvT. sxvebs ukanaskneli modelis SesaZenad damajerebeli argumentebi aqvT da evropul industrias upiratesobas ar aniWeben. ekonomikuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva mdgomareobaa, magram zogadad zrda SeiniSneba im wlebTan SedarebiT, roca koleqtiuri TavdacvisaTvis miniWebuli prioriteti ubralod saukeTeso nimuSebs moiTxovda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi sakuTar saxelmwifoSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis sakiTxi yovelTvis udides rols asrulebda saparlamento debatebSi. Tavdacvis sakiTxebis saparlamento kontroli erovnul parlamentebs evalebaT. miuxedavad amisa, natosa da dasavleT evropis kavSiris saparlamento asambleebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules debatebis saerTaSoriso ganzomilebis uzrunvelyofaSi. maTi moxsenebebi maRali xarisxisaa da parlamentarebisaTvis, masmediisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis sasargeblo wyaros warmoadgens. am sakiTxebis ganxilva, maTze muSaoba da erToblivi rezoluciebis kenWisyra procesis gacnobierebis dones amaRlebs, rac SeiZleba miCneul iqnes ‘konsensusis miRwevad’. sakuTari qveynis parlamentSi dabrunebisas, asambleis wevrs es saerTo poziciebi (an gansxvavebebi) erovnul debatebSi gamoadgeba. usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi evrointegraciis procesi aseTi saparlamento ganzomilebis deficits ganicdis. evroparlaments misi mogvarebisTvis kompetencia ar gaaCnia, Tumca igi sul ufro xSirad uaxlovdeba zRvars, xolo maRali warmomadgeneli, xavier solana, xSirad gamodis Tavisi sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis winaSe. momavalSi, roca samoqalaqo da samxedro seqtorebSi 168 samrewvelo politikisa da teqnologiuri inovaciis sakiTxebi erTmaneTs gadaeWdoba, es SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tumca dRemde mravali qveyana, maT Soris safrangeTi da gaerTianebuli samefo, winaaRmdegobas uweven evroparlamentisa da komisiisaTvis ufro didi rolis miniWebas am ‘mTavrobaTaSoris’ saqmeebSi. amis Sedegad evropis doneze erovnul parlamentarebs Soris SesaZlo kontaqtebs safrTxes uqmnis evrokavSiris mier dasavleT evropis kavSiris funqciebis sakuTar Tavze aReba. dasavleT evropis kavSiris asamblea ukve suls Rafavs, radgan mas saSualeba ara aqvs ministrTa doneze sabWosTan debatebi awarmoos. misi winadadeba erovnul parlamentarTa da garkveuli raodenobis evropis parlamentis wevrTa erToblivi asambleis Seqmnis Sesaxeb sicocxlisunariani ver gamodga. amis nacvlad mTavrobebma COSAC-is ufro mZime gegmisken svla irCies, rac sagareo saqmeTa erovnuli komitetebis Sexvedrebs iTvaliswinebs, magram es adamianebi usafrTxoebis sakiTxTa eqspertebi ar arian, arc marTlmsajulebis da sxva saSinao saqmeTa profesionalebi. evropis konstituciisadmi miZRvnili mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciis oqmi, romelic evrokavSirSi wevri saxelmwifoebis erovnuli parlamentebis rols exeboda, parlamentTaSoris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb or muxls moicavs, romelic oqmis me-2 karSia dafiqsirebuli. es oqmi ZiriTadad exeba ‘urTierTdamatebis’ mniSvnelovan sakiTxs da parlamentarTa uflebas _ gaagzavnon dasabuTebuli mosazreba evropuli sakanonmdeblo aqtis miRebis formis Sesaxeb, anu igi kavSirma unda miiRos Tu erovnulma sakanonmdeblo organom. parlamentTaSoris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb igi acxadebs: muxli 9. evroparlamentma da erovnulma parlamentebma erTad unda gansazRvron evrokavSiris farglebSi efeqturi da regularuli parlametTaSoris TanamSromlobis organizebisa da xelSewyobis sakiTxi. muxli 10. evropul saqmeTa komitetebis konferencias SeuZlia evroparlamentis, sabWosa da komisiis winaSe daayenos nebismieri sakiTxi, rasac igi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs. am konferenciam imavdroulad xeli unda Seuwyos informaciisa da saukeTeso gamocdilebis gaziarebas erovnul parlamentebsa da evroparlaments Soris, maTi specialuri komitetebis CaTvliT. mas agreTve SeuZlia parlamentTaSoris konferenciebi gamarTos konkretul Temebze, gansakuTrebiT saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis da Tavdacvis politikis sakiTxebze. konferenciis Sedegebma ar unda SezRudon erovnuli parlamentebi da winaswari Sefaseba ar unda miscen maT poziciebs. es debulebebi evroparlamentisa da erovnuli parlamentebis rTul urTierTobaSi mraval sakiTxs toveben dasazusteblad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es ukangadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda dasavleT evropis kavSiris asambleis muSaobasTan SedarebiT, radgan COSAC-is wevrebs TavianTi erovnuli komitetebis an politikuri partiis mandati ar gaaCniaT da amitom politikur gadawyvetilebas ver miiReben. araregularuli da arasavaldebulo saparlamento konferenciebi ver Secvlian sruluflebiani asambleis instituciur sistemas, romelsac samuSao gegma, ‘momxsenebelTa’ instituti da kenWisyris procedurebi gaaCnia. komitetebSi momzadebis gareSe 25 da meti parlamentis wevrisagan Semdgar sagangebo konferencias raime Rirebuli gancxadebis gakeTeba gauWirdeba. kidev erTi damabrkolebeli faqtori iqneba asocirebuli wevris da asocirebuli partnioris statusis gaqroba, rac dasavleT evropis kavSiris sistemaSi inovaciur faqtors warmoadgenda da romlis meSveobiTac masSi CarTulni iyvnen natos 169 wevri qveynebi, romlebic evrokavSiris wevrebi ar iyvnen da evrokavSiris kandidati qveynebi (maT Soris TurqeTi, magram kviprosisa da maltis gareSe, romlebic natos ‘partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis’ programaSi ar monawileoben da amitom iZulebulni arian usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis wris miRma dadgnen). sabolood am sqemam SesaZloa Tavisi mniSvneloba dakargos, roca 2007 wels evrokavSirs bulgareTi da rumineTi SeuerTdeba, magram asocirebuli wevris statusi TurqeTisTvis kidev didxans iqneboda sasargeblo. am fonze kargad informirebul parlamentarebs Soris usafrTxoebis sakiTxze debatebma mosalodnelia gadainacvlos natos saparlamento asambleaSi, romelsac kargi reputacia aqvs misi xarisxiani moxsenebebisa da ‘partinoroba mSvidobisaTvis’ programis monawile qveynebTan kavSirebis gamo, sadac ruseTis poziciacaa gaTvaliswinebuli da, agreTve, xmelTaSuazRvis samuSao jgufTan urTierTobebis gamo, romelic CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebis warmomadgenlebs xvdeba. natos saparlamento asambleis mniSvneloba ZiriTadad amerikisa da evropis politikosebs Soris kontaqtebiTaa ganpirobebuli da amitom SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis mier gamovlenili interesis mdgradobaze iqneba damokidebuli. Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis komitetis dRis wesrigSi Sesyidvis sakiTxebs Cveulebriv mniSvnelovani adgili ar ukaviaT, magram ESDP an teqnologiebis gadacemis msgavsi sakiTxebi maTi gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos warmoadgens. 170 daskvna imedia, rom wina gverdebze mocemuli analizi saTanado warmodgenas iZleva im faqtorebis sirTuleze, romlebic uaryofiTad moqmedeben samxedro Sesyidvebze da zegavlenas axdenen samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebsa da saparlamento Semowmebaze. pirvel TavSi Cven vnaxeT, rom am procesSi mTavroba Zalze aqtiuradaa Cabmuli, da ara mxolod rogorc Tavdacvis teqnikis erTi myidveli, aramed imitomac, rom Tavdacvis industriuli da teqnologiuri baza maRali xarisxis samuSao adgilebs qmnis, romelsac sxva sferoebTanac aqvs ganStoebebi. resursebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT mrewveloba mTlianadaa damokidebuli politikur gadawyvetilebebze, romelsac mTavroba da parlamenti Rebulobs. Tavdacvisa da mrewvelobis dagegmvisaTvis aucilebelia sabiujeto procesis sicxade, xolo, sadac SesaZlebelia, grZelvadiani mdgradoba. parlamentarebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mravalwlian gegmebSi Setanil cvlilebebs da maTSi Sesyidvis aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas unda miaqcion. mTavrobis daxmarebis, xolo zogjer zewolis gareSe, Tavdacvis industriis konsolidirebas erovnul an transnacionalur doneze Zalze mcire warmatebis Sansi aqvs. magram mTavrobebs agreTve evalebaT SeiaraRebis direqtorebTan erTad sxva adamianebic CarTon operatiuli moTxovnebis gansazRvraSi. sxvagvarad didi iqneba kursis ganviTarebis fazidan garkveuli elementebis gamoricxvis riski, rac naTlad gamoCnda zogierT bolodroindel mravalerovnul proeqtSi. amis ganxorcielebisas mTavrobebma unda daarwmunon parlamentebi, rom kursis SenarCuneba saukeTeso alternativaa, magram amisTvis proeqtis Tavidanve gamWvirvale prezentaciaa saWiro. Cven xazi gavusviT gegmebisa da biujetebis momzadebis Tanmimdevrobis models da saparlamento damtkicebis mopovebis gzebs. niderlandebsa da germanias operatiuli moTxovnebis gansazRvris Sesaxeb parlamentis uwyveti informirebis logikuri gza aqvT, sadac mravali fazaa gaTvaliswinebuli, maT Soris teqnikuri specifikacia, bazris Seswavla da sawarmoebTan SemoTavazebebze warmoebuli molaparakebebi, xolo Sesyidvis gadawyvetilebaze Tanxmoba parlamentma unda misces. arcerTi sxva sistema, rogorc politikis, ise finansuri TvalsazrisiT, ase mkafio da gamWvirvale ar aris. Tavdacvis Sesyidvebze saparlamento zedamxedveloba srulyofilebisagan Sorsaa. mxolod ramdenime qveyana icavs procedurebs, romlebic aRmasrulebelTa Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva. cota parlamentars Tu SeuZlia srulyofilad Seafasos sul ufro mzardi rTuli sakiTxebi. politikuri, samxedro da ekonomikuri mosazrebebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi saxelmwifos mier nakisr pasuxismgeblobebs unda Seesabamebodes. maT agreTve Tan unda axldes samxedro personalis mimarT Camoyalibebuli politika, rac kadrebis sworad SerCevas da teqnikasTan momuSave adamianebis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs. meti yuradReba unda daeTmos partniorTa da mokavSireTa gegmebs, im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra wvlilis Setanas apireben isini da ra seriozuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro ‘ZalTa paketis’, rogorc grZelvadiani dagegmvisa da Sesyidvebis CarCos Sesaqmnelad. maTi faqtiuri ganlageba erovnul doneze damoukideblad 171 gadasawyvet sagnad darCeba, magram es Zalze mniSvnelovania dagegmvis miznebisaTvis, Tundac saWiro gaxdes garkveuli Semcirebebis Tavidanve gaTvaliswineba, raTa momzadebuli Sexvdnen partnioris moulodnel gamoTiSvas. vimedovnebT, rom usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis ganmtkicebiT partniorebi erTmaneTis gverdiT idgebian solidarobis suliskveTebiT. kompensaciis garigebebi _ TanawarmoebiT sazRvargareT gaweuli danaxarjebis CaTvlebiT an alternatiuli SekveTebiT _ ekonomikis saministroebSi mTeli seqtorebis sasicocxlo gza gaxda. Tu SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi am garigebebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas gaagrZelebs, ucxoeli Semsyidvelebi SesamCnevad aarideben Tavs amerikuli sistemebis SeZenas. parlamentarebi, Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebul interess iCenen am garigebaTa detalebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis xarisxis da Rirebulebis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT, rac saamwyobo xazebis an sxva sqemebis Sedegia. ZiriTadi kontraqtoris mier srul ciklSi garkveuli komponentebis Tanawarmoebis organizeba zogadad yvelaze saukeTeso midgomas warmoadgens. evropis industria gamudmebiT mxars uWerda evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis bazris (EDEM) Seqmnas, rac evropel mimwodeblebs Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi Caayenebda. es ar niSnavs evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis 296-e muxlis (yofili 223) mospobas, romelic samxedro saqonels Sida bazris gareT amyofebs. firmaTa umravlesobas muxlis SenarCuneba mxolod evrokavSiris gareT ZiriTad konkurentebTan savaWro kozirad sWirdeba, romlebmac sakuTari bazrebi daxures. am dokumentis ZiriTadi daskvna is gaxlavT, rom industria kilometrebiT uswrebs sakuTar mTavrobebs. aman unda daafiqros parlamentarebi. mTavrobebi erTi organizaciuli gadawyvetidan meoreze gadaxtnen, magram sabolood mainc TavianTi viwro da proteqcionistuli damokidebuleba SeinarCunes da ver Cawvdnen, rom maTi warmoeba, evropis Tavdacvis teqnikis saTanado bazrisa da eqsportis SemzRudavi da usafrTxo miwodebis ufro martivi wesebis pirobebSi, ufro Zlieri iqneba. monawile qveynebi urTierTdamokidebulebasa da damoukideblobas, adgilobrivi mrewvelobis interesebsa da evropuli bazris masStabis mniSvnelobas Soris meryeoben. evropis Tavdacvis saagento ZiriTadad zevidanqveviT midgomaa, magram saimedo TanamSromlobisaTvis qvevidan-zeviT RerZis aSenebacaa saWiro. mokled rom vTqvaT, evropuli garemo rTulia da mas, ganviTarebisaTvis fexis asawyobad, parlamentarTa safuZvliani Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. parlamentarebma unda Camoayalibon azri, Tu ra aris sasurveli _ qveynis SigniT sawarmoTa gaerTianeba da erovnuli liderebis Camoyalibeba, Tu evropis doneze konsolidaciis xelSewyoba. evropis erTiani Tavdacvis biujetis uqonloba kompaniebs aiZulebs sakuTari produqcia TiToeul qveyanaSi individualurad gaitanon. imavdroulad, germaniisa da safrangeTis samrewvelo politika transsasazRvro gaerTianebebs naklebad emxroba, maSin roca gaerTianebuli samefo evropul da transatlantikur interesebs Soris meryeobs. amis Sedegad, dRevandelma gigantebma _ rogoricaa EADS, BAE Systems da Thales _ SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon erTmaneTSi Semdgomi gaerTianebisagan. Semdgomi konsolidacia SeiZleba meore da mesame safexuris kompaniebiT Semoifarglos, iqneba es evropul 172 Tu transatlantikur doneze. sul ufro intensiuri ganxilvis sagani xdeba amerikuli kompaniebis mier ganxorcielebuli Sesyidvebi, gansakuTrebiT General Dynamics. germaniis sagareo vaWrobis Sesaxeb kanonSi bolodroindeli cvlileba mTavrobas saSualebas aZlevs veto daados 25%-ze met ucxour investiciebs nebismier kompaniaSi, Tu igi Tavdacvis mgrZnobiare sferos exeba.58 mTeli rig organizaciul struqturebs, rogoricaa _ LoI, OCCAR, POLARM, WEAG da WEAO, garkveuli Rirsebebi gaaCniaT, magram Sedegebis mixedviT maT molodini ver gaamarTles. gasakviri ar aris, rom evropis Tavdacvis saagentos Sesaxeb gancxadebas Cveuli skepticizmiT Sexvdnen. industriis erT-erTma liderma pirad saubarSi aRniSna, rom evropis mTavrobebi kvlav iyofian ‘tradiciuli mentalitetis’ mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, evropis Tavdacvis bazari, Tu misi realizeba valdebulebis garkveuli suliskveTebiT moxdeba, igi pirvelad moaqcevs erT instituciur CarCoSi moTxovnebs, warmoebas, SeZenasa da, sabolood, Sefasebasac. didi yuradReba mieqca krizisis marTvis scenarebs atlantikis orive mxares. gaurkveveli situaciebis dros SesaZlebelia scenarebze orientirebuli midgoma kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadges. miuxedavad amisa, es Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis dagegmvis da maTi saTanadod aRWurvis erTaderTi gzaa. parlamentarebi am scenarebis Sesaswavlad saTanadod unda gaisarjon, radgan isini sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SesaZlo amocanaTa safuZvels qmnian. rogorc Cans, evrokavSiri da SeerTebuli Statebi ufro aqtiurad SeTanxmdebian safrTxeebze, romelic orives emuqreba: terorizmi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi da arSemdgari qveynebi organizebul danaSaulTan kombinaciiT. solanas 2003 wlis proeqtma damakavSirebeli xidis mniSvnelovani funqcia Seasrula. igi jer kidev Sorsaa ZalTa dagegmvis konkretuli saxelmZRvanelo principebisagan da mas Semdgomi daxvewa esaWiroeba, magram man mniSvnelovnad CaaxSo transatlantikuri aRSfoTebis ali. erovnulma parlamentebma dReisaTvis fokusireba unda moaxdinon am safrTxeTa daZlevis procesSi maTi qveynis rolze da maTi jarebisa da teqnikis saxeobebis gansazRvraze, romelic am amocanaTa gansaxorcieleblad iqneba saWiro. evropis konstituciis ratificirebis Semdeg, axal sagareo saqmeTa ministrs misi iniciativis wamowyebis uflebis realizeba mouwevs. erTiani sagareo samsaxuris SeqmnisTvis samzadisi ukve dawyebulia. evrokavSiri msoflio saqmeebSi Tavis rols mxolod ganamtkicebs Tu igi arsebuli saSualebebis SekavSirebuli saxiT gamoyenebas SeZlebs. vinaidan am saSualebaTa umravlesobis gamoyenebaSi evrokomisia unda iyos CarTuli, magaliTad, sanqciebis an sxva SezRudvebis dawesebaSi, sagareo ministris ormagi xelmZRvanelobis SesaZlebloba am mdgradobas kidev ufro ganamtkicebs. misi amocana ioli ar iqneba, radgan evrokavSiris sagareo urTierTobebi mravali CBS MarketWatch, 2004 wlis 9 dekemberi, aude largosis mixedviT, ‘evrokavSiris Tavdacvis seqtorma gaimarjva; Tavdacvis biujetis konsolidacia uaxloes momavalSi mosalodneli ar aris’. 58 173 aspeqtisagan Sedgeba da erT adamians masTan gamklaveba gauWirdeba. misi urTierToba evropuli sabWos axalSeqmnil prezidentTan da komisiis prezidentTan mediatorobaze mets moiTxovs, magram Rirs es funqcia gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc ZiriTadi Zalisxmeva integraciis procesSi Tanamegobrobisa da samTavroboTaSoriso elementebs Soris meti urTierTSexebis dasamkvidreblad. saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba kvlav darCeba erovnuli parlamentebis intensiuri ganxilvis sakiTxi, xolo mTavrobebma reagireba unda moaxdinon daucvelobis mzard gancdaze, rac yvelgan SeiniSneba. moqalaqeebs surT daculni iyven sul ufro mzardi Zaladobisagan da mTavroba pasuxismgeblobas iRebdes am sakiTxze. Sida da gare usafrTxoebas Soris zRvari kvlav bundovania, rasac axali RonisZiebebi da samxedroebs, policiasa da sxva saxelmwifo samsaxurebs Soris koordinacia sWirdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi samSoblos usafrTxoebis departamenti farTo kompetenciebiT aRiWurva, magram mas jer kidev dasamtkicebeli aqvs Tu ramdenad Rirebulia aseTi mamonti organizaciis arseboba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, yvelgan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba swraf komunkacias, samuSaos mkafio ganawilebas da drouli moqmedebis unars. es agreTve gavlenas iqoniebs sistemebis Seyidvaze, romlebic saWiroa informaciis Segrovebisa da gavrcelebisaTvis da agreTve adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtebis dasacavad. samxedro sferoSi qselur-centrul operaciebze ‘transformireba’ gagrZeldeba, magram igi ukve aCvenebs Tavis xarvezebs. maRali teqnologiebis danergvis miuxedavad, bolo periodis yvela operaciam dazvervis sistemis uunaroba gamoavlina da adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli dazverva kvlav gardauval elementad rCeba. analogiurad, fexosani jarebis gareSe warmatebuli ver iqneba soflad Catarebuli operaciebi da ajanyebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebebi. SeiaraRebis dagegmvisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes es Zveli WeSmariteba. mravali qveyana gegmebis modificirebas axdens, Tumca samwuxarod mcire finansuri resursebiT. sul ufro xSirad ismis kiTxva _ romeli qveyana SeZlebs nebismieri saxis brZolis warmarTavas, an, pitersbergis amocanaTa JargoniT Tu vityviT _ vin SeZlebs sabrZolo ZalebiT CaerTos farTo speqtris samSvidobo operaciebSi. misasalmebelia cameti ‘sabrZolo jgufis’ Seqmnis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba, magram sakiTxavia, ra saxis brZolas unda gaumklavdes 1500 kaciani jari. aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenime sabrZolo jgufis gaerTianebisa da maTTvis adekvaturi sameTauro struqturebiTa da kombinirebuli iaraRiT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi kvlav gadasawyvetia. erovnul gardaqmnebs sxva partniorebTan da mokavSireebTan koordinacia dRemde akliaT, rac erTnairadaa damaxasiaTebeli rogorc natosTvis, ise evrokavSirisaTvis. kargi iqneba Tu parlamentarebi kvlav orientirebulni iqnebian Zalisxmevis gaerTianebaze, rac resursebis gaerTianebiT, ‘niSis’ SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebiT, erToblivi wvrTnebiT da varjiSebiT unda ganxorcieldes. winamdebare miznobrivi dokumenti farTod damkvidrda evropis scenaze. amis mTavari mizezi arc SeerTebuli Statebis TvalsaCino teqnologiuri miRwevebi gaxlavT da arc transatlantikur urTierTobebSi TanamSromlobis survili. igi gamowveulia Tavdacvis teqnikis sferoSi TanamSromlobis evropuli sistemiT, romelic dReisaTvis gaaqtiurebulia da masSi aRiarebulia evrokavSiris 174 Tavdacvis industriis bazis mniSvneloba, xolo SeerTebuli Statebis mier teqnologiebis gadacema TanamSromlobis seriozul xelSemSlel faqtoradaa miCneuli. savaraudod orive tendencia gagrZeldeba, Tumca pentagoni TiTqos survils amJRavnebs saSualeba misces garkveuli evropuli konkurenciis ganviTarebas, romelic amerikul firmebTan erTad unda ganxorcieldes.59 industriuli inovacia evrokavSirSi ZiriTadi fraza gaxda, xolo atlantikis gadaRma ormxrivi moZraobis gzis gareSe mxolod ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sesyidvis realizeba Tu moxdeba. erTaderTi kiTxvis niSnis qveS SeerTebuli Statebis firmebsa da sainvesticio kompaniebSi mimdinare procesi dgas, romlebic evropis Tavdacvis sawarmoebs yiduloben. mTel msoflioSi adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemisadmi mzardi yuradRebis fonze SeiaraRebis eqsportis strategiebi kvlav saparlamento Semowmebis sagnad darCeba. garkveulwilad maT SeiZleba Seaferxon mravalerovnuli sawarmoo sistemebi, rodesac isini mTavri kontraqtorisaTvis an amwyobi xazebisaTvis komponentebis miwodebis usafrTxoebaze zemoqmedebas moaxdenen. bolo movlena, romelmac parlamentarTa yuradReba miipyro, tiananmenis Zaladobis dros evrokavSiris mier CineTisaTvis iaraRis miwodebaze embargos SemoReba gaxldaT. am embargos gauqmebas safrangeTi da germania cdilobda, magram evrokavSirma igi Tavisi eqsportis kodeqsis ganmtkicebas dauqvemdebara. ukve meramdened gaCnda imedi teqnikis sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaZlierebaze, magram dRes, arsebuli sirTuleebis miuxedavad, warmatebis Sansebi bevrad metia, vidre odesme. mTlianobaSi evropuli industria sakmaod kompetenturia. problema ufro danaxarjebis ekonomiis SesaZleblobaSi mdgomareobs. aqedan gamomdinare aucilebeli iqneba Semdgomi konsolidacia. meore, evrokavSiri mxolod axla iwyebs evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikisaTvis arsis miniWebas. formiani oficrebi siaxles warmoadgenen sazogadoebaSi, romelic kanonmdeblobaze da konkurentul garemoSi brZolazea koncentrirebuli. solidarobisa da riskis gaziarebis cnebebi TavisTavad ar modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca uSualod Cveni sakuTari arseboba sasworze ar devs. winsvla saxezea. Cveni demokratiuli faseulobebi da adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema saerToa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qaRaldze mainc. dabalganviTarebuli regionebis dasaxmareblad struqturuli fondebis gamoyofam evrokavSirSi solidarobis suliskveTebas Cauyara safuZveli. oci wlis win biznesma mZlavri biZgi misca saerTo Sida bazris Camoyalibebas, rac kompetenturobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso konkurenciis dakmayofilebis aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli. dRes igive tendencia ikveTeba Tavdacvis warmoebaSi. gansxvavebebi kvlav arsebobs, rac saxelmwifosa da industrias Soris arsebuli urTierTobebiTaa ganpirovnebuli. mas Semdeg rac Boeing-ma dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT samxedro oficiozisadmi micemuli danapirebi ver Seasrula, pentagoni xels uwyobda evropul ganacxads tankeris tipis TviTmfrinavebis miwodebaze. mas Semdeg, rac aSS mudmivad akritikebda kompanias saxelmwifos mxridan miRebuli daxmarebebis gamo, gasagebi mizezebiT, igi sakuTari Tavis Cvenebas erideboda. ix. Tavdacvis axali ambebi, 2004 wlis 29 noemberi, ‘DoD Opens Tanker Door to EADS. Fear of backlash in Congress haunts potential U.S. partners.’ norTron grumani, cxadia, EADS-s partniorobis Sesaxeb esaubreboda. 59 175 mTavrobebs naTlad ara aqvT Camoyalibebuli TavianTi miznebi. erTis mxriv isini teqnologiuri bazis ganviTarebiTa da kompaniebis konsolidaciiT arian dainteresebulni, rac gadasarCenad sakmarisi ar aris, xolo meores mxriv, konkurenciisadmi xelSewyobiT surT miiRon produqcia, romelic danaxarjs gaamarTlebs. maTTvis ZiriTadi problema transsasazRvro TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba iqneba, rac danaxarjebis zrdas ar iwvevs, da agreTve programebis ganviTareba, sadac yvela monawile iqneba CarTuli da udrood ar gamoeTiSeba, rac sxvebs mxolod fragmentebis amara datovebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, ganxilvaTa speqtri imsaxurebs parlamentarTa yuradRebas, rac swrafad da sistematurad unda ganxorcieldes, profesionali muSakebis da optimaluri gamWvirvalebisa da dialogis meSveobiT. 176 danarTi 1 sagareo saqmeTa ministris konsultacia evropis parlamentTan evropis konstitucia, muxli III-304 (evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis yofili 21-e muxli da konvencia 205) 1. kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrma konsultacia unda gamarTos evroparlamentTan 1-40(6) da 1-41(8) muxlebis Sesabamisad. man unda uzrunvelyos evroparlamentis azris jerovani gaTvaliswineba. evroparlamentisaTvis informaciis misawodeblad SeiZleba miwveul iqnen specialuri warmomadgenlebi. 2. evroparlaments SeuZlia SekiTxvebiT mimarTos sabWos da kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, an rekomendaciebi miawodos maT. weliwadSi orjer ganxilul unda iqnes saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis mimdinareoba, saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis CaTvliT. 177 danarTi 2 saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika evropis konstitucia, muxli III-309 (evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis yofili me-17 muxli da konvencia 210) 1. 1-41(1) muxlSi miTiTebuli amocanebi, romlis safuZvelzec kavSirs samoqalaqo da samxedro saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, unda Seicavdes ganiaraRebis erTobliv operaciebs, humanitarul da samaSvelo amocanebs, konfliqtebis prevencias da samSvidobo amocanebs, krizisis marTvisas sabrZolo Zalebis amocanebs, mSvidobis damyarebisa da postkonfliqturi stabilizaciis CaTvliT. yvela am amocanas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas, mesame qveynebisaTvis maT teritoriaze terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mxardaWeris CaTvliT. 2. sabWo Rebulobs evropul gadawyvetilebebs pirvel punqtSi miTiTebul amocanebTan dakavSirebiT, gansazRvravs maT miznebsa da farglebs da maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTad pirobebs. kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri, romelic moqmedebs sabWos uflebamosilebiT politikuri usafrTxoebis komitetTan mudmivi kontaqtis safuZvelze, uzrunvelyofs aseT amocanaTa samoqalaqo da samxedro aspeqtebis koordinacias. muxli III-310 (axali, konvencia 211) 1. III-309 muxlis safuZvelze miRebuli evropuli gadawyvetilebebis farglebSi sabWos SeuZlia amocanis ganxorcieleba daavalos wevr saxelmwifoTa jgufs, romlebsac aseTi amocanis Sesrulebis survili da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. es wevri saxelmwifoebi, kavSiris sagareo ministrTan TanamSromlobiT, erTmaneTSi aTanxmeben amocanis menejmentis sakiTxebs. 2. amocanis ganxorcielebaSi monawile saxelmwifoebi regularulad awvdian informacias sabWos misi mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, sakuTari iniciativiT an sxva wevri qveynis moTxovnis safuZvelze. es saxelmwifoebi dauyovnebliv awvdian informacias sabWos, Tu amocanis dasrulebas raime mniSvnelovani Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves, an saWiroa pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli amocanis, farglebisa da pirobebis Secvla. aseT SemTxvevaSi sabWom saWiro evropuli gadawyvetileba unda miiRos. muxli III-311 (axali, konvencia 212) 1. evropis SeiaraRebis, kvlevebisa da samxedro simZlavreTa saagentos, romelic dafuZnebulia1-41(3) muxlis safuZvelze da eqvemdebareba sabWos uflebamosilebas, aqvs Semdegi amocanebi: a) wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis samxedro SesaZleblobaTa amocanebis gansazRvraSi daxmarebis gaweva da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier SesaZleblobaTa 178 sferoSi aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Sefaseba; b) operatiul moTxovnaTa harmonizaciisaTvis xelSewyoba da efeqturi, Tavsebadi Sesyidvebis meTodebis SemuSaveba; c) mravalmxrivi proeqtebis SeTavazeba samxedro simZlavreTa amocanebis Sesrulebis mizniT, wevri qveynebis mier ganxorcielebuli programebis koordinireba da konkretuli TanamSromlobis programebis menejmenti; d) Tavdacvis teqnologiebis kvlevebis mxardaWera, da erToblivi kvleviTi saqmianobis koordinireba da dagegmva, agreTve, samomavlo operatiuli saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad teqnikuri gadawyvetebis Seswavla; e) Tavdacvis seqtoris industriuli da teqnologiuri bazis ganmtkicebis da samxedro danaxarjebis efeqturobis gaumjobesebis mizniT sasargeblo RonisZiebaTa gansazRvra, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ ganxorcieleba. 2. saagento Riaa yvela wevri saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac misi wevroba surs. sabWom, romelic kvalificiuri umravlesobis meTodiT moqmedebs, unda miiRos evropuli gadawyvetileba, sadac gansazRvruli iqneba saagentos statuti, adgilmdebareoba da saqmianobis wesebi. saagentos SigniT unda Seiqmnas konkretuli jgufebi, romelic erTobliv proeqtebSi Cabmul wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaerTianebs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saagento Tavis amocanebs komisiasTan TanamSromlobiT axorcielebs. muxli III-312 (axali, konvencia 213) 1. wevri saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac survili aqvT 1-41(6) muxliT gansazRvrul mudmiv struqturirebul TanamSromlobaSi miiRon monawileoba, romlebic akmayofileben kriteriumebs da mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis oqmiT gansazRvruli samxedro SesaZleblobebis sferoSi valdebulebebi aqvT aRebuli, TavianTi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb acnobeben sabWos da kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrs. 2. aseTi Setyobinebidan sami Tvis vadaSi sabWo iRebs evropul gadawyvetilebas, romelic afuZnebs mudmiv struqturirebul TanamSromlobas da gansazRvravs monawile wevr saxelmwifoTa sias. kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan konsultaciis Semdeg sabWo moqmedebs kvalificiuri umravlesobis meTodiT. 3. nebismieri wevri saxelmwifo, romelic mogvianebiT gadawyvets monawileoba miiRos mudmiv struqturirebul TanamSromlobaSi, Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb atyobinebs sabWos da kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrs. sabWom unda miiRos evropuli gadawyvetileba mocemuli wevri saxelmwifos monawileobis dadasturebis Sesaxeb, romelic akmayofilebs kriteriumebs da valdebulebebs kisrulobs pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli oqmis 1-li da me-2 muxlebis Sesabamisad. kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan konsultaciis Semdeg sabWo moqmedebs kvalificiuri umravlesobis meTodiT. kenWisyraSi 179 monawileobas mxolod monawile saxelmwifoebi iReben. kvalificiuri umravlesoba unda ganisazRvros sabWos wevrTa aranakleb 55%iT, romlebic monawile saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen da am saxelmwifoTa mosaxleobis aranakleb 65%-s moicaven. damblokavi umciresoba unda Seicavdes sabWos wevrebs, romlebic monawile wevri saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis aranakleb 35%-splus erTi wevri warmoadgenen, romlis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi kvalificiuri umravlesoba miRweulad CaiTvleba. 4. Tu wevri saxelmwifo pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli oqmis pirvel da me-2 muxlebiT gansazRvrul kriteriumebs veRar akmayofilebs an valdebulebis Sesruleba aRar SeuZlia, sabWos SeuZlia miiRos evropuli gadawyvetileba aRniSnuli wevri saxelmwifos monawileobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. sabWo moqmedebs kvalificiuri umravlesobiT. kenWisyraSi monawileobas iReben sabWos mxolod is wevrebi, romlebic wevr saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen, garda mocemuli saxelmwifosi. kvalificiuri umravlesoba unda ganisazRvros sabWos wevrTa aranakleb 55%iT, romlebic monawile saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen da am saxelmwifoTa mosaxleobis aranakleb 65%-s moicaven. damblokavi umciresoba unda Seicavdes sabWos wevrebs, romlebic monawile wevri saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis aranakleb 35%-s plus erTi wevri warmoadgenen, romlis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi kvalificiuri umravlesoba miRweulad CaiTvleba. 5. monawile wevrma saxelmwifom, romelsac mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromlobidan gamosvla surs, Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb unda Seatyobinos sabWos, romelmac cnobad unda miiRos mocemuli wevri saxelmwifos mier monawileobis Sewyvetis faqti. 6. sabWos mier miRebuli evropuli gadawyvetilebebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis farglebSia miRebulia, garda 2-5 punqtebSi gansazRvruli SemTxvevebisa, miRebul unda iqnes erTxmad. am punqtis miznebisaTvis erTxmad xmis micemaSi igulisxmeba mxolod monawile wevri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenelTa xmebi. 180 danarTi 3 finansuri debulebebi muxli III-313 (evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis yofili 28-e muxli, konvencia 215) 1. institutebis administraciuli xarjebi, romlebic am Tavis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, kavSiris biujetidan finansdeba. 2. operatiuli xarjebi, romlebic am Tavis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, agreTve finansdeba kavSiris biujetidan, garda iseTi operatiuli xarjebisa, romlebic samxedro an Tavdacvis RonisZiebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, an im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sabWo sxvagvar gadawyvetilebas miiRebs. im SemTxvevaSi Tu xarjebi kavSiris biujetidan ar ifareba, igi unda dafaros wevrma saxelmwifoebma saerTo erovnuli produqtis koeficientis mixedviT, Tu sabWo sxvagvar gadawyvetilebas ar miiRebs. samxedro da Tavdacvis xasiaTis operaciebis Sedegad warmoqmnil xarjebTan dakavSirebiT, wevri saxelmwifoebi, romelTa warmomadgenlebma sabWoSi oficialuri gancxadeba gaakeTes III-300(1) muxlis safuZvelze, aqedan gamomdinare, valdebulni arian wvlili Seitanon dafinansebaSi. 3. sabWom unda miiRos evropuli gadawyvetileba, romelic konkretul procedurebs daadgens saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis farglebSi iniciativebis saswrafo dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiris biujetidan asignebebis Seuferxebeli miRebis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo gansakuTrebiT 1-41(1) da III-309 muxlebiT gansazRvruli amocanebis mosamzadebeli RonisZiebebisaTvis. igi moqmedebs evroparlamentTan konsultaciis Sedegad. 181 Tavdacvis xarjebi 2003 wels60 % mSp % per kapita* personali teqnika infrastr. belgia 1.3 400 72.1 5.2 2.7 kanada 1.2 283 42.0 16.0 3.8 CexeTis resp. 2.2 128 48.8 21.0 4.3 dania 1.6 588 49.2 18.0 2.8 safrangeTi 2.6 797 58.8 20.6 4.8 germania 1.4 478 60.4 14.0 4.5 saberZneTi 4.2 611 69.0 12.7 1.4 ungreTi 1.9 114 48.7 10.2 7.1 italia 1.9 334 73.7 12.7 1.0 luqsemburgi 0.9 536 69.2 17.1 2.2 niderlandebi 1.6 493 52.3 17.1 3.7 norvegia 2.0 891 40.2 21.8 5.9 poloneTi 2.0 88 64.4 14.4 2.8 portugalia 2.1 273 80.2 7.3 0.9 espaneTi 1.2 223 61.7 11.8 2.3 TurqeTi 4.8 112 45.4 32.9 6.3 gaerT. samefo 2.4 563 39.7 23.5 0.9 aSS 3.5 1110 35.3 27.6 1.6 * aSS dolari 1995 wlis fasebisa da gacvlis kursis mixedviT 60 wyaro: natos sainformacio samsaxuri. 182 danarTi 4 oqmi mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SemuSavebulia konstituciis 1-41(6) da III-312 muxlebis safuZvelze maRali xelSemkvreli mxareebi, iTvaliswineben ra konstituciis 1-41(6) da III-312 muxlebs, adastureben ra, rom kavSiri axorcielebs erTian sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikas, romelic wevri saxelmwifoebis moqmedebis mzardi Tavsebadobis miRwevas efuZneba, adastureben ra, rom erTiani usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika erTiani sagareo politikis ganuyofeli nawilia; rom igi kavSirs uzrunvelyofs operatiuli SesaZleblobebiT, romelic samoqalaqo da samxedro resursebs efuZneba; rom kavSirs am resursebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia III-309 muxlSi gansazRvruli samSvidobo, konfliqtebis prevenciisa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis misiebisaTvis kavSiris farglebs gareT gaeros wesdebis principebis Sesabamisad; rom am amocanaTa Sesruleba unda moxdes wevri saxlmwifoebis mier uzrunvelyofili SesaZleblobebiT, individualuri Zalebis principis Sesabamisad; adastureben ra, rom kavSiris erTiani usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika zians ar ayenebs konkretuli wevri saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis bunebas; adastureben ra, rom kavSiris erTiani usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika pativs scems am wevr saxelmwifoTa mier CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze aRebul valdebulebebs, romlebic sakuTari saerTo Tavdacvis realizacias Crdilo atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi xedaven, rac misi wevrebis koleqtiuri Tavdacvis safuZvlad rCeba, da SesabamisobaSia mis farglebSi dafuZnebuli saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikasTan; darwmunebulia ra, rom usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis saqmeebSi kavSiris ufro energiuli roli wvlils Seitans ganaxlebuli atlantikuri aliansis sicocxlisunarianobaSi, ‘berlini plusi’ sqemis Sesabamisad; mowadinebulia ra, rom uzrunvelyos kavSiris unari srulad ikisros Tavisi pasuxismgeblobebi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis farglebSi; aRiarebs ra, rom gaeros wesdebis VI da VII Tavebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli misiebis saswrafo ganxorcielebisas gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam daxmareba SeiZleba sTxovos kavSirs; aRiarebs ra, rom usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiroa wevri qveynebis Zalisxmeva SesaZleblobaTa sferoSi; 183 miiCnevs ra, rom evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis ganviTarebis axal fazaSi CarTva Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifoTa mizanmimarTul Zalisxmevas moiTxovs; aRiarebs ra sagareo saqmeTa ministris sruli CarTvis mniSvnelobas mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromlobis procedurebSi; SeTanxmdnen Semdeg debulebebze, romelic konstitucias unda daerTos: muxli 1 konstituciis 1-41(6) muxlSi miTiTebuli mudmivi struqturirebuli TanamSromloba Riaa nebismieri wevri saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic, evropis konstituciis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidan, kisrulobs valdebulebas: a) ufro intensiurad ganaviTaros sakuTari Tavdacvis saSualebebi, misi erovnuli wvlilis da monawileobis ganviTarebis meSveobiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ mravalerovnul ZalebSi, evropis ZiriTad teqnikur programebSi da evropis saagentos saqmianobaSi Tavdacvis SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis, kvlevebis, Sesyidvebisa da SeiaraRebis sferoebSi (SemdgomSi, ‘saagento’), da b) araugvianes 2007 wlisa ganaviTaros SesaZlebloba, raTa dagegmili misiebisTvis uzrunvelyos miznobrivi sabrZolo danayofebi, an erovnul doneze, an rogorc mravalerovnuli Zalebis komponenti, romlebic taqtikur doneze Sedgenili iqneba rogorc sabrZolo formireba, eqneba damxmare elementebi, transportisa da lojistikis CaTvliT, eqneba unari 5-dan 30 dRemde drois periodSi ganaxorcielos III-309 muxliT gansazRvruli amocanebi, gansakuTrebiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis moTxovnis pasuxad, da romlebsac unari eqnebaT mdgradi reJimi SeinarCunon pirveli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi, romelic SeiZleba 120 dRemde gagrZeldes. muxli 2 pirveli muxliT dadgenili amocanebis Sesrulebis mizniT, mudmiv struqturirebul TanamSromlobaSi CarTuli wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas kisruloben: a) evropis konstituciis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidanve iTanamSromlon dadgenili amocanebis misaRwevad, romlebic exeba Tavdacvis teqnikis xarjebis investirebis dones, da regularulad gadasinjon es amocanebi usafrTxoebis garemos da kavSiris saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobebis Suqze; b) umokles droSi erTmaneTs SeuTavson TavianTi Tavdacvis aparatebi, gansakuTrebiT samxedro saWiroebaTa gansazRvris harmonizaciiT, ZalTa 184 gaerTianebiT, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, TavianTi samxedro saSualebaTa specializaciiTa da treningisa da lojistikis sferoebSi TanamSromlobis waxalisebiT; c) konkretuli RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielon TavianTi Zalebis urTierTqmedebis, moqnilobisa da ganlagebisaTvis mzaobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, gansakuTrebiT Zalebis mzadyofnis saerTo amocanebis TvalsazrisiT, TavianTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebis SesaZlo gadasinjvis CaTvliT; d) erTad imuSavon, raTa uzrunvelyon saTanado RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba kargi Sedegebis miRwevis mizniT, maT Soris mravalerovnuli midgomebis saSualebiT, imavdroulad ziani ar unda miadges natoSi aRebul valdebulebebs da gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes ‘simZlavreTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis’ farglebSi aRiarebuli xarvezebi; e) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saagentos farglebSi, monawileoba miiRon SeiaraRebis teqnikis ganviTarebis ZiriTad erTobliv an evropul programebSi. muxli 3 saagento monawileobas iRebs monawile wevri saxelmwifoebis mier Setanili wvlilis regularul SefasebaSi, gansakuTrebiT me-2 muxliT gansazRvruli kriteriumebis Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, da aRniSnulis Sesaxeb moxseneba unda gaakeTos weliwadSi erTjer mainc. Sefasebam SesaZloa safuZveli daudos sabWos rekomendaciebs da konstituciis III-312 muxlis Sesabamisad miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. 185 danarTi 5 ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT Tqven, rogorc parlamentarma61 samxedro sferoSi Sesyidvebze zedamxedveloba zedamxedveloba, raTa kanoniT iqnes gansazRvruli samxedro · saparlamento sferoSi Sesyidvebis moTxovnebi. SeTanxmebul iqnes procedurebi. iqnes usafrTxoebis seqtorze yovlismomcveli zedamxed· uzrunvelyofil veloba da Sesyidvebis aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces: _ usafrTxoebis saWiroebebs; _ regionul politikur Sedegebs, im negatiuri reaqciis TvalsazrisiT, ramac SesaZloa regionSi gamalebuli SeiaraReba gamoiwvios; _ sabiujeto tvirTi (moklevadiani da grZelvadiani), da _ gavlena erovnuli industriis kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorebze. gamWvirvaleba da angariSvaldebuleba samxedro SesyidvebSi CarTuli unda iyos SeiaraRebisa da samxedro sferos Sesyidvebis · parlamenti procesSi. rom parlaments an mis Sesabamis komitets warudginon detaluri, · moiTxoveT, ganaxlebuli moxseneba ZiriTadi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis raodenobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb (TviTmfrinavebi, javSantransporti, artileria, marTvisa da saradaro sistemebi, raketebi da sabrZolo xomaldebi) da mcirekalibriani iaraRis Sesaxeb (100 mm-ze naklebi kalibris iaraRi), agreTve axlis SeZenis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. rom parlaments warudginon Tavdacvis simZlavreTa ganvi· uzrunvelyaviT, Tarebis grZelvadiani koncefcia. rom Sesyidvebis saidumloebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi · uzrunvelyaviT, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes da iyos kidec ganxiluli parlamentis an misi Sesa- amoRebulia parlamentTaSorisi kavSirisa (IPU) da SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris (DCAF) saxelmZRvanelodan #5 (2003) _ ‘saparlamento kontroli usafrTxoebis seqtorze: principebi, meqanizmebi da praqtika’, redaqtorebi _ hans borni, filip fluri da anders jonsoni. 61 186 bamisi komitetis mier sakanonmdeblo procesis meSveobiT, romelic samxedro konfidencialobis dacvisas angariSvaldebulebas uzrunvelyofs. Sesyidvebis zemoqmedebis analizi · gaaanalizeT Sesyidvebis gegmis usafrTxoebis politikasTan Sesabamisoba. rom parlamenti swavlobdes da afasebdes SeiaraRebis finan· uzrunvelyaviT, sur danaxarjebs sxva saxelmwifo saWiroebebTan da socialur prioritetebTan SedarebiT, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli disbalansi, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens qveynis ganviTarebaze da mis ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobaze. saparlamento procedura gadaWarbebuli ambiciis mqone Seiara· gamoiyeneT Rebis Sesyidvebze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. parlamentma unda uzrunvelyos gegmebis racionaloba, rac xangrZliv samxedro tvirTad ar daawveba qveyanas. Sesyidvebis auditi Tavdacvis politikisa da gegmebis Sesabamisobis, Tavdacvis · ganaxorcieleT biujetis da SeiaraRebisa da samxedro teqnikis faqtiuri danaxarjebis monitoringi. SeiaraRebis sistemebis Sesyidvebis Semdgomi auditi, mas · uzrunvelyaviT Semdeg rac kontraqti ganxorcieldeba (iaraRis sasicocxlo ciklis aranakleb sami fazis ganmavlobaSi). Sesyidvebis saparlamento komiteti ukve ar arsebobs Sesyidvebis komiteti an qvekomiteti, SeqmeniT igi. amiT · Tu amaRldeba mniSvnelovani kavSiri politikis dagegmvas, finansur dagemvasa da audits Soris, agreTve Tavdacvis mrewvelobas, kvlevebsa da ganviTarebas Soris. dakavSirebiT moiTxoveT da SeiswavleT informacia sxva parlamen· amasTan tebis Sesabamisi organoebis struqturis, procedurebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. rom Tqvens saparlamento organos xeli miuwvdebodes da · uzrunvelyaviT, sargeblobdes eqspertTa rCevebiT. 187 188 ara ara komiteti CarTulia axali teqnikis saWiroebis gansazRvraSi komiteti CarTulia mwarmoeblisa da produqciis Sedarebisa da SerCevis procesSi ara ara diax ara ara diax diax diax ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara diax ara ara diax diax ˆ25 ˆ25 ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara diax diax diax ˆ0.05 ˆ0.05 ara ara ara diax ˆ0.8 ara ara ara ˆ28 diax ara ara ara ara ara Cex. safran- gerluqsem- nider- norve- polo- espadania italia resp. geTi mania burgi landi gia neTi neTi ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara diax Tur- gaerT. qeTi samefo ara ara diax aSS dafuZnebulia doq. hans bornis gamokvlevaze (Jenevis centris ufrosi mecniermuSaki), romelic natos saparlamento asambleis saerTaSoriso samdivnosTan TanamSromlobiT ganxorcielda. cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebi warmodgenilia SerCeuli saxelmwifoebis Tavdacvis saparlamento komitetebis presmdivnebis mier. 62 ara ara komiteti gadawyvetilebas iRebs yvela zemoaRniSnuli kontraqtis Sesaxeb (milioni evro) CarTulia kompensaciisa da CaTvlebis SefasebaSi ara Tavdacvis ministri valdebulia komitets miawodos detaluri informacia zemoaRniSnuli Sesyidvebis gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb (milioni evro) belgia kanada Tavdacvis saparlamento komitetis roli61 Tavdacvis Sesyidvebis zedamxedveloba natos zogierT wevr saxelmwifoSi: danarTi 6 gamoyenebuli masala saerTaSoriso saqmeTa mrCevelTa sabWo, ‘Europese militair-industriële samenwerking [European military-industrial cooperation]’, sakonsultacio moxseneba # 20, 2001 wlis ivnisi, ix. www.aiv- advies.nl/N1000AD/N120/zip/nr20eng.pdf saerTaSoriso saqmeTa mrCevelTa sabWo, ‘Defensie-onderzoek en parlementaire controle [Defence research and parliamentary scrutiny]’, sakonsultacio moxseneba # 10, 2000 wlis dekemberi. dasavleT evropis kavSiris asamblea ‘evropaSi Tavdacvis sistemebis Sesyidvis sferoSi TanamSromloba’, Doc. 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