vii
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1
TITAL
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Overview
1
1.2
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
2
1.2.1 Pocket PC
3
1.3
Plam
4
1.4
Smartphones
4
1.5
Camera used with PDA
5
1.6
Windows Mobile
5
1.7
PDA using a camera
6
1.8
Limitation of conventional barcode readers
7
viii
CHAPTER 2
1.9
Objective of Project
8
1.10
Scope of Project
8
1.11
Project outline
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
2.1
Introduction
10
2.2
A bit of history
11
2.3
Types of Barcodes
11
2.3.1
One Dimensional barcodes
12
2.3.2
Two - Dimensional barcodes
13
2.4
2.5
2.6
CHAPTER 3
The Physical Reader
13
2.4.1
Input Device
14
2.4.2
Decoder
18
2.4.3
Barcode Reading
19
The Barcode Recognition System
21
2.5.1
EAN-13 Barcode Image Recognition
21
2.5.2
Barcode symbologies
21
2.5.3 Barcode Size and Color
22
Encoding Rule of Structure of an EAN barcode
23
2.6.1
The X-dimension
24
2.6.2
Quiet zone
24
2.6.3
Guard bars
25
2.6.4
Right & left hand side digits
26
2.6.5 How to calculate the checksum
27
2.6.6
Encoding
28
2.6.7
Decoding
31
METHODOLOGY
32
3.1
Introduction
32
3.2
Barcode Image Devices
33
ix
3.3
Image Capturing
33
3.4
Barcode processing in PDA
34
3.4.1
35
Searching for barcode image
automatically
3.4.2
Identification of the Bars and Spaces
36
3.4.3
Estimating How Correctly the Elements
36
Have Been Identified
3.4.4
3.5
Decoding the Barcode
37
Pre-Processing
38
3.5.1
39
The RGB color model
3.5.2 Gray scaling
40
3.5.3
41
Image Enhancement
3.6
Scanning Direction
42
3.7
Barcode Identification & Extraction
44
3.8
Program Architecture
45
3.8.1
45
Overview of Programming Languages
Used For PDA
3.8.2
3.9
CHAPTER 4
Program Build on PDA
46
Program screenshot
46
3.9.1
Program interface
47
3.9.2
Using the HP Photosmart Mobile Camera
48
RESULT
50
4.1
Introduction
50
4.2
Uneven Resolution, Shadow, Shake and
50
Illumination
4.3
Tests of Barcode Orientation
51
4.3.1
52
Computing the orientation of the barcode
4.4
Show scan diagonal read rotated barcode (offline)
53
4.5
Show scan horizontal read rotated (offline)
54
4.6
Show scan vertical read rotated barcode (offline)
54
x
4.7
Show scan horizontal read rotated barcode
55
(online)
4.8
Time Consumption
56
4.9
Performance Comparison
56
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
58
5.1
Conclusion
58
5.2
Recommendations for Future Work
58
REFERENCE
59
APPENDIX
63
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITAL
PAGE
2.1
Specification for EAN-13 barcode
22
2.2
Total number of bars and modules for EAN-13 barcode
28
2.3
The list of oriented-modules on logic of 0-9 for A, B, C,
29
types
2.4
Result for example
30
3.1
Normal barcode (left to right)
37
3.2
Flipped or mirrored barcode
38
3.3
These are classes used in program
46
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
TITAL
PAGE
1.1
Symbol barcode
2
1.2
HP iPAQ hx4700 Pocket PC
3
1.3
Palm
4
1.4
Smartphone
4
1.5
Digital camera card (HP Photosmart mobile camera)
5
1.6
Different devices used windows CE
6
1.7
Interfaces for windows CE
6
1.8
PDA build-in camera
7
2.1
A scheme of a bar code reading system
10
2.2
Numeric barcode, 1D
12
2.3
Alphanumeric barcode, 1D
13
2.4
Some types of barcode, 2D
13
2.5
Reader (a), Laser scanner, (b) CCD scanner, (c) CCD
15
sensor by a lens.
2.6
Pen-Type readers
15
2.7
Some cameras can used to read barcode
16
2.8
These are some digital camera card (Photosmart mobile
16
camera)
2.9
The barcode reader with PDA in the shopping
17
2.10
Barcode EAN-13
21
2.11
(a) equivalent EAN-13 barcode, with the first character
22
set to zero, and (b) an EAN-13 with an additional digit
used, with the first character set to not zero
xiii
2.12
X-dimension barcode
23
2.13
Barcode Structure
24
2.14
Actual size of EAN-13
25
2.15
EAN-13, left and right hand
29
2.16
Barcode EAN-13 Parity Encoding
30
3.1
Architectural Overview: Our EAN-13 barcode and
33
resolution system consists of a PDA using camera and
load from file application for decodes barcode
3.2
There are some progress used to read barcode
33
3.3
Image processing in PDA
34
3.4
Some symbols barcode image
35
3.5
Schematic of the RGB color cube
39
3.6
Illustrating difference between a general RGB color
40
image and a general gray scale image.
3.7
Original gray-scale image
40
3.8
A 3x3 window, for use in a windowing function, where
42
the z-values corresponds to the gray-scale values of the
original image
3.9
Spatial filters (a) Gaussian Blur, (b) Laplacian (c)
42
Sharpen
(d) Unsharpen Mask
3.10
Scan 4 directions implemented
43
3.11
These are some direction of a barcode at different angles,
43
(a) Horizontal (b). Vertical (c) Diagonal (d) invest
horizontal
3.12
Illustrating how the barcode's angle µ is derived using the
44
vector displacement, k, the distance d between two
vectors, and basic trigonometry.
3.13
Steps to identify and extract the EAN-13 barcodes
44
3.14
program interface
47
3.15
Getting Acquainted
48
xiv
4.1
These are some samples for barcodes image are not clear,
51
all of them (uneven resolution and shake)
4.2
Some types of barcode all of them very clear
51
4.3
Some types of barcode all of them not clear
51
4.4
Shows the output from the localization algorithm. Angle
52
α is the angle of the bar code. The angle is also given by
90 - β
4.5
Rotation
53
4.6
Diagonal (+45, - 45), (a) scan consume operation
53
93ms,(b) scan consume 1482ms, (c) scan consume
operation 617ms
4.7
Horizontal, (a) scan consume operation 531ms,(b) scan
54
consume 492ms, (c) scan consume operation 462ms
4.8
Vertical, (a) scan consume operation 435ms,(b) scan
55
consume 336ms, (c) scan consume operation 515ms
4.9
some tests from camera (online), (a) scan consume
55
operation 203ms,(b) scan consume 270ms, (c) scan
consume operation 272ms
4.10
compare consume operation
57
xv
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
PDA
-
Personal Digital Assistants
GPS
-
Global Positioning System
PC
-
Personal computer
MS
-
Microsoft
RAM
-
Random access memory
CPU
-
Central processing unit
GSM
-
Gold Standard Multimedia
GPRS
-
General Packet Radio Service
CDMA
-
Code division multiple access
WCDMA
-
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
3G
-
3-Generation
SD
-
Secure Digital
MP
-
Micro Pixel
D
-
One- or Two- Dimensional
BMP
-
Windows Bitmap
EAN
-
European Article Number
UPC
-
Universal Product Code
CCD
-
Charge-Coupled Devices
PSA
-
Personal Shopping Assistant
PIM
-
personal information manager
JPEG
-
Joint Photographic Experts Group
RGB
-
Red, Green and Blue
SD
-
Secure Digital
SDIO
-
Secure Digital Input/Output
SDK
-
Software Development Kit
xvi
PCB
-
Printed Circuit Boards
CD
-
Compact Disc; conjugate directions
GSM
-
Groups :Special Mobile or Global System for Mobile
SMS
-
Simplex Minimization Search
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITAL
PAGE
A
Camera SDIO SDK Specification
63
B
Visual Studio 2005 C++ CLASS DECLARATION
70
C
Some Types of digital camera card
75
D
SOME BARCODE IMAGE ARE VERY CLEAR
79
E
SCREENSHOTS OF COMMERCIAL TEST
80
PROGRAMS
F
Number System (number of countries)
82