Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: Writing III
: 2006-2007
:3
Pertemuan 11
Cause Effect 2
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Learning Outcomes
• By the end of this session the students are
expected to be able to
– Use transition signals
– Write the conclusion
– Implement the language of cause-effect
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Outline of the materials
• Using transitions to indicate organisation
of paragraphs
• Writing Conclusions
• The language of cause-effect
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Paragraph Organisation
• When you organize your supporting points, it is
better to arrange them according to time order,
or in the order of importance.
• Transitions to signal
– Time order: first, first of all, then, after that,
finally…
– A sequence: one reason is, another reason/result
…
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Concluding paragraph
• You can choose some of the strategies for
writing a conclusion:
– Summaryrepeat key points to remind the
readers
– Suggestion give suggestion to solve the
problem
– Prediction Predict/warn on what happens in
the future
– Opinion offer your own perspective
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The Language of Cause-effect
• Nouns and Verbs:
Nouns
cause
reason
factor
result
effect
Verbs
cause
result in
lead to
affect
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Nouns and Verbs
1. Nouns referring to a cause
The reason I took English composition class is…
The cause of the landslide was the heavy rain.
There are two factors influencing the slowing down of
Indonesian economy. One factor is … . The second
factor is… .
2. Nouns that refer to an effect
the result/effect of the company’s expansion
was an increase in profit
Caution:
the word result is used when there is a direct or obvious causeeffect relationship. But when the cause and effect relationship is
indirect, use the word effect.
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3. Cause-effect verbs + nouns/noun phrases
The election of the president caused
excitement. direct result
The election of the new president led to/
resulted in economic growth. less direct
or delayed result
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Other patterns:
The election caused people to celebrate.
(cause + someone/something+ infinitive)
The election led to/resulted in Parliament
writing new laws.
(lead to/resulted in +someone/thing + gerund)
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Vocabulary and Structures
Some structures are followed by a cause
and some by an effect
Followed by a cause
Coordinating S u b o r d i n a ti n g
conjunctions c o n j u n c t i o n s
because
for
since
as
Prepositions
due to
because of
as a result of
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Followed by an effect
Verbs
cause
lead to
result in
Transition
Coordinating
words
conjunctions
therefore
so
consequently
The verb affect is followed by the person/thing that
experiences the result.
e.g. The war affected the economy.
The war affected the lives of many people.
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Conclusions
• The cause-effect essay can be arranged in
in the order of time, or in the order of
importance.
• The conclusion of a cause-effect essay
can be in the forms of summary,
suggestion, prediction or opinion.
• There are special words and certain
structures to show the relationship
between the causes and the effects.
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