Matakuliah Tahun : G1042/Pragmatics : 2006 Deixis, Reference Pertemuan 2 1 Learning Outcomes • Mahasiswa dapat membuktikan bahwa dapat terjadi kesalah pahaman dalam berbahasa yang disebabkan oleh context, deixis dan reference (C2) 2 Materi Outline • Deixis – Person deixis – Spatial Deixis – Temporal Deixis • Reference – Reference – Referent – Anaphoric Reference 3 1. Deixis (1) • Deixis : • Deictic word : – A word whose meaning depends on the situation (speaker-addressee, time, place) of the utterance • Kinds of deixis: – Person – Spatial – Temporal 4 1.1 Person deixis • Person deixis • Depending on the speaker and the addressee – Personal Pronouns • First person : I, We • Second person: You • Third person: he, she, they – Marker of social status • Your highness 5 1.2 Spatial deixis • Spatial deixis • Depending on the position of the speaker • Physical distance : – this, that, here, there • Psychological distance (psychologically far, or close) Yule, 1995 6 I.3 Temporal discourse deixis • Time: • Depending on the time of utterance – E.g. tenses – present, past • Discourse – Depending on the context • The former • The latter 7 2.1 Reference, referent, inference • Reference: – The relationship between the language units and the entity in the world.Hurford and Heasley, 1983 – Introduction to Semantics – An act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or a reader, to identify something (Yule, 1996) • Referent – The entity referred by the speaker • Inference – If there is no relationship between entities and words, the listeners should try to infer which entity the speaker intends to say 8 2.2 Anaphoric Reference • A process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation. (Richards, 1992) • E.g. Yesterday, I saw a man. The man was taking a dog. He tried to make the dog follow him. 9 Conclusion • The meaning of an expressions will depend on – the situation (deixis) – Referent the speaker intends to express. 10