Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Deixis, Reference
Pertemuan 2
1
Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat membuktikan bahwa
dapat terjadi kesalah pahaman dalam
berbahasa yang disebabkan oleh context,
deixis dan reference (C2)
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Materi Outline
• Deixis
– Person deixis
– Spatial Deixis
– Temporal Deixis
• Reference
– Reference
– Referent
– Anaphoric Reference
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1. Deixis (1)
• Deixis :
• Deictic word :
– A word whose meaning depends on the
situation (speaker-addressee, time, place) of
the utterance
• Kinds of deixis:
– Person
– Spatial
– Temporal
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1.1 Person deixis
• Person deixis
• Depending on the speaker and the
addressee
– Personal Pronouns
• First person : I, We
• Second person: You
• Third person: he, she, they
– Marker of social status
• Your highness
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1.2 Spatial deixis
• Spatial deixis
• Depending on the position of the speaker
• Physical distance :
– this, that, here, there
• Psychological distance (psychologically
far, or close)
Yule, 1995
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I.3 Temporal discourse deixis
• Time:
• Depending on the time of utterance
– E.g. tenses – present, past
• Discourse
– Depending on the context
• The former
• The latter
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2.1 Reference, referent, inference
• Reference:
– The relationship between the language units and the
entity in the world.Hurford and Heasley, 1983 –
Introduction to Semantics
– An act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic
forms to enable a listener, or a reader, to identify
something (Yule, 1996)
• Referent
– The entity referred by the speaker
• Inference
– If there is no relationship between entities and words,
the listeners should try to infer which entity the
speaker intends to say
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2.2 Anaphoric Reference
• A process where a word or phrase
(anaphor) refers back to another word or
phrase which was used earlier in a text or
conversation. (Richards, 1992)
• E.g. Yesterday, I saw a man. The man was
taking a dog. He tried to make the dog
follow him.
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Conclusion
• The meaning of an expressions will
depend on
– the situation (deixis)
– Referent the speaker intends to express.
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