DEIXIS
BY GROUP 1:
AGRISSTO BINTANG A.P. (2003512005)
RETNO KUSUMO DEWI (2003512076)
AGUNG WAHYU P.
(2003512078)
DANIAR SOFENY
(2003512093)
NUR KHASANAH
(0204511055)
• “Listen, I ’m not disagreeing with you
but with you and not about this but
about this”
( someone’s says when the lights go out )
• “Meet me here a week from now with
the stick about this big.”
( a message on a bottle )
I’ll be back
in an hour
Hari ini kontan
Besok boleh bon
Untuk Kasihku
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ku tunggu kau di sini
--------------------
 The words I, you, this, here, hari ini, besok,
kau, di sini
don’t have “constant referent”
context dependent
pointing language
What is deixis?
• Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the extralinguistics context
of the utterance such as , who is speaking, the time or
place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the
current location in the discourse
• It concerns on the interpretation of utterances
depends on the analysis of that context of utterance
(Levinson, 1983: 54).
• The deictic devices in a language commit a speaker to
set up a frame of reference around herself (Saeed,
1997:173)
Philosophical Approaches
• Indexical expressions may be usefully approached
by considering how truth-conditional semantics
deals with certain natural language expression.
ex: - You are the mother of Napoleon
- This is an eighteenth-century man-trap.
- Mary is in love with that fellow over there.
- It is now 12.15
Definite Descriptions
Donnellan (1966) in Levinson (1983)
Referential Use
The man drinking champagne is Lord Godolphin.
Attributive Use
The man who can lift this stone is stronger than an
ox.
That man ((the speaker indicates the man drinking
champgne)) is Lord Godolphin.
Descriptive Approach
Indexical expressions are approached by using the
categories of deixis (person, place, time,
discourse and social)
Gesture usage Not that one, idiot, that one.
Symbolic usage That’s a beautiful view.
Non-deictic
Uh, I did this and that. (non-anaphoric)
John came in and he lit a fire
(anaphoric)
• Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as
•
who is speaking
•
the time or place of speaking
•
the gestures of the speaker
•
the current location in the discourse
•
The topic of the discourse
• For example, I is a deictic pronoun because it
signals the speaker as the referent .
• Another characteristic of deictics such as I and
you is that their referents change constantly
depending on who is using them.
• I refers to me when I say it and refers to another
person when he/she says it.
• In this sense, speakers and hearers constantly
adjust their internal registry of deictics to keep
up with the conversation.
Types of Deixis
Levinson (1983)
1. Person Deixis
2. Time Deixis
3. Place Deixis
4. Discourse Deixis
5. Social Deixis
1. Person deixis
a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my,mine,
you, your
yours
Is there a difference between these:
- I want to see you, you but not you
you can never tell if they are boys or girls these days
b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee he, him, his,
she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs
c) Honorifics -Your Majesty, sir,
These terms of social deixis indicate social status
Temporal Deixis
TIME DEIXIS?
Levinson (1993, p. 73)
The basis for system or reckoning and
measuring time in most language seem
to be natural and prominent cycles of
day and night, lunar month, season
and years.
Grundy (2000, p. 31 - 32)
Time deixis is tense system
Yule (1996, 14 - 15)
The basic type of temporal deixis in
English is in the choice of verb tense
Example:
• This/ last/ next Monday/ week/ month/ year.
• Now, then, ago, later, soon, before.
• Yesterday, today, tomorrow.
Spatial/ Space Deixis
Levinson (1983, p. 79)
Place Deixis concerns for the
sspecification of locations to anchorage
points in the speech event and typically
the speaker.
Grundy (2000, p. 28)
There are three degrees of proximity is
by no means uncommon, with some
languages distinguishing proximity to
the speaker and to the addressee.
Here (proximal), there (distal), where (and the erchaic hither, hence, thiter,
thence, wither, whence), left, right, up, down, above, below, in front, behind,
come go, bring, and take
4. DISCOURSE DEIXIS
Concerns the use of expressions
within some utterance to refer to
some portion of the discourse that
contains that utterance (including
the utterance itself.
(Levinson, 1983: 85)
Time discourse-deictic
It seems natural that time-deictic words can be
used to refer to portions of the discourse:
Examples:
• Last week
• Next Thursday
• Last paragraph
• In the next Chapter
Place discourse-deictic
Demonstrative “This” and “That”
• “This” can be used to refers to a forthcoming
portion of the discourse.
i.g : I bet you haven’t heard this story
• “That” to a preceding portion
i.g : That was the funniest story I’ve never
heard
Anaphora
• Concern the use of ( usually ) a pronoun to
refer to the same referent as some prior term,
as in :
“Harry’s a sweetheart, he’s so considerate”
5. SOCIAL DEIXIS
Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social
distinctions that are relative to participant-roles,
particularly aspects of the social relationship
holding between speaker and addressee(s) or
speaker and some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63)
Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences
which reflect or establish or are determined by
certain realties of the social situation in which the
speech act occurs. (Fillmore, 1975: 76 in
Levinson, 1983: 89)
Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions
which indicate higher status are described as
honorifics. The discussion of the
circumstances which lead to the choice of one
of these forms rather than another is
sometimes as social deixis.
Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the
so-called TV (tu/vous) pronouns in many
language. (Cruse, 2000: 321)
There are two basic kinds of socially
deictic information:
RELATIONAL
ABSOLUTE
RELATIONAL; The relations that
typically expressed:
• Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics)
• Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee
honorifics)
• Speaker and bystander (e.g. bystander or
audience honorifics)
• Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)
ABSOLUTE socially deictic information:
• Authorized speaker:
Thai:
- ‘khrab’  a polite participle that can only be
used by male speakers.
- ‘kha’  a polite participle that can only be
used by female speakers
• Authorized recipient:
Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President
References
Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to
Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Grundy, P. 1995. Doing Pragmatics. London: St. Martin’s Press,
Inc.
Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thank you….