vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
xi
xii
xv
xviii
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Future Wireless Paradigm
1.1.1
Resource Sharing Dilemma
1.2
Background on User Centric Paradigm
1.3
Statement of The Study
1.4
Research Objectives
1.5
Scope of Work
1.6
Research Contributions
1.7
Thesis Organization
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
2.3
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems
(UMTS)
2.3.1
Network Structure
2.4
Heterogeneous Wireless Access Network
6
6
6
7
7
8
viii
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
3
4
5
Integration of Wireless Network Architectures
Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous
Networks
User-Centric Resource Allocation for
Heterogeneous Networks
User Perceived QoE based Functions
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
3.2
User-Centric Resource Allocation Approach
3.3
User Satisfaction Function
3.4
Network Level Optimal Resource Utilization Algorithm
3.4.1
The Proposed Solution
3.4.2
User Satisfaction Function
3.4.3
Network Technology Level
3.5
Developing a Mathematical Model
3.6
Solving Optimization Problem
9
10
11
13
15
15
15
17
19
19
20
20
21
21
ADAPTED USER SATISFACTION FUNCTION AND
GRAPHICAL MODEL
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Adapted User Satisfaction Function
4.2.1
User Satisfaction Against QoS
4.2.2
User Satisfaction Against Service Monetary Cost
4.2.3
User Satisfaction Against Power Consumption Cost
4.2.4
User Satisfaction Against Handover Cost
4.3
Graphical Representation of Heterogeneous Environment
4.4
Chapter Summary
28
33
NETWORK-CENTRIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
MODEL
5.1
Overview of the Model Development
5.2
The System Model
35
35
35
23
23
23
25
25
26
27
ix
5.3
5.4
5.5
6
7
Network-Centric Bandwidth Allocation Model
5.3.1
Utility Function of Network Technologies
5.3.2
Utility Function of User Satisfaction
5.3.3
Utility Function of Network Operator
Profit
Standard Bandwidth Allocation Model
5.4.1
Fmincon Solution
Chapter Summary
IMPLEMENTATION OF BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
MODEL
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Bandwidth Allocation in Single Radio Interface
6.2.1
Scenario Description
6.2.2
Bandwidth Allocation in Under Loaded
Scenario
6.2.3
Bandwidth Allocation in Fully loaded
Scenario
6.2.4
Bandwidth Allocation in Over loaded
Scenario
6.3
Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous Radio
Interface
6.3.1
An Overview of Scenario
6.3.2
Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous
Environment
6.4
Call Admission Control Algorithm
6.4.1
Call Admission Control Algorithm in
Under Loaded Scenario
6.4.2
Call Admission Control Algorithm in
Fully Loaded Scenario
6.4.3
Call Admission Control Algorithm in
Over Loaded Scenario
6.5
Call Blocking Probability
6.6
Chapter Summary
CONCLUSION
7.1
Conclusion Remarks
7.2
Contribution
37
38
38
39
40
42
44
45
45
45
45
46
52
55
57
57
58
61
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
x
7.3
REFERENCES
Suggestions for Future Works
67
69
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
1.1
2.1
3.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
TITLE
An overview of the mobile communication evolution [1]
IEEE WLAN standard
QoE values [2]
Types of users and their corresponding bandwidth ranges in
bps
Parameter values
Different combination of users generated in five different
combinations
Total optimum values for 80 users in five different
combinations
Optimum values for each user (under flow scenario)
Different combination of users generated
Optimum bandwidth and user utility in different iterations
Total rejected calls and achieved profit in optimum and non
optimum bandwidth allocation
The five different combinations of generated users
Comparison of optimum vs non-optimum results
WLAN user satisfaction, allocated bandwidth, profit and
rejected calls
UMTS user satisfaction, allocated bandwidth, profit, and
rejected calls
PAGE
2
6
19
46
47
47
51
52
52
53
53
55
56
59
59
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
TITLE
Sharing of QoE in user-centric network [3]
Overall network operation.
UMTS Network Architecture [4]
Heterogeneous wireless network architecture [5]
Process of bandwidth allocation for multiple services [5]
QoE model by PERIMETER project
Methodology
QoE rating input from a user to the system [6]
QoE measurement from user end to server end [2]
Optimization solvers in MATLAB 2013
User satisfaction against QoS cost
User satisfaction against monetary cost
User satisfaction against aggregated cost
User satisfaction against power consumption and monetary
cost
User satisfaction against handover cost
User satisfaction against QoS and handover cost
Graphical presentation of heterogeneous RATs
Users generated in heterogeneous RATs
Generated users on different intervals for Case 1
Total accepted and rejected FTP, voice, and video user
requests
User satisfaction, total resource utilized and operator’s
revenue
Generated users on different intervals for Case 2
User satisfaction level when some users do not get maximum
bandwidth
Operator’s revenue, total utilized bandwidth and user
satisfaction level against allocated bandwidth
PAGE
3
4
8
9
11
12
16
18
18
21
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
xiii
4.15
4.16
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
User satisfaction level against increased number of users
generated
Operator’s revenue, total utilized resources and user
satisfaction level against increased number of users
Bandwidth allocation for an MT in heterogeneous network
Typical work flow
Network coverage of different wireless access technologies
Optimization Toolbox
Optimization Solver Returned Message
Non-optimum allocated bandwidth
Optimum allocated bandwidth
Non-Optimum user satisfaction
Optimum user satisfaction
Non-optimized network profit vs optimum network profit
against different user types
Total non-optimized network profit vs total optimum network
profit
Optimum allocated bandwidth for 80 users in different
combinations
Optimum user satisfaction for 80 users in different
combinations
Optimum network profit for 80 users in different combinations
Optimum allocated bandwidth for 102 users in different
combinations
Optimum network profit for 102 users in different
combinations
Optimum user satisfaction for 102 users in different
combinations
Optimum allocated vs non-optimum allocated bandwidth
Optimum vs non-optimum user satisfaction
Rejected calls by user types in optimum and non-optimum
bandwidth allocation
Optimum bandwidth allocated (WLAN AP)
Optimum bandwidth allocated (UMTS BTS)
Optimum user satisfaction (WLAN AP)
User satisfaction (UMTS BTS)
Monotonically increasing profit(WLAN AP)
Monotonically increasing profit(UMTS BTS)
33
33
36
37
38
43
44
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
51
51
53
54
54
54
55
57
59
60
60
60
61
61
xiv
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
Call admission control algorithm
Calls shifted by WLAN AP to UMTS BTS
Calls by user types shifted by WLAN to UMTS
Average user satisfaction of admitted calls by UMTS BTS
Call blocking probabilities
62
63
64
64
65
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3G
–
3rd Generation
4G
–
Fourth Generation
ANDSF
–
Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
AHP
–
Analytical Hierarchy Process
ACR
–
Absolute Category Rating
AP
–
Access Point
ABC
–
Always Best Connection
BS
–
Base Station
BTS
–
Base Transceiver Station
CBR
–
Constant Bit Rate
CCK
–
Complementary Code Keying
CDMA
–
Code Division Multiple Access
CDF
–
Cumulative Density Function
CN
–
Core Network
DBPSK
–
Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying
DQPSK
–
Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DSSS
–
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
FHSS
–
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FDD
–
Frequency Division Duplexing
FTP
–
File Transfer Protocol
GPRS
–
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
–
Global system for Mobile Communication
GGSN
–
Gateway GPRS Support Node
IP
–
Internet Protocol
IrDA
–
Infrared Data Association
IWU
–
inter-working unit
ISDN
–
Integrated Services Digital Network
IMS
–
IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Subsystem
xvi
JCAC
–
Joint Call Admission Control
LAN
–
Local Area Network
MT
–
Mobile Terminal
MS
–
Mobile Station
MN
–
Mobile Node
MAUT
–
Multi-Attribute Utility Theory
MOS
–
Mean Opinion Score
MNB
–
(Measuring Normalizing Blocks
Node-Bs
–
UMTS Base Stations
NRT
–
Non-Real Time
OSI
–
Open System Interconnection
OFDM
–
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PS
–
Packet Switched
PSQM
–
Perceptual Speech Quality Measure
PESQ
–
Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality
QoE
–
Quality of Experience
QoS
–
Quality of Service
RNSs
–
Radio Network Subsystems
RNCs
–
Radio Network Controllers
RANS
–
Radio Access Network Station
RAN
–
Radio Access Network
RAN
–
Radio Access Network
RT
–
Real Time
RAT
–
Radio Access Technology
RATs
–
Radio Access Technologies
RSS
–
Received Signal Strength
SMART
–
Smart Multi-Attribute Rating Technique
SGSN
–
Serving GPRS Support Node
SRNS
–
Serving Radio Network System
SDF
–
Satisfaction Degree Function
TDD
–
Time Division Duplexing
UMTS
–
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UE
–
User Equipment
UTRAN
–
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VBR
–
Variable Bit Rate
xvii
WCDMA
–
Wide-band Code Division Multiplexing
WLAN
–
Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN
–
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
WLAN
–
Wireless Local Area Network
xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
γ nk
–
Amount of bandwidth allocated to n number of users of type k
lγ
–
Lower bound of the variable γ
uγ
–
Upper bound of variable γ
Bt
–
Current bandwidth capacity of network technology
β
–
A parameter that controls to sensitivity of allocated bandwidth
Q(γnk )
–
Sum of unit resource cost incurred by network technology
Bωα (x)
–
Vector of total allocated bandwidth by network ω in coverage
area α k type of a user ,i.e. Excellent, Good, Fair
γmin
–
Minimum bandwidth allocation limit
γmax
–
Maximum bandwidth allocation limit
P (γnk )
–
Network profit against allocated bandwidth γ to n number of
users of type k
π
–
Resource revenue attained from service consumer
µ
–
Maximum user utility threshold
Uω
–
Utility of RAN ω
Cj
–
Capacity of network j
Oj
–
Coverage area of network j
µ0
–
User private valuation